William R. Clark
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195336634
- eISBN:
- 9780199868568
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195336634.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Disease Ecology / Epidemiology
The immune system is the only thing standing between us and a world of microbial predators that could send us to an early and ugly death. It would be our only defense during the first hours of a ...
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The immune system is the only thing standing between us and a world of microbial predators that could send us to an early and ugly death. It would be our only defense during the first hours of a bioterrorist attack using some of these very microbes. Evolved over millions of years of to keep us alive long enough to reproduce, the immune system has developed an impressive armamentarium of powerful chemical and cellular weapons that make short work of hostile viruses and bacteria. It has also evolved amazing genetic strategies to keep pace with invading microbes that can reproduce — and thus alter their genetic blueprint — in under an hour. But this same system prevents us from accepting life-saving organ transplants. It is also capable of over-reacting, leading to immunopathologies and causing serious, even lethal, damage to our tissues and organs. Worse yet, our immune systems may decide we ourselves are foreign and attack otherwise healthy tissues, resulting in autoimmune disease. And finally, it is itself the target of one of the most deadly viruses humans have ever known: HIV, the agent of AIDS. Part I of this book describes the structure and function of the immune system at a biological and biochemical level. Part II examines the role of the immune system in a range of human diseases — many caused by the immune system itself.Less
The immune system is the only thing standing between us and a world of microbial predators that could send us to an early and ugly death. It would be our only defense during the first hours of a bioterrorist attack using some of these very microbes. Evolved over millions of years of to keep us alive long enough to reproduce, the immune system has developed an impressive armamentarium of powerful chemical and cellular weapons that make short work of hostile viruses and bacteria. It has also evolved amazing genetic strategies to keep pace with invading microbes that can reproduce — and thus alter their genetic blueprint — in under an hour. But this same system prevents us from accepting life-saving organ transplants. It is also capable of over-reacting, leading to immunopathologies and causing serious, even lethal, damage to our tissues and organs. Worse yet, our immune systems may decide we ourselves are foreign and attack otherwise healthy tissues, resulting in autoimmune disease. And finally, it is itself the target of one of the most deadly viruses humans have ever known: HIV, the agent of AIDS. Part I of this book describes the structure and function of the immune system at a biological and biochemical level. Part II examines the role of the immune system in a range of human diseases — many caused by the immune system itself.
Steven Tolliday
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199269044
- eISBN:
- 9780191717123
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269044.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
Recent analyses of the dynamics of Europe's long boom after the Second World War have generally accorded a leading role to the transfer of American technology and organizational practices within a ...
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Recent analyses of the dynamics of Europe's long boom after the Second World War have generally accorded a leading role to the transfer of American technology and organizational practices within a broad process of ‘catch-up and convergence’. Within this process, American multinational companies are generally seen as central actors of diffusing technology and management practices. This chapter examines the core elements of strategy, organization, technology, and product policy. It stresses the role of continuity and long-run dynamics in the transfer process (rather than seeing ‘Americanization’ as an epiphenomenon of post-war reconstruction). It focuses primarily on inside the firm rather than on the discourses of agencies and observers about the transfer and dissemination of broad elements and processes.Less
Recent analyses of the dynamics of Europe's long boom after the Second World War have generally accorded a leading role to the transfer of American technology and organizational practices within a broad process of ‘catch-up and convergence’. Within this process, American multinational companies are generally seen as central actors of diffusing technology and management practices. This chapter examines the core elements of strategy, organization, technology, and product policy. It stresses the role of continuity and long-run dynamics in the transfer process (rather than seeing ‘Americanization’ as an epiphenomenon of post-war reconstruction). It focuses primarily on inside the firm rather than on the discourses of agencies and observers about the transfer and dissemination of broad elements and processes.
Tony Elger and Chris Smith
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199241514
- eISBN:
- 9780191714405
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199241514.003.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
This chapter introduces long running debates about Japanese firms, both as developers of distinctive models of production and employment relations in Japan, and as the potential disseminators of ...
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This chapter introduces long running debates about Japanese firms, both as developers of distinctive models of production and employment relations in Japan, and as the potential disseminators of these models internationally through transplantation, transfer, and work transformation within their overseas subsidiaries. It develops a distinctive contribution to these debates, which draws on labour process theory and institutionalist analyses to address the ways in which enterprise managers respond to the cross-cutting constraints of system, societal, and dominance effects. Finally, it situates the research reported elsewhere in the book in relation to these debates, outlines the structure of the book, and summarizes the contributions of each chapter to the overall analysis.Less
This chapter introduces long running debates about Japanese firms, both as developers of distinctive models of production and employment relations in Japan, and as the potential disseminators of these models internationally through transplantation, transfer, and work transformation within their overseas subsidiaries. It develops a distinctive contribution to these debates, which draws on labour process theory and institutionalist analyses to address the ways in which enterprise managers respond to the cross-cutting constraints of system, societal, and dominance effects. Finally, it situates the research reported elsewhere in the book in relation to these debates, outlines the structure of the book, and summarizes the contributions of each chapter to the overall analysis.
T. M. Wilkinson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199607860
- eISBN:
- 9780191731747
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199607860.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Political Philosophy
Transplantation is a medically successful and cost‐effective way to treat people whose organs have failed—but not enough organs are available to meet demand. This book is concerned with the major ...
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Transplantation is a medically successful and cost‐effective way to treat people whose organs have failed—but not enough organs are available to meet demand. This book is concerned with the major ethical problems raised by policies for acquiring organs. The major topics are the rights of the dead, the role of the family, opt in and opt out systems, the conscription of organs, living organ donation from adults and children, directed donation and priority for donors, and the sale of organs. The book uses concepts from moral and political theory such as autonomy, rights, posthumous interests, justice, and well‐being, in a context informed by the clinical, legal, and policy aspects of transplantation. The result is a rigorous philosophical exploration of real problems and options. The ethics of acquiring organs for transplantation is of great intellectual interest and practical importance. This book will be of profit not only to students and academics who work in applied ethics and bioethics, but also to the lawyers, policy‐makers, clinicians, and lobby groups interested in transplantation.Less
Transplantation is a medically successful and cost‐effective way to treat people whose organs have failed—but not enough organs are available to meet demand. This book is concerned with the major ethical problems raised by policies for acquiring organs. The major topics are the rights of the dead, the role of the family, opt in and opt out systems, the conscription of organs, living organ donation from adults and children, directed donation and priority for donors, and the sale of organs. The book uses concepts from moral and political theory such as autonomy, rights, posthumous interests, justice, and well‐being, in a context informed by the clinical, legal, and policy aspects of transplantation. The result is a rigorous philosophical exploration of real problems and options. The ethics of acquiring organs for transplantation is of great intellectual interest and practical importance. This book will be of profit not only to students and academics who work in applied ethics and bioethics, but also to the lawyers, policy‐makers, clinicians, and lobby groups interested in transplantation.
Federico Varese
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128559
- eISBN:
- 9781400836727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128559.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter discusses the factors that determine the success of mafia transplantation. It first sets out several theoretical insights into why mafias find it difficult to become entrenched in ...
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This chapter discusses the factors that determine the success of mafia transplantation. It first sets out several theoretical insights into why mafias find it difficult to become entrenched in foreign countries. It then discusses the conditions under which mafiosi succeed in become entrenched once they find themselves in the new territory. For some authors, the level of generalized trust (trust in others whom we do not know) in the new land is an important variable that could explain the entrenchment of mafias. The presence of a genuine demand for criminal protection, the core activity of mafias, also leads to long-term transplantation.Less
This chapter discusses the factors that determine the success of mafia transplantation. It first sets out several theoretical insights into why mafias find it difficult to become entrenched in foreign countries. It then discusses the conditions under which mafiosi succeed in become entrenched once they find themselves in the new territory. For some authors, the level of generalized trust (trust in others whom we do not know) in the new land is an important variable that could explain the entrenchment of mafias. The presence of a genuine demand for criminal protection, the core activity of mafias, also leads to long-term transplantation.
Federico Varese
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128559
- eISBN:
- 9781400836727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128559.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
The “Solntsevo fraternity” (Solntsevskaya bratva) is the mightiest organized crime group to emerge from the wreckage of the Soviet Union. Estimates of the size of the brotherhood (possibly ...
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The “Solntsevo fraternity” (Solntsevskaya bratva) is the mightiest organized crime group to emerge from the wreckage of the Soviet Union. Estimates of the size of the brotherhood (possibly exaggerated) range from five to nine thousand members. The group comprises no fewer than ten semiautonomous brigades (brigady), which operate under the umbrella name of Solntsevskaya. The Russian police claim that it controls various banks along with about a hundred small and medium-size enterprises. Although little is known of the inner workings of the group, former members have claimed that the organization is governed by a council of twelve individuals, who meet regularly in different parts of the world, often disguising their meetings as festive occasions. This chapter examines efforts by the Solntsevskaya to create subsidiaries in Rome and Budapest.Less
The “Solntsevo fraternity” (Solntsevskaya bratva) is the mightiest organized crime group to emerge from the wreckage of the Soviet Union. Estimates of the size of the brotherhood (possibly exaggerated) range from five to nine thousand members. The group comprises no fewer than ten semiautonomous brigades (brigady), which operate under the umbrella name of Solntsevskaya. The Russian police claim that it controls various banks along with about a hundred small and medium-size enterprises. Although little is known of the inner workings of the group, former members have claimed that the organization is governed by a council of twelve individuals, who meet regularly in different parts of the world, often disguising their meetings as festive occasions. This chapter examines efforts by the Solntsevskaya to create subsidiaries in Rome and Budapest.
Federico Varese
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691128559
- eISBN:
- 9781400836727
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691128559.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
This chapter outlines a general perspective of mafia emergence and transplantation, and offers some considerations on the relation between democracy and mafias. Recent studies have shown that mafias ...
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This chapter outlines a general perspective of mafia emergence and transplantation, and offers some considerations on the relation between democracy and mafias. Recent studies have shown that mafias emerge in societies that are undergoing a sudden and late transition to the market economy, lack a legal structure that reliably protects property rights or settles business disputes, and have a supply of people trained in violence who become unemployed at this specific juncture. However, not all mafias have developed during times of market transition. Mafias may well emerge within functioning market economies, and for reasons other than to ensure the protection of property rights. The best way to fight the presence of a mafia is to drain the demand for its services. It is not enough to reform the public administration or liberalize markets, or let booms go unchecked. Liberalization should be accompanied by effective measures aimed at preventing the formation of cartels in local markets and easing the effect of liberalization on the local workforce to avoid social tension.Less
This chapter outlines a general perspective of mafia emergence and transplantation, and offers some considerations on the relation between democracy and mafias. Recent studies have shown that mafias emerge in societies that are undergoing a sudden and late transition to the market economy, lack a legal structure that reliably protects property rights or settles business disputes, and have a supply of people trained in violence who become unemployed at this specific juncture. However, not all mafias have developed during times of market transition. Mafias may well emerge within functioning market economies, and for reasons other than to ensure the protection of property rights. The best way to fight the presence of a mafia is to drain the demand for its services. It is not enough to reform the public administration or liberalize markets, or let booms go unchecked. Liberalization should be accompanied by effective measures aimed at preventing the formation of cartels in local markets and easing the effect of liberalization on the local workforce to avoid social tension.
Brian Z. Tamanaha
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199244676
- eISBN:
- 9780191715044
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199244676.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
This book provides a theoretical and sociological exploration of the relationship between law and society. Law is generally understood to be a mirror of society — a reflection of its customs and ...
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This book provides a theoretical and sociological exploration of the relationship between law and society. Law is generally understood to be a mirror of society — a reflection of its customs and morals — that functions to maintain social order. Focusing on this common understanding, the book conducts a survey of Western legal and social theories about law and its relationship within society. It then engages in a theoretical and empirical critique of this common understanding. The theoretical critique exposes the mythical quality of the two most often repeated theories about the emergence of law, the evolutionary theory and the social contract theory. It also discusses a fundamental shift, resulting from Enlightenment ideas about reason and morality, in the theoretical understanding of the relationship between morality and law. The empirical critique covers various subjects, primarily including the impact of legal transplantation and globalisation. The book then constructs an alternative universally applicable framework with which to understand the relationship between law and society. The core component to this framework is a non-essentialist approach to the concept of law, which provides a basis for understanding of the phenomenon of legal pluralism. Finally, the book articulates how this framework would operate in facilitating our ability to study, understand, and criticise the relationship between law and society in a variety of contexts around the world today. In addition to illuminating the relationship between law and society, a key aspect of the argument of this book is to construct an approach to law that integrates legal theory with sociological approaches to law.Less
This book provides a theoretical and sociological exploration of the relationship between law and society. Law is generally understood to be a mirror of society — a reflection of its customs and morals — that functions to maintain social order. Focusing on this common understanding, the book conducts a survey of Western legal and social theories about law and its relationship within society. It then engages in a theoretical and empirical critique of this common understanding. The theoretical critique exposes the mythical quality of the two most often repeated theories about the emergence of law, the evolutionary theory and the social contract theory. It also discusses a fundamental shift, resulting from Enlightenment ideas about reason and morality, in the theoretical understanding of the relationship between morality and law. The empirical critique covers various subjects, primarily including the impact of legal transplantation and globalisation. The book then constructs an alternative universally applicable framework with which to understand the relationship between law and society. The core component to this framework is a non-essentialist approach to the concept of law, which provides a basis for understanding of the phenomenon of legal pluralism. Finally, the book articulates how this framework would operate in facilitating our ability to study, understand, and criticise the relationship between law and society in a variety of contexts around the world today. In addition to illuminating the relationship between law and society, a key aspect of the argument of this book is to construct an approach to law that integrates legal theory with sociological approaches to law.
Stephen B. Dunnett and Anders Björklund
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.003.0032
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
This chapter reviews the transplantation of dopamine (DA) neurons as a powerful model for understanding the basic neurobiology and methods for achieving viable cell transplantation in the brain. ...
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This chapter reviews the transplantation of dopamine (DA) neurons as a powerful model for understanding the basic neurobiology and methods for achieving viable cell transplantation in the brain. Analysis of the mechanisms involved in structural repair and functional recovery indicates that there are particular requirements for the implanted cells to differentiate into specific brainstem phenotypes for effective integration into the host brain and broad functionally efficacy. Cell implantation into DA-denervated rats and mice has provided effective animal models for the preclinical analyses required for translating novel cell therapies into applications in human neurodegenerative disease and for resolving specific issues, such as potential dyskinetic side effects, that have been raised in the course of the pilot clinical trials.Less
This chapter reviews the transplantation of dopamine (DA) neurons as a powerful model for understanding the basic neurobiology and methods for achieving viable cell transplantation in the brain. Analysis of the mechanisms involved in structural repair and functional recovery indicates that there are particular requirements for the implanted cells to differentiate into specific brainstem phenotypes for effective integration into the host brain and broad functionally efficacy. Cell implantation into DA-denervated rats and mice has provided effective animal models for the preclinical analyses required for translating novel cell therapies into applications in human neurodegenerative disease and for resolving specific issues, such as potential dyskinetic side effects, that have been raised in the course of the pilot clinical trials.
Olle Lindvall
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195373035
- eISBN:
- 9780199865543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373035.003.0033
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, History of Neuroscience
Cell therapy research in Parkinson's disease (PD) seeks to develop this approach into a clinically competitive treatment. It should be emphasized, though, that during the more than 20 years since the ...
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Cell therapy research in Parkinson's disease (PD) seeks to develop this approach into a clinically competitive treatment. It should be emphasized, though, that during the more than 20 years since the clinical cell therapy trials started, several new therapeutic options for the PD patient have been added. Most importantly, deep-brain stimulation (DBS), in most cases in the subthalamic nucleus, has been developed and shown to substantially improve motor deficits in advanced PD. Therefore, in order to become clinically useful, cell replacement has to give rise to long-lasting, major improvement in mobility, suppression of dyskinesias, and amelioration of symptoms resistant to other treatments or to counteract disease progression. This chapter describes what has been learned from the clinical trials with transplantation of human embryonic mesencephalic tissue in patients with PD, the major scientific and clinical problems to be solved, and how far stem cells have reached toward the clinical application.Less
Cell therapy research in Parkinson's disease (PD) seeks to develop this approach into a clinically competitive treatment. It should be emphasized, though, that during the more than 20 years since the clinical cell therapy trials started, several new therapeutic options for the PD patient have been added. Most importantly, deep-brain stimulation (DBS), in most cases in the subthalamic nucleus, has been developed and shown to substantially improve motor deficits in advanced PD. Therefore, in order to become clinically useful, cell replacement has to give rise to long-lasting, major improvement in mobility, suppression of dyskinesias, and amelioration of symptoms resistant to other treatments or to counteract disease progression. This chapter describes what has been learned from the clinical trials with transplantation of human embryonic mesencephalic tissue in patients with PD, the major scientific and clinical problems to be solved, and how far stem cells have reached toward the clinical application.
F. Bermúdez-Rattoni
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198523475
- eISBN:
- 9780191712678
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523475.003.0008
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
Removed insular cortex (IC – about 3 mm3) can be substituted 60 days later by homotopic fetal IC transplant allowing CTA relearning. Similar attempts to compensate the lesioned amygdala by ...
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Removed insular cortex (IC – about 3 mm3) can be substituted 60 days later by homotopic fetal IC transplant allowing CTA relearning. Similar attempts to compensate the lesioned amygdala by transplantation were less successful, probably because less HRP labelled cells regenerated in the Am than in the IC transplants. Recovery of CTA was absent after 15 days, poor after 30–45 days, and normal after 60 days following transplantation. Positive results were due to improved connectivity and to a higher content of trophic factors (NGF) and of acetyltransferase. In contrast, cholinergic blockade by scopolamine delayed the transplantation induced CTA recovery. Grafting fetal homotopic IC tissue allowed for a full recovery of the already learned CTA and learning CTA to novel taste. Grafting fetal occipital cortex into the lesioned IC allowed for recovery of the already established CTA but not any learning of new CTAs. This evidence indicates that the ‘reversibility’ of the ablation procedure is valid only when access to critical input and output centers remains preserved.Less
Removed insular cortex (IC – about 3 mm3) can be substituted 60 days later by homotopic fetal IC transplant allowing CTA relearning. Similar attempts to compensate the lesioned amygdala by transplantation were less successful, probably because less HRP labelled cells regenerated in the Am than in the IC transplants. Recovery of CTA was absent after 15 days, poor after 30–45 days, and normal after 60 days following transplantation. Positive results were due to improved connectivity and to a higher content of trophic factors (NGF) and of acetyltransferase. In contrast, cholinergic blockade by scopolamine delayed the transplantation induced CTA recovery. Grafting fetal homotopic IC tissue allowed for a full recovery of the already learned CTA and learning CTA to novel taste. Grafting fetal occipital cortex into the lesioned IC allowed for recovery of the already established CTA but not any learning of new CTAs. This evidence indicates that the ‘reversibility’ of the ablation procedure is valid only when access to critical input and output centers remains preserved.
S. J. Connolly
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199543472
- eISBN:
- 9780191716553
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199543472.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
This chapter traces the prolonged military conflict of 1641-53. It examines the elaborate system of government, with headquarters at Kilkenny, established by the Confederate Catholics, as well as the ...
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This chapter traces the prolonged military conflict of 1641-53. It examines the elaborate system of government, with headquarters at Kilkenny, established by the Confederate Catholics, as well as the importation into Ireland of the tactics of the European military revolution. It examines the divisions between Royalist and Parliamentarian among Irish Protestants, the former commanded by the earl of Ormond, as well as the shifting allegiances of the Scottish army established in the north east. The arrival in 1649 of a parliamentary army under Oliver Cromwell, and the controversial massacres at Drogheda and Wexford, initiated the last phase of the war. The victorious parliamentary regime initiated a massive scheme of social engineering, transplanting Catholic proprietors to a small western region while redistributing other lands among English settlers.Less
This chapter traces the prolonged military conflict of 1641-53. It examines the elaborate system of government, with headquarters at Kilkenny, established by the Confederate Catholics, as well as the importation into Ireland of the tactics of the European military revolution. It examines the divisions between Royalist and Parliamentarian among Irish Protestants, the former commanded by the earl of Ormond, as well as the shifting allegiances of the Scottish army established in the north east. The arrival in 1649 of a parliamentary army under Oliver Cromwell, and the controversial massacres at Drogheda and Wexford, initiated the last phase of the war. The victorious parliamentary regime initiated a massive scheme of social engineering, transplanting Catholic proprietors to a small western region while redistributing other lands among English settlers.
F. M. Kamm
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195119114
- eISBN:
- 9780199872244
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195119118.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Deals with the problem of the acquisition and distribution of organs for transplantation and allows the application of the foregoing theoretical discussion of saving lives and relevant/irrelevant ...
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Deals with the problem of the acquisition and distribution of organs for transplantation and allows the application of the foregoing theoretical discussion of saving lives and relevant/irrelevant utilities. As an aid to dealing with categories that are of current concern to the medical community, Ch. 11 starts with a summary of the recommendations of the US Task Force on Organ Transplantation on acquisition and distribution of organs, and discusses and criticizes the total‐brain‐death criterion for death. The next section of the chapter discusses the role of informed consent of the original organ owner and his family in relation to the State in the task of acquiring organs, as well as the moral possibility of sale, trading, and taking of organs. The last section of the chapter considers the morality of more controversial proposals for acquiring organs: ‘donation’ from foetuses, donation from live donors where there is significant risk to the donor, and (the most radical) killing some persons for the sake of acquiring organs for others.Less
Deals with the problem of the acquisition and distribution of organs for transplantation and allows the application of the foregoing theoretical discussion of saving lives and relevant/irrelevant utilities. As an aid to dealing with categories that are of current concern to the medical community, Ch. 11 starts with a summary of the recommendations of the US Task Force on Organ Transplantation on acquisition and distribution of organs, and discusses and criticizes the total‐brain‐death criterion for death. The next section of the chapter discusses the role of informed consent of the original organ owner and his family in relation to the State in the task of acquiring organs, as well as the moral possibility of sale, trading, and taking of organs. The last section of the chapter considers the morality of more controversial proposals for acquiring organs: ‘donation’ from foetuses, donation from live donors where there is significant risk to the donor, and (the most radical) killing some persons for the sake of acquiring organs for others.
F. M. Kamm
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195119114
- eISBN:
- 9780199872244
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195119118.003.0016
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Brings to a close the discussion of organ distribution for transplantation presented in the last four chapters of Part III of the book. Presents the argument against using procedures in determining ...
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Brings to a close the discussion of organ distribution for transplantation presented in the last four chapters of Part III of the book. Presents the argument against using procedures in determining the distribution of resources, and then goes on to give a critical examination of two possible procedures for determining the distribution of organs: that of John Kilner, and that of T. Starzl (this is a points system for determining kidney distribution in which no one factor has lexical priority over another that is used in a major transplant centre); some modifications are suggested to the Starzl procedure. Next, an alternative distribution procedure is described for application in conditions where resources are scarce. The final section of the chapter moves on from discussing the situation where the decision to be made is which of two (or more) people should receive one organ, to the choice of situation where the choice is whether to assign multiple organs to one person or each of those multiple organs to other people.Less
Brings to a close the discussion of organ distribution for transplantation presented in the last four chapters of Part III of the book. Presents the argument against using procedures in determining the distribution of resources, and then goes on to give a critical examination of two possible procedures for determining the distribution of organs: that of John Kilner, and that of T. Starzl (this is a points system for determining kidney distribution in which no one factor has lexical priority over another that is used in a major transplant centre); some modifications are suggested to the Starzl procedure. Next, an alternative distribution procedure is described for application in conditions where resources are scarce. The final section of the chapter moves on from discussing the situation where the decision to be made is which of two (or more) people should receive one organ, to the choice of situation where the choice is whether to assign multiple organs to one person or each of those multiple organs to other people.
William F. Blakemore and Robin J.M. Franklin
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195152227
- eISBN:
- 9780199865024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152227.003.0038
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter is divided into two sections. The first explores methodological and conceptual issues that are important when designing and interpreting glial cell transplantation studies. The second ...
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This chapter is divided into two sections. The first explores methodological and conceptual issues that are important when designing and interpreting glial cell transplantation studies. The second addresses issues concerned with the potential therapeutic use of glial cell transplantation in situations where remyelination failure leads to prolonged loss of function.Less
This chapter is divided into two sections. The first explores methodological and conceptual issues that are important when designing and interpreting glial cell transplantation studies. The second addresses issues concerned with the potential therapeutic use of glial cell transplantation in situations where remyelination failure leads to prolonged loss of function.
Brian J. Cummings, Mitra J. Hooshmand, Desirée L. Salazar, and Aileen J. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195369007
- eISBN:
- 9780199865253
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369007.003.0015
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems, Development
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating and devastating condition that affects approximately 11,000 new people in the United States each year. Understanding of the pathophysiology and potential ...
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Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating and devastating condition that affects approximately 11,000 new people in the United States each year. Understanding of the pathophysiology and potential points of therapeutic intervention for human SCI has been shaped strongly by the results of studies performed in laboratory animals. This chapter discusses multiple targets for therapeutic interventions focusing on cell transplantation approaches, discusses the application of multiple cells types in SCI models, and considers how cell-intrinsic properties as well as exogenous factors in the host microenvironment may influence the ability of various cell populations to survive, differentiate, and promote locomotor recovery following SCI. Studies conducted on transplanting human central nervous system-derived neural stem cells (HuCNS-SCs) at selected time points along the acute to chronic continuum are described, demonstrating that, depending on timing, HuCNS-SCs have the ability to promote locomotor recovery and that the microenvironment influences cell fate.Less
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating and devastating condition that affects approximately 11,000 new people in the United States each year. Understanding of the pathophysiology and potential points of therapeutic intervention for human SCI has been shaped strongly by the results of studies performed in laboratory animals. This chapter discusses multiple targets for therapeutic interventions focusing on cell transplantation approaches, discusses the application of multiple cells types in SCI models, and considers how cell-intrinsic properties as well as exogenous factors in the host microenvironment may influence the ability of various cell populations to survive, differentiate, and promote locomotor recovery following SCI. Studies conducted on transplanting human central nervous system-derived neural stem cells (HuCNS-SCs) at selected time points along the acute to chronic continuum are described, demonstrating that, depending on timing, HuCNS-SCs have the ability to promote locomotor recovery and that the microenvironment influences cell fate.
Helen Balsdon and Jenny I. O. Craig
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198528081
- eISBN:
- 9780191730399
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528081.003.0005
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making
This chapter discusses stem cell transplantation. It provides an overview of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the different types of transplantation, and the problems arising from this ...
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This chapter discusses stem cell transplantation. It provides an overview of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the different types of transplantation, and the problems arising from this treatment. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the infusion of stem cells to repopulate the haematopoietic system and to overcome resultant bone marrow aplasia. It is usually administered with the aim to cure. Transplants are categorised as autologous, sibling allogeneic, volunteer-unrelated, and syngeneic transplants. While transplants may improve conditions of haematological patients, they pose complications after three months. These complications are infection, chronic GvHD, infertility, endocrine dysfunction, psychological morbidity, and secondary malignancy.Less
This chapter discusses stem cell transplantation. It provides an overview of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, the different types of transplantation, and the problems arising from this treatment. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the infusion of stem cells to repopulate the haematopoietic system and to overcome resultant bone marrow aplasia. It is usually administered with the aim to cure. Transplants are categorised as autologous, sibling allogeneic, volunteer-unrelated, and syngeneic transplants. While transplants may improve conditions of haematological patients, they pose complications after three months. These complications are infection, chronic GvHD, infertility, endocrine dysfunction, psychological morbidity, and secondary malignancy.
Janet Radcliffe Richards
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195335149
- eISBN:
- 9780199866335
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335149.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter examines the bearing of financial inducements on consent, focusing on the issue of selling kidneys for transplantation. How can it be considered unethical to sell kidneys if it is ...
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This chapter examines the bearing of financial inducements on consent, focusing on the issue of selling kidneys for transplantation. How can it be considered unethical to sell kidneys if it is ethical to donate them? It is argued that concerns about the validity of consent to sell kidneys cannot withstand critical scrutiny.Less
This chapter examines the bearing of financial inducements on consent, focusing on the issue of selling kidneys for transplantation. How can it be considered unethical to sell kidneys if it is ethical to donate them? It is argued that concerns about the validity of consent to sell kidneys cannot withstand critical scrutiny.
Priscilla Song
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691174778
- eISBN:
- 9781400885282
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691174778.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
Thousands of people from more than eighty countries have traveled to China since 2001 to undergo fetal cell transplantation. Galvanized by the potential of stem and fetal cells to regenerate damaged ...
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Thousands of people from more than eighty countries have traveled to China since 2001 to undergo fetal cell transplantation. Galvanized by the potential of stem and fetal cells to regenerate damaged neurons and restore lost bodily functions, people grappling with paralysis and neurodegenerative disorders have ignored the warnings of doctors and scientists back home in order to stake their futures on a Chinese experiment. This book looks at why and how these individuals have entrusted their lives to Chinese neurosurgeons operating at the forefront of experimental medicine, in a world where technologies and risks move faster than laws can keep pace. The book shows how cutting-edge medicine is not just about the latest advances in biomedical science but also encompasses transformations in online patient activism, surgical intervention, and borderline experiments in health care bureaucracy. The book opens up important theoretical and methodological horizons in the anthropology of science, technology, and medicine. It illuminates how poignant journeys in search of fetal cell cures become tangled in complex webs of digital mediation, the entrepreneurial logics of postsocialist medicine, and fraught debates about the ethics of clinical experimentation. Using innovative methods to track the border-crossing quests of Chinese clinicians and their patients from around the world, the book maps the transnational life of fetal cell therapies.Less
Thousands of people from more than eighty countries have traveled to China since 2001 to undergo fetal cell transplantation. Galvanized by the potential of stem and fetal cells to regenerate damaged neurons and restore lost bodily functions, people grappling with paralysis and neurodegenerative disorders have ignored the warnings of doctors and scientists back home in order to stake their futures on a Chinese experiment. This book looks at why and how these individuals have entrusted their lives to Chinese neurosurgeons operating at the forefront of experimental medicine, in a world where technologies and risks move faster than laws can keep pace. The book shows how cutting-edge medicine is not just about the latest advances in biomedical science but also encompasses transformations in online patient activism, surgical intervention, and borderline experiments in health care bureaucracy. The book opens up important theoretical and methodological horizons in the anthropology of science, technology, and medicine. It illuminates how poignant journeys in search of fetal cell cures become tangled in complex webs of digital mediation, the entrepreneurial logics of postsocialist medicine, and fraught debates about the ethics of clinical experimentation. Using innovative methods to track the border-crossing quests of Chinese clinicians and their patients from around the world, the book maps the transnational life of fetal cell therapies.
Thomas Pradeu and Elizabeth Vitanza
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199775286
- eISBN:
- 9780199932818
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199775286.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter aims at clarifying the notions of self and nonself through a historical analysis. I show that the relationship between immunity and the identity of the organism, as well as the idea that ...
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This chapter aims at clarifying the notions of self and nonself through a historical analysis. I show that the relationship between immunity and the identity of the organism, as well as the idea that an immune response is due to the penetration in the organism of foreign bodies, both preexist Burnet’s self-nonself framework. The crucial step accomplished by Burnet is that he transformed these apparently self-evident observations in a scientific problem, asking how the organism learns to not attack its own constituents. Explaining the tolerance to the self is thus the starting point of the self-nonself theory. Thanks to a detailed analysis of Burnet’s scientific writings, I demonstrate the link between the self-nonself framework and Burnet’s famous clonal selection theory. I make clear how the very conception of the self changed significantly throughout Burnet’s scientific reflection. Finally, I show that the self-nonself theory is still dominant in today’s immunology.Less
This chapter aims at clarifying the notions of self and nonself through a historical analysis. I show that the relationship between immunity and the identity of the organism, as well as the idea that an immune response is due to the penetration in the organism of foreign bodies, both preexist Burnet’s self-nonself framework. The crucial step accomplished by Burnet is that he transformed these apparently self-evident observations in a scientific problem, asking how the organism learns to not attack its own constituents. Explaining the tolerance to the self is thus the starting point of the self-nonself theory. Thanks to a detailed analysis of Burnet’s scientific writings, I demonstrate the link between the self-nonself framework and Burnet’s famous clonal selection theory. I make clear how the very conception of the self changed significantly throughout Burnet’s scientific reflection. Finally, I show that the self-nonself theory is still dominant in today’s immunology.
