Inge Kaul and Pedro Conceiçāo
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195179972
- eISBN:
- 9780199850709
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179972.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter discusses the importance of recognizing the limits of international cooperation in financing the control of transnational terrorism. It describes some of the characteristics of and ...
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This chapter discusses the importance of recognizing the limits of international cooperation in financing the control of transnational terrorism. It describes some of the characteristics of and trends in transnational terrorism and examines the cooperation challenges in controlling this phenomenon. The result suggests that the pre-emption strategy has the properties of a pure public good while the protection strategy has the characteristics of what economists call a weakest link public good.Less
This chapter discusses the importance of recognizing the limits of international cooperation in financing the control of transnational terrorism. It describes some of the characteristics of and trends in transnational terrorism and examines the cooperation challenges in controlling this phenomenon. The result suggests that the pre-emption strategy has the properties of a pure public good while the protection strategy has the characteristics of what economists call a weakest link public good.
Ward Thomas
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9781501758898
- eISBN:
- 9781501758911
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501758898.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter delves into the growth in transnational terrorist organizations and the global debate over terrorism against which it unfolded. It examines how contestation of the definition of ...
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This chapter delves into the growth in transnational terrorist organizations and the global debate over terrorism against which it unfolded. It examines how contestation of the definition of “terrorism” became a critical part of the political landscape associated with the problem, and shaped norms regarding what constituted permissible conduct by inferior forces in asymmetrical conflicts. The chapter then jumps to review the literature on terrorism. While this work is richly detailed and informative, scholars have struggled to generate causal explanations for terrorism, which occurs across a vast range of conditions. The chapter discusses the use of the term “terrorism” before it became the subject of contestation in the early 1970s. It outlines the logical nexus between the two closely related tracks, which is rooted in guerrilla warfare's implications for the treatment of civilian populations. The chapter also recounts the second track of contestation, which built upon the normative assumptions inherent in the push to legitimize guerrilla warfare to reconfigure the international discourse relating to “terrorism” itself. The chapter assesses how the impasse on the conceptions of terrorism shaped the trajectory of international terrorism in recent decades.Less
This chapter delves into the growth in transnational terrorist organizations and the global debate over terrorism against which it unfolded. It examines how contestation of the definition of “terrorism” became a critical part of the political landscape associated with the problem, and shaped norms regarding what constituted permissible conduct by inferior forces in asymmetrical conflicts. The chapter then jumps to review the literature on terrorism. While this work is richly detailed and informative, scholars have struggled to generate causal explanations for terrorism, which occurs across a vast range of conditions. The chapter discusses the use of the term “terrorism” before it became the subject of contestation in the early 1970s. It outlines the logical nexus between the two closely related tracks, which is rooted in guerrilla warfare's implications for the treatment of civilian populations. The chapter also recounts the second track of contestation, which built upon the normative assumptions inherent in the push to legitimize guerrilla warfare to reconfigure the international discourse relating to “terrorism” itself. The chapter assesses how the impasse on the conceptions of terrorism shaped the trajectory of international terrorism in recent decades.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226645605
- eISBN:
- 9780226645643
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226645643.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter analyzes the phenomenon of transnational suicide terrorism. It explains that transnational suicide terrorism, a rare phenomenon largely associated with the progressive radicalization of ...
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This chapter analyzes the phenomenon of transnational suicide terrorism. It explains that transnational suicide terrorism, a rare phenomenon largely associated with the progressive radicalization of specific types of groups of individuals with multiple national loyalties under extremely unusual circumstances, has important implications. The chapter suggests that transnational suicide terrorists are individuals with colliding communal loyalties, one for a kindred community and another for their home country of citizenship. It also suggests that the group logic of transnational suicide terrorism is not a one-way process in which everyone who enters one stage necessarily goes forward to the next, but instead is an open-ended process with many off-ramps and two-way avenues.Less
This chapter analyzes the phenomenon of transnational suicide terrorism. It explains that transnational suicide terrorism, a rare phenomenon largely associated with the progressive radicalization of specific types of groups of individuals with multiple national loyalties under extremely unusual circumstances, has important implications. The chapter suggests that transnational suicide terrorists are individuals with colliding communal loyalties, one for a kindred community and another for their home country of citizenship. It also suggests that the group logic of transnational suicide terrorism is not a one-way process in which everyone who enters one stage necessarily goes forward to the next, but instead is an open-ended process with many off-ramps and two-way avenues.
Clint Peinhardt and Todd Sandler
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199398607
- eISBN:
- 9780199398645
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199398607.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
The primary purpose of this chapter is to investigate collective action and cooperation associated with civil wars and terrorism. These forms of political violence are emphasized because they ...
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The primary purpose of this chapter is to investigate collective action and cooperation associated with civil wars and terrorism. These forms of political violence are emphasized because they currently are more prevalent than interstate wars or genocides. For civil wars, the economic consequences and root causes are examined. For terrorism, the differences in domestic and transnational terrorism as a paired comparison are investigated. Another paired comparison involves differences between proactive and defensive measures to counter terrorism. The analysis focuses on what measures are the most successful in curbing terrorism A third paired comparison involve UN and non-UN peacekeeping in the world’s trouble spots; Throughout the chapter, recent trends in civil conflicts, domestic terrorism, and transnational terrorism are presented. Game-theoretic aspects of counterterrorism are also presented.Less
The primary purpose of this chapter is to investigate collective action and cooperation associated with civil wars and terrorism. These forms of political violence are emphasized because they currently are more prevalent than interstate wars or genocides. For civil wars, the economic consequences and root causes are examined. For terrorism, the differences in domestic and transnational terrorism as a paired comparison are investigated. Another paired comparison involves differences between proactive and defensive measures to counter terrorism. The analysis focuses on what measures are the most successful in curbing terrorism A third paired comparison involve UN and non-UN peacekeeping in the world’s trouble spots; Throughout the chapter, recent trends in civil conflicts, domestic terrorism, and transnational terrorism are presented. Game-theoretic aspects of counterterrorism are also presented.
Steve A. Yetiv
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801450020
- eISBN:
- 9780801463396
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801450020.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Middle Eastern Politics
This book tells the interconnected story of oil, globalization, and terrorism. It asks how Al-Qaeda, a small band of terrorists, became such a real and perceived threat to American and global ...
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This book tells the interconnected story of oil, globalization, and terrorism. It asks how Al-Qaeda, a small band of terrorists, became such a real and perceived threat to American and global security, a threat viewed as profound enough to motivate the strongest power in world history to undertake extraordinary actions, including two very costly wars. The book argues that Middle East oil and globalization have combined to augment the real and perceived threat of transnational terrorism. Globalization has allowed terrorists to do things that otherwise would be more difficult and costly: exploit technology, generate fear beyond their capabilities, target vulnerable economic and political nodes, and capitalize on socio-economic dislocation. Meanwhile, Middle East oil has fueled terrorism by helping to bolster oil-rich regimes that terrorists hate, to fund the terrorist infrastructure, and to generate anti-American and anti-Western sentiments about American support for oil-rich regimes and perceived Western designs on Middle East oil. Together, Middle East oil and globalization have combined in various ways to help create Al-Qaeda's real and perceived threat, and that of its affiliates and offshoots. The book convincingly argues that it is critical to understand the connections among oil, globalization, and terrorism if we seek to comprehend modern global politics.Less
This book tells the interconnected story of oil, globalization, and terrorism. It asks how Al-Qaeda, a small band of terrorists, became such a real and perceived threat to American and global security, a threat viewed as profound enough to motivate the strongest power in world history to undertake extraordinary actions, including two very costly wars. The book argues that Middle East oil and globalization have combined to augment the real and perceived threat of transnational terrorism. Globalization has allowed terrorists to do things that otherwise would be more difficult and costly: exploit technology, generate fear beyond their capabilities, target vulnerable economic and political nodes, and capitalize on socio-economic dislocation. Meanwhile, Middle East oil has fueled terrorism by helping to bolster oil-rich regimes that terrorists hate, to fund the terrorist infrastructure, and to generate anti-American and anti-Western sentiments about American support for oil-rich regimes and perceived Western designs on Middle East oil. Together, Middle East oil and globalization have combined in various ways to help create Al-Qaeda's real and perceived threat, and that of its affiliates and offshoots. The book convincingly argues that it is critical to understand the connections among oil, globalization, and terrorism if we seek to comprehend modern global politics.
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226645605
- eISBN:
- 9780226645643
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226645643.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This introduction discusses the theme of this book, which is about the causes and origins of suicide terrorism. The book analyzes suicide terrorism campaigns in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Lebanon, ...
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This introduction discusses the theme of this book, which is about the causes and origins of suicide terrorism. The book analyzes suicide terrorism campaigns in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Chechnya, and Sri Lanka from 1980 to 2009. The findings provide strong confirmation for the hypothesis that military occupation is the main factor driving suicide terrorism, evidence for new hypotheses about the causes of transnational suicide terrorism.Less
This introduction discusses the theme of this book, which is about the causes and origins of suicide terrorism. The book analyzes suicide terrorism campaigns in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Chechnya, and Sri Lanka from 1980 to 2009. The findings provide strong confirmation for the hypothesis that military occupation is the main factor driving suicide terrorism, evidence for new hypotheses about the causes of transnational suicide terrorism.
Geoffrey S. Corn
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231152358
- eISBN:
- 9780231526562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231152358.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter examines two legal models for combating transnational terrorism: extraterritorial law enforcement and transnational counterterrorist military operations. It challenges conventional ...
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This chapter examines two legal models for combating transnational terrorism: extraterritorial law enforcement and transnational counterterrorist military operations. It challenges conventional opinion that military operations against transnational terrorists which do not fall neatly within the state-centric conflict categories derived from the Geneva Conventions should be treated as extraterritorial law enforcement activities. It argues that the humanitarian law framework must be extended to counterterrorist military operations by appealing to core historical principles of humanitarian law and to military protocol, namely, the mandate in the U.S. Department of Defense Law of War Program to “comply with the principles of the law of war during all military operations.” It contends that it is invalid and disingenuous to characterize counterterror military operations employing combat power under a “deadly force as a first resort” authority as extraterritorial law enforcement. The chapter also considers the underlying nature and purpose of the existing law-triggering paradigm, the different nature of the authority derived from the law of armed conflict compared to the law enforcement framework, and the importance of maintaining a clear distinction between jus ad bellum and jus in bello.Less
This chapter examines two legal models for combating transnational terrorism: extraterritorial law enforcement and transnational counterterrorist military operations. It challenges conventional opinion that military operations against transnational terrorists which do not fall neatly within the state-centric conflict categories derived from the Geneva Conventions should be treated as extraterritorial law enforcement activities. It argues that the humanitarian law framework must be extended to counterterrorist military operations by appealing to core historical principles of humanitarian law and to military protocol, namely, the mandate in the U.S. Department of Defense Law of War Program to “comply with the principles of the law of war during all military operations.” It contends that it is invalid and disingenuous to characterize counterterror military operations employing combat power under a “deadly force as a first resort” authority as extraterritorial law enforcement. The chapter also considers the underlying nature and purpose of the existing law-triggering paradigm, the different nature of the authority derived from the law of armed conflict compared to the law enforcement framework, and the importance of maintaining a clear distinction between jus ad bellum and jus in bello.
Alex S. Wilner
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- July 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198790501
- eISBN:
- 9780191831737
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0029
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Transnational terrorism, an enduring phenomenon that became a hallmark of the post-cold-war era, continues to evolve. This chapter explores several emerging trends in Islamist terrorism that are ...
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Transnational terrorism, an enduring phenomenon that became a hallmark of the post-cold-war era, continues to evolve. This chapter explores several emerging trends in Islamist terrorism that are likely to challenge European security institutions in the coming years and decades. The chapter argues that the Islamic State has revolutionized the jihadist landscape. ISIS has effectively eclipsed al-Qaeda, modernizing its predecessor’s hidebound model of allegiance and recruitment, sponsoring and facilitating attacks overseas, lighting sectarian fires across the Middle East and North Africa, and exploiting cyber tools and social media to propagandize itself widely. Relatedly, European foreign fighters have joined ISIS at an unprecedented clip: several thousand have fought within its ranks. Combining these trends helps illustrate how transnational terrorism challenges European security in new and complex ways.Less
Transnational terrorism, an enduring phenomenon that became a hallmark of the post-cold-war era, continues to evolve. This chapter explores several emerging trends in Islamist terrorism that are likely to challenge European security institutions in the coming years and decades. The chapter argues that the Islamic State has revolutionized the jihadist landscape. ISIS has effectively eclipsed al-Qaeda, modernizing its predecessor’s hidebound model of allegiance and recruitment, sponsoring and facilitating attacks overseas, lighting sectarian fires across the Middle East and North Africa, and exploiting cyber tools and social media to propagandize itself widely. Relatedly, European foreign fighters have joined ISIS at an unprecedented clip: several thousand have fought within its ranks. Combining these trends helps illustrate how transnational terrorism challenges European security in new and complex ways.
David M. Crane and Daniel Reisner
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231152358
- eISBN:
- 9780231526562
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231152358.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
This chapter examines the status, rights, and obligations of nonstate entities within the framework of international humanitarian law and asks whether modern international humanitarian law is viable ...
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This chapter examines the status, rights, and obligations of nonstate entities within the framework of international humanitarian law and asks whether modern international humanitarian law is viable in light of changing threats posed by terrorists locally, regionally, and internationally. More specifically, it considers the existing rules and paradigms of international law and proposes a new framework for the treatment of nonstate actors in armed conflicts. To this end, the chapter looks at two elemental humanitarian law precepts—the distinction between combatants and civilians and the link between combatant and prisoner of war (POW) status—and argues that they create an impasse today for states dealing with such actors as Taliban fighters in Afghanistan or Hezbollah forces on Israel's borders. Because no state dealing with transnational terrorism wishes to grant designated terror groups the legitimacy associated with POW status or impose upon themselves the targeting limitations of “civilians taking a direct part in hostilities,” the chapter calls for a new category of combatant and a review of the contingent relationship between combatant and POW status in light of today's national security environment.Less
This chapter examines the status, rights, and obligations of nonstate entities within the framework of international humanitarian law and asks whether modern international humanitarian law is viable in light of changing threats posed by terrorists locally, regionally, and internationally. More specifically, it considers the existing rules and paradigms of international law and proposes a new framework for the treatment of nonstate actors in armed conflicts. To this end, the chapter looks at two elemental humanitarian law precepts—the distinction between combatants and civilians and the link between combatant and prisoner of war (POW) status—and argues that they create an impasse today for states dealing with such actors as Taliban fighters in Afghanistan or Hezbollah forces on Israel's borders. Because no state dealing with transnational terrorism wishes to grant designated terror groups the legitimacy associated with POW status or impose upon themselves the targeting limitations of “civilians taking a direct part in hostilities,” the chapter calls for a new category of combatant and a review of the contingent relationship between combatant and POW status in light of today's national security environment.
