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Chapter 3 analyzes the character and timing of export-led growth in the last decades of the XIX and first three decades of the XX century. This process was determined by the revolution in transportation, the expansion of industrialized countries' demand for raw materials and foodstuffs, and the political and institutional changes that had been taking place in most Latin American countries (liberal reforms, increasing domestic labor mobility, development of a genuine land market, new taxation systems, consolidation of power structures and increased institutional stability). Hefty capital inflows and mass immigration to some countries from Europe reinforced these transformations. Increased export activity led to a diversification of production structures in the leading regional economies, including early manufacturing development, a modern transport infrastructure, and rapid urbanization. The gap with the world leaders diminished for these economies, but remained large, particularly in terms of human capital. Inequality increased both between and within countries.

Geographical isolation refers to the extent to which various boundaries that are concerned with politics, time, distance, and other such aspects isolate particular population centres from one another. This chapter asserts that geographical isolation, technological advances, and various improvements that both social and business organizations have undergone throughout the years, have brought about significant effects in shaping the approach that law adopts in dealing with competition. In doing this, the chapter identifies three major periods that are relevant in the history of competition law. The chapter first demonstrates, during the period of mercantilism, that law's approach was determined by geographical isolation. Secondly, it discusses how, in 19th-century America, the communications and transport revolution initiated the first modern system of competition law. Lastly, in the context of the current global era, the chapter examines the ‘e-revolution’, the transnational nature manifested in various business structures and aspects of trade liberalization.

This chapter describes the first global century between 1820 and 1913. It discusses the move towards pro-trade policies in Western Europe; the transport revolution over both water and land at the start of the nineteenth century; and the first growth miracle brought by the industrial revolutions in Western Europe and its English-speaking offshoots.

After establishing the scope and critical context of the book, the Introduction gives a brief history of the A591 main road linking Kendal and Keswick. This ancient road was and is the central axis of the Lake District in many respects; it was a setting for several poems of Wordsworth, and along it Wordsworth, Coleridge and other Romantic writers took up residence. Attracted by these literary associations and by the spectacular landscape, tourists have journeyed along the road on foot, by coach, by bicycle, and in motor vehicles. The surrounding landscape has also been a centre of campaigns against many projected incursions by railways and road constructions. As a principal site of the book, this chapter gives a cultural and social portrayal of the road, following Hardwick Drummond Rawnsley’s coach journey of 1888 — a glimpse of the last days of pre-modern literary tourism by coach — to highlight how this traditional mode of travel was affected by the age of transport revolutions.