M. E. J. Newman
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199206650
- eISBN:
- 9780191594175
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206650.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This chapter looks at technological networks, the physical infrastructure networks that have grown up over the last century or so and form the backbone of modern technological societies. These ...
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This chapter looks at technological networks, the physical infrastructure networks that have grown up over the last century or so and form the backbone of modern technological societies. These include the Internet, the telephone network, power grids, transportation networks, and delivery and distribution networks.Less
This chapter looks at technological networks, the physical infrastructure networks that have grown up over the last century or so and form the backbone of modern technological societies. These include the Internet, the telephone network, power grids, transportation networks, and delivery and distribution networks.
Sergey N. Dorogovtsev
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199548927
- eISBN:
- 9780191720574
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548927.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This chapter considers networks in which links differ from each other. The links are made individual by ascribing a positive number (a weight) to each of them. The chapter explains how these weighted ...
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This chapter considers networks in which links differ from each other. The links are made individual by ascribing a positive number (a weight) to each of them. The chapter explains how these weighted networks represent processes and flows in real-world networks, from various transportation and information nets to social ones. It discusses the worldwide airport network, which is a typical example of a weighted network, and presents a few basic models of these networks.Less
This chapter considers networks in which links differ from each other. The links are made individual by ascribing a positive number (a weight) to each of them. The chapter explains how these weighted networks represent processes and flows in real-world networks, from various transportation and information nets to social ones. It discusses the worldwide airport network, which is a typical example of a weighted network, and presents a few basic models of these networks.
Xiaohong Chen, Tanfeng Li, and Ye Li
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888028504
- eISBN:
- 9789882206717
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888028504.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter analyses the objectives and methodology of the Pan-Pearl River Delta (Pan-PRD) regional transportation strategy. It also recommends four strategic measures in regional transportation ...
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This chapter analyses the objectives and methodology of the Pan-Pearl River Delta (Pan-PRD) regional transportation strategy. It also recommends four strategic measures in regional transportation development: a regional infrastructure network, an integrated transportation system, a regional common transportation market, and a regional transportation information network.Less
This chapter analyses the objectives and methodology of the Pan-Pearl River Delta (Pan-PRD) regional transportation strategy. It also recommends four strategic measures in regional transportation development: a regional infrastructure network, an integrated transportation system, a regional common transportation market, and a regional transportation information network.
Mark A. Delucchi
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262013581
- eISBN:
- 9780262258845
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262013581.003.0024
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
This chapter presents a proposal for a new urban and suburban landscape for a more sustainable transportation system. The proposed plan is a dual-mode transportation network: two universally ...
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This chapter presents a proposal for a new urban and suburban landscape for a more sustainable transportation system. The proposed plan is a dual-mode transportation network: two universally accessible but completely separate travel networks—one for LLMs (lightweight modes), the other for FHVs (fast, heavy vehicles). The chapter discusses general advantages of this proposal and reviews similar plans. It also examines the impact of the LLM network on transportation problems and then explores the economics of this dual LLM-FHV infrastructure.Less
This chapter presents a proposal for a new urban and suburban landscape for a more sustainable transportation system. The proposed plan is a dual-mode transportation network: two universally accessible but completely separate travel networks—one for LLMs (lightweight modes), the other for FHVs (fast, heavy vehicles). The chapter discusses general advantages of this proposal and reviews similar plans. It also examines the impact of the LLM network on transportation problems and then explores the economics of this dual LLM-FHV infrastructure.
Mario Polese
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226673158
- eISBN:
- 9780226673172
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226673172.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
As the world becomes more interconnected through travel and electronic communication, many believe that physical places will become less important. But as this book argues geography will matter more ...
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As the world becomes more interconnected through travel and electronic communication, many believe that physical places will become less important. But as this book argues geography will matter more than ever before in a world where distance is allegedly dead. This book surveys the globe, from London and Cape Town to New York and Beijing, contending that regions rise—or fall—due to their location, not only within nations but also on the world map. The book reveals how concentrations of industries and populations in specific locales often result in minor advantages that accumulate over time, resulting in reduced prices, improved transportation networks, increased diversity, and not least of all, “buzz”—the excitement and vitality that attracts ambitious people. The book maps out how a heady mix of size, infrastructure, proximity, and cost will determine which urban centers become the thriving metropolises of the future, and which become the deserted cities of the past.Less
As the world becomes more interconnected through travel and electronic communication, many believe that physical places will become less important. But as this book argues geography will matter more than ever before in a world where distance is allegedly dead. This book surveys the globe, from London and Cape Town to New York and Beijing, contending that regions rise—or fall—due to their location, not only within nations but also on the world map. The book reveals how concentrations of industries and populations in specific locales often result in minor advantages that accumulate over time, resulting in reduced prices, improved transportation networks, increased diversity, and not least of all, “buzz”—the excitement and vitality that attracts ambitious people. The book maps out how a heady mix of size, infrastructure, proximity, and cost will determine which urban centers become the thriving metropolises of the future, and which become the deserted cities of the past.
Topher L. McDougal
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198792598
- eISBN:
- 9780191834585
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198792598.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Does the shape or strength of the trade networks that link rural and urban areas affect the employment of violence? This chapter attempts to answer this question employing a statistical model based ...
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Does the shape or strength of the trade networks that link rural and urban areas affect the employment of violence? This chapter attempts to answer this question employing a statistical model based on GIS-derived variables, and using the case of the Maoist insurgency in rural India. It argues that (1) strong rural–urban linkages do in fact lower the intensity of violence employed by the rural Maoist insurgency against civilian people (but not against government targets or property); and (2) highly interconnected areas experience lower levels of violence against people (but not against government targets). The conclusion suggests that network structure affects bargaining power differentials between the Maoists and traders serving the area. Towns redundantly to urban areas simultaneously decrease traders’ monopoly power, while increasing the cost of Maoist capture. These two factors promote a trading relationship between Maoists and redundantly connected towns.Less
Does the shape or strength of the trade networks that link rural and urban areas affect the employment of violence? This chapter attempts to answer this question employing a statistical model based on GIS-derived variables, and using the case of the Maoist insurgency in rural India. It argues that (1) strong rural–urban linkages do in fact lower the intensity of violence employed by the rural Maoist insurgency against civilian people (but not against government targets or property); and (2) highly interconnected areas experience lower levels of violence against people (but not against government targets). The conclusion suggests that network structure affects bargaining power differentials between the Maoists and traders serving the area. Towns redundantly to urban areas simultaneously decrease traders’ monopoly power, while increasing the cost of Maoist capture. These two factors promote a trading relationship between Maoists and redundantly connected towns.
William R. Thompson and Leila Zakhirova
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- October 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190699680
- eISBN:
- 9780190909574
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190699680.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Economy
In this chapter, we focus on the rise of the United States as a two-stage process. In the first stage the United States acquired dominance in mass-production industries that were contingent on not ...
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In this chapter, we focus on the rise of the United States as a two-stage process. In the first stage the United States acquired dominance in mass-production industries that were contingent on not only technological innovation but also an unusually rich resource endowment and an equally distinctive domestic market. U.S. economic growth emulated Britain’s coal-centric trajectory and outdid it by the end of the nineteenth century. As electricity and petroleum began to be utilized in the latter part of the nineteenth century, they reshaped the nature of American industry, heating, and transportation, pushing the nation ahead of the rest of the world. Technological innovation and power-driven machinery increasingly provided the intermittent stimuli needed for the United States to fully embrace carbon-based energy sources that initially were relatively inexpensive. At the same time the large domestic market made increases in the scale of production possible, and the nature of United States’ resource endowment ensured that raw materials were inexpensive. The combination of innovation, cheap raw materials (including energy), and a very large domestic market pushed the United States into an economic leadership position by World War I. But the second stage of the process, the rise to world technological leadership, did not begin until after World War II because it was based on science, and it took longer for the United States to acquire the lead in scientific research. Centrality in technology innovation, science, and world economic growth followed.Less
In this chapter, we focus on the rise of the United States as a two-stage process. In the first stage the United States acquired dominance in mass-production industries that were contingent on not only technological innovation but also an unusually rich resource endowment and an equally distinctive domestic market. U.S. economic growth emulated Britain’s coal-centric trajectory and outdid it by the end of the nineteenth century. As electricity and petroleum began to be utilized in the latter part of the nineteenth century, they reshaped the nature of American industry, heating, and transportation, pushing the nation ahead of the rest of the world. Technological innovation and power-driven machinery increasingly provided the intermittent stimuli needed for the United States to fully embrace carbon-based energy sources that initially were relatively inexpensive. At the same time the large domestic market made increases in the scale of production possible, and the nature of United States’ resource endowment ensured that raw materials were inexpensive. The combination of innovation, cheap raw materials (including energy), and a very large domestic market pushed the United States into an economic leadership position by World War I. But the second stage of the process, the rise to world technological leadership, did not begin until after World War II because it was based on science, and it took longer for the United States to acquire the lead in scientific research. Centrality in technology innovation, science, and world economic growth followed.
