Mark Lawrence Schrad
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391237
- eISBN:
- 9780199776856
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391237.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter examines the cause of temperance as one of the first truly global transnational advocacy networks (TANs), which acted as a multidirectional transmission belt of policy-relevant ideas and ...
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This chapter examines the cause of temperance as one of the first truly global transnational advocacy networks (TANs), which acted as a multidirectional transmission belt of policy-relevant ideas and information from one country to another, to be filtered and reframed by domestic-level actors. By examining the life cycle of the transnational temperance network in terms of four stages — incipient, ascendant, mature, and declining — the chapter provides a template for addressing the evolution of transnational advocacy networks, while also preparing the stage for analyzing alcohol-control policymaking at the national level, which follows in Chapters 3 through 5.Less
This chapter examines the cause of temperance as one of the first truly global transnational advocacy networks (TANs), which acted as a multidirectional transmission belt of policy-relevant ideas and information from one country to another, to be filtered and reframed by domestic-level actors. By examining the life cycle of the transnational temperance network in terms of four stages — incipient, ascendant, mature, and declining — the chapter provides a template for addressing the evolution of transnational advocacy networks, while also preparing the stage for analyzing alcohol-control policymaking at the national level, which follows in Chapters 3 through 5.
Mark Lawrence Schrad
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195391237
- eISBN:
- 9780199776856
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391237.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter provides a more explicit comparison of the institutional differences in feedback mechanisms, highlighting the features inherent in each institutional arrangement that predisposed ...
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This chapter provides a more explicit comparison of the institutional differences in feedback mechanisms, highlighting the features inherent in each institutional arrangement that predisposed decision makers in each country toward or away from a particular policy, while also enhancing the understanding of how different institutional arrangements respond to crises by accelerating the policy debate, and thereby altering the political discourse to impact the course of policy development. In drawing together such diverse insights, the chapter also poses an explanation for the international alcohol control/prohibition policy “wave” of the early 20th century. In brief, the wave can be explained only with reference to a combination of transnationally diffused temperance ideas, varyingly translated into policy through institutionalized channels of decision making, with a common external stimulus of a world war. War explains the timing of the policy wave, transnational temperance information networks explain the direction of the policy change, and domestic institutional constraints explain the ultimate form of that change.Less
This chapter provides a more explicit comparison of the institutional differences in feedback mechanisms, highlighting the features inherent in each institutional arrangement that predisposed decision makers in each country toward or away from a particular policy, while also enhancing the understanding of how different institutional arrangements respond to crises by accelerating the policy debate, and thereby altering the political discourse to impact the course of policy development. In drawing together such diverse insights, the chapter also poses an explanation for the international alcohol control/prohibition policy “wave” of the early 20th century. In brief, the wave can be explained only with reference to a combination of transnationally diffused temperance ideas, varyingly translated into policy through institutionalized channels of decision making, with a common external stimulus of a world war. War explains the timing of the policy wave, transnational temperance information networks explain the direction of the policy change, and domestic institutional constraints explain the ultimate form of that change.
Thomas Faist
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198293910
- eISBN:
- 9780191685002
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198293910.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
The interests, passions, and ideas undergirding and the resources inherent in social and symbolic ties can traverse nation-state borders for decades. As seen, migrant and migration networks help ...
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The interests, passions, and ideas undergirding and the resources inherent in social and symbolic ties can traverse nation-state borders for decades. As seen, migrant and migration networks help sustain international migration, even superseding initiating factors. They explain the quantitative leap from ‘why so few out of so many places?’ to ‘why so many out of so few places?’. These processes of critical mass also induce a qualitative leap: transnational networks precipitate full-fledged transnationalisation, predisposing locally bound social spaces to further border-crossing transitions. Several examples point towards circular, regular, and sustained flows of persons, goods, information, and symbols that has been triggered and reinforced by international labour migration and refugee movements. These spaces of flows include not only the bodily circulation of people but also multiple transactions of ideas, monetary resources, goods, symbols, and cultural practices.Less
The interests, passions, and ideas undergirding and the resources inherent in social and symbolic ties can traverse nation-state borders for decades. As seen, migrant and migration networks help sustain international migration, even superseding initiating factors. They explain the quantitative leap from ‘why so few out of so many places?’ to ‘why so many out of so few places?’. These processes of critical mass also induce a qualitative leap: transnational networks precipitate full-fledged transnationalisation, predisposing locally bound social spaces to further border-crossing transitions. Several examples point towards circular, regular, and sustained flows of persons, goods, information, and symbols that has been triggered and reinforced by international labour migration and refugee movements. These spaces of flows include not only the bodily circulation of people but also multiple transactions of ideas, monetary resources, goods, symbols, and cultural practices.
Cristina E. Parau
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780197266403
- eISBN:
- 9780191879593
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266403.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Legal Profession and Ethics
This chapter defines the monograph's scope of inquiry – to elucidate the origins of Judiciary branch institutions in the newly democratizing countries of Central and Eastern Europe – and sets out its ...
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This chapter defines the monograph's scope of inquiry – to elucidate the origins of Judiciary branch institutions in the newly democratizing countries of Central and Eastern Europe – and sets out its research puzzles: how came the institutional design of the Judiciary to be patterned on always the same transnational template which happens to maximize judicial empowerment to the exclusion of alternatives? And why was it accepted so uniformly across the whole region, despite its obvious drawbacks for the self-interest of the national parliaments called on to ratify it? The thesis of the book is then outlined. Judicial empowerment is explained as the empowerment, in fact, of a new social class, a transnational community networked around elite legal professionals. A literature review critiques some of the most pertinent works in the fields of law, political science, international law, and socio-legal studies, showing the connections between their findings and the instant thesis. The complex methodological approach used herein is finally outlined, consisting of multi-modal research strategies, sources of data, and forms of reasoning: case study and process tracing, Grounded Theory, comparative historical analysis, and logic triangulation.Less
This chapter defines the monograph's scope of inquiry – to elucidate the origins of Judiciary branch institutions in the newly democratizing countries of Central and Eastern Europe – and sets out its research puzzles: how came the institutional design of the Judiciary to be patterned on always the same transnational template which happens to maximize judicial empowerment to the exclusion of alternatives? And why was it accepted so uniformly across the whole region, despite its obvious drawbacks for the self-interest of the national parliaments called on to ratify it? The thesis of the book is then outlined. Judicial empowerment is explained as the empowerment, in fact, of a new social class, a transnational community networked around elite legal professionals. A literature review critiques some of the most pertinent works in the fields of law, political science, international law, and socio-legal studies, showing the connections between their findings and the instant thesis. The complex methodological approach used herein is finally outlined, consisting of multi-modal research strategies, sources of data, and forms of reasoning: case study and process tracing, Grounded Theory, comparative historical analysis, and logic triangulation.
Cristina E. Parau
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780197266403
- eISBN:
- 9780191879593
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266403.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Legal Profession and Ethics
Studies of the fate of Judiciaries in post-Communist Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) have been rare and attempts at causal explanation rarer. This study found that interlocked transnational ...
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Studies of the fate of Judiciaries in post-Communist Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) have been rare and attempts at causal explanation rarer. This study found that interlocked transnational networking empowered a minority of elite Judiciary revisionists to entrench their institutional template in Eastern European constitutions, setting these transitional democracies on a trajectory toward a global trend of the judicialization of politics. The first, crucial step in that process is traced: the formal disempowerment of democracy through Judiciary revisions that ordinary people and politicians in Central and Eastern Europe little heeded. The causal nexus converging on this outcome is explained. Why it matters is because the revisionist template reorients that most venerable of non-majoritarian institutions beyond adjudication of the guilt or innocence of subjects of state power under legal certainty – the classical role of modern courts – toward the improvisation of public policy, with or without the consent of the majority of the governed, by ‘finding’ it in constitutions; the unique legitimacy of which derives from the prior ratification of a supermajority. The question of who shall have the final disposition of contested constitutional meaning – the Executive, Legislature, Judiciary, the People, or All of these – implicates sovereignty itself and whom it shall rest on: the last word is sovereign for practical purposes. The interdisciplinarity of this study will appeal to a wide audience: scholars of law and politics and socio-legal studies, social scientists researching elite transnationalism and European integration beyond the EU, even institutional design practitioners.Less
Studies of the fate of Judiciaries in post-Communist Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) have been rare and attempts at causal explanation rarer. This study found that interlocked transnational networking empowered a minority of elite Judiciary revisionists to entrench their institutional template in Eastern European constitutions, setting these transitional democracies on a trajectory toward a global trend of the judicialization of politics. The first, crucial step in that process is traced: the formal disempowerment of democracy through Judiciary revisions that ordinary people and politicians in Central and Eastern Europe little heeded. The causal nexus converging on this outcome is explained. Why it matters is because the revisionist template reorients that most venerable of non-majoritarian institutions beyond adjudication of the guilt or innocence of subjects of state power under legal certainty – the classical role of modern courts – toward the improvisation of public policy, with or without the consent of the majority of the governed, by ‘finding’ it in constitutions; the unique legitimacy of which derives from the prior ratification of a supermajority. The question of who shall have the final disposition of contested constitutional meaning – the Executive, Legislature, Judiciary, the People, or All of these – implicates sovereignty itself and whom it shall rest on: the last word is sovereign for practical purposes. The interdisciplinarity of this study will appeal to a wide audience: scholars of law and politics and socio-legal studies, social scientists researching elite transnationalism and European integration beyond the EU, even institutional design practitioners.
Christel Lane and Jocelyn Probert
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199214815
- eISBN:
- 9780191721779
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214815.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Political Economy
This chapter starts by examining the labour standards and rights which exist in low-wage supplier countries and the role played by national institutions — particularly the state and unions, but also ...
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This chapter starts by examining the labour standards and rights which exist in low-wage supplier countries and the role played by national institutions — particularly the state and unions, but also firms — in either strengthening or, more often, undermining them. The analysis focuses on the shortcomings of existing regulatory regimes in three sourcing countries: China, Mexico, and Turkey. The chapter additionally reviews the regulatory regimes adopted under initiatives by inter-governmental organizations, firms, industry associations, unions, and NGOs, singly or in transnational advocacy networks, to improve labour rights and standards in supplier countries and firms. It shows that because western firms' sourcing practices are complicit in causing the poor labour standards suppliers adopt, implementation and monitoring of the observance of labour standards and rights are highly problematic. Finally, the chapter indicates what kind of international regulatory regime might be effective in the future.Less
This chapter starts by examining the labour standards and rights which exist in low-wage supplier countries and the role played by national institutions — particularly the state and unions, but also firms — in either strengthening or, more often, undermining them. The analysis focuses on the shortcomings of existing regulatory regimes in three sourcing countries: China, Mexico, and Turkey. The chapter additionally reviews the regulatory regimes adopted under initiatives by inter-governmental organizations, firms, industry associations, unions, and NGOs, singly or in transnational advocacy networks, to improve labour rights and standards in supplier countries and firms. It shows that because western firms' sourcing practices are complicit in causing the poor labour standards suppliers adopt, implementation and monitoring of the observance of labour standards and rights are highly problematic. Finally, the chapter indicates what kind of international regulatory regime might be effective in the future.
Cristina E. Parau
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780197266403
- eISBN:
- 9780191879593
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266403.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Legal Profession and Ethics
This chapter explores the Network Community’s historical antecedents and presents an inventory of its membership and other key resources arisen from networking and constituting the basis of their ...
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This chapter explores the Network Community’s historical antecedents and presents an inventory of its membership and other key resources arisen from networking and constituting the basis of their ambitious expansion. The Community is shown to encompass agents both individual and collective, as well as formal and informal institutions. The core of the Community is made up of elite legal professionals. Associated actors include functionaries in international and supranational organs such as the Council of Europe and the European Commission; an elite minority of national officials and dignitaries; legal academics; officers of philanthropic organizations; even elite media. All these actors network with each other, creating a power resources pool on which they all draw in their pursuit of self-empowering interests, both individual and collective.Less
This chapter explores the Network Community’s historical antecedents and presents an inventory of its membership and other key resources arisen from networking and constituting the basis of their ambitious expansion. The Community is shown to encompass agents both individual and collective, as well as formal and informal institutions. The core of the Community is made up of elite legal professionals. Associated actors include functionaries in international and supranational organs such as the Council of Europe and the European Commission; an elite minority of national officials and dignitaries; legal academics; officers of philanthropic organizations; even elite media. All these actors network with each other, creating a power resources pool on which they all draw in their pursuit of self-empowering interests, both individual and collective.
Cristina E. Parau
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780197266403
- eISBN:
- 9780191879593
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266403.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Legal Profession and Ethics
This chapter identifies the Network’s definite boundaries in the sharing of collective identities amongst legal professionals and transnational elites, together with its culture of consensus; all of ...
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This chapter identifies the Network’s definite boundaries in the sharing of collective identities amongst legal professionals and transnational elites, together with its culture of consensus; all of which serve to keep out interlopers, dampen internal conflict and the impact of veto players, and consolidate power to move the outside world. These identities consist in the solidarity of like-minded, thus transnationally networked, legal professional elites who coalesce in order to build world peace, first through international law and latterly through the supranational organs of European integration. Shared identity and solidarity are necessary for elite collective agency, without which the Network Community can cause nothing to happen in public affairs.Less
This chapter identifies the Network’s definite boundaries in the sharing of collective identities amongst legal professionals and transnational elites, together with its culture of consensus; all of which serve to keep out interlopers, dampen internal conflict and the impact of veto players, and consolidate power to move the outside world. These identities consist in the solidarity of like-minded, thus transnationally networked, legal professional elites who coalesce in order to build world peace, first through international law and latterly through the supranational organs of European integration. Shared identity and solidarity are necessary for elite collective agency, without which the Network Community can cause nothing to happen in public affairs.
Cristina E. Parau
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780197266403
- eISBN:
- 9780191879593
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266403.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Legal Profession and Ethics
This chapter investigates the Network Community in action effecting its common agenda, the empowerment of the Judiciary and correlative disempowerment of the elected branches of democratic ...
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This chapter investigates the Network Community in action effecting its common agenda, the empowerment of the Judiciary and correlative disempowerment of the elected branches of democratic governments. A mainstay of the Network’s modus operandi is the precept ‘personnel is policy’. Its members are discovered to coordinate each other through a deliberate cultivation of mutual interdependence which renders the Community as a whole politically more successful than if its members acted separately. This phalanx-like solidarity in action in turn empowers the Network to advance a common agenda on the internally divided nation-states of Europe, both East and West. Nations that have submitted to it have found it more difficult than anticipated to escape, once the agenda proved detrimental to their interests.Less
This chapter investigates the Network Community in action effecting its common agenda, the empowerment of the Judiciary and correlative disempowerment of the elected branches of democratic governments. A mainstay of the Network’s modus operandi is the precept ‘personnel is policy’. Its members are discovered to coordinate each other through a deliberate cultivation of mutual interdependence which renders the Community as a whole politically more successful than if its members acted separately. This phalanx-like solidarity in action in turn empowers the Network to advance a common agenda on the internally divided nation-states of Europe, both East and West. Nations that have submitted to it have found it more difficult than anticipated to escape, once the agenda proved detrimental to their interests.
Liliana B. Andonova and Ioana A. Tuta
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198703143
- eISBN:
- 9780191772450
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703143.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
As a consequence of EU enlargement, Central and Eastern European countries have become part of a regional integration regime characterized by a substantial supranational regulatory structure and ...
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As a consequence of EU enlargement, Central and Eastern European countries have become part of a regional integration regime characterized by a substantial supranational regulatory structure and significant density of transnational networks involving problem-solving, monitoring, coordination, and capacity building across public and private domains. This chapter focuses on transnational networks as an important dimension of the strategy of European regulative integration, and inquires to what extent and through what mechanisms such networks may impact the effectiveness of environmental regulatory integration in the new EU member states. It specifies the sources of network influence and the mechanisms through which they impact domestic institution building in support of environmental regulatory integration. The impact of transnational environmental networks is assessed empirically in two recent member states of the EU, Romania and Bulgaria, with respect to their adaptation to two domains of EU environmental regulation: biodiversity conservation and chemicals safety.Less
As a consequence of EU enlargement, Central and Eastern European countries have become part of a regional integration regime characterized by a substantial supranational regulatory structure and significant density of transnational networks involving problem-solving, monitoring, coordination, and capacity building across public and private domains. This chapter focuses on transnational networks as an important dimension of the strategy of European regulative integration, and inquires to what extent and through what mechanisms such networks may impact the effectiveness of environmental regulatory integration in the new EU member states. It specifies the sources of network influence and the mechanisms through which they impact domestic institution building in support of environmental regulatory integration. The impact of transnational environmental networks is assessed empirically in two recent member states of the EU, Romania and Bulgaria, with respect to their adaptation to two domains of EU environmental regulation: biodiversity conservation and chemicals safety.
Devashree Gupta
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781784995287
- eISBN:
- 9781526124180
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784995287.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
From the beginning of the Troubles, groups in Northern Ireland deliberately sought and made use of transnational allies to further their political goals and gain strategic advantages vis-à-vis their ...
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From the beginning of the Troubles, groups in Northern Ireland deliberately sought and made use of transnational allies to further their political goals and gain strategic advantages vis-à-vis their opponents. Organizations on both sides of the conflict turned to external allies, including diaspora groups, like-minded movements, and groups with ideological affinities for accessing resources, expanding and practicing their tactical repertoires, and strengthening their claims to legitimacy. While the existence of this transnational dimension of the Troubles is well documented, the differences among cross-border networks—how they were structured, how they functioned, and their impact on the dynamics of the conflict—are less well understood. Drawing on social movement theory, particularly work on transnational advocacy networks, coalition formation, and diffusion, this chapter compares the structure and function of two types of cross-border networks that resulted: licit ties that publicly connected two or more groups, and illicit ties that allowed groups to forge secretive connections with potential allies.Less
From the beginning of the Troubles, groups in Northern Ireland deliberately sought and made use of transnational allies to further their political goals and gain strategic advantages vis-à-vis their opponents. Organizations on both sides of the conflict turned to external allies, including diaspora groups, like-minded movements, and groups with ideological affinities for accessing resources, expanding and practicing their tactical repertoires, and strengthening their claims to legitimacy. While the existence of this transnational dimension of the Troubles is well documented, the differences among cross-border networks—how they were structured, how they functioned, and their impact on the dynamics of the conflict—are less well understood. Drawing on social movement theory, particularly work on transnational advocacy networks, coalition formation, and diffusion, this chapter compares the structure and function of two types of cross-border networks that resulted: licit ties that publicly connected two or more groups, and illicit ties that allowed groups to forge secretive connections with potential allies.
Charli Carpenter
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801448850
- eISBN:
- 9780801470363
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801448850.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter draws on insights from social network theory to sharpen our understanding of advocacy networks and why it matters to the question of how activists select issues for attention. It ...
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This chapter draws on insights from social network theory to sharpen our understanding of advocacy networks and why it matters to the question of how activists select issues for attention. It discusses ways in which the concept of a “transnational advocacy network” might be sharpened and operationalized. The chapter argues that these networks are global, not transnational; are issue networks, not advocacy networks; and especially that they are structures, not organizational types. In particular, the chapter distinguishes four types of relevant structural relations that deserve closer scrutiny by international relations scholars: relations among actors, relations among issues, relations among individuals, and relations among networks. It then shows how these intranetwork relationships matter causally in determining which issues become salient within advocacy networks and which get overlooked.Less
This chapter draws on insights from social network theory to sharpen our understanding of advocacy networks and why it matters to the question of how activists select issues for attention. It discusses ways in which the concept of a “transnational advocacy network” might be sharpened and operationalized. The chapter argues that these networks are global, not transnational; are issue networks, not advocacy networks; and especially that they are structures, not organizational types. In particular, the chapter distinguishes four types of relevant structural relations that deserve closer scrutiny by international relations scholars: relations among actors, relations among issues, relations among individuals, and relations among networks. It then shows how these intranetwork relationships matter causally in determining which issues become salient within advocacy networks and which get overlooked.
Jacint Jordana and David Levi-Faur
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198703143
- eISBN:
- 9780191772450
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198703143.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
The literature on transnationalism suggests that transnational regulatory spaces are becoming increasingly important at the regional level and that in these domains networks represent an important ...
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The literature on transnationalism suggests that transnational regulatory spaces are becoming increasingly important at the regional level and that in these domains networks represent an important new mode of governance. This chapter examines these assumptions by way of exploring the institutionalization and architecture of the Latin American regional telecoms regulatory space. We assess how and to what extent regional transnational networks are enhancing the sector’s regulatory governance. Our findings suggest that transnational networks in telecommunications configure a regulatory community in Latin America, but have many limitations in promoting regional governance. These limitations reveal the traditional institutional weaknesses of the region, but they are also aggravated by the composition and purposes of the entities within and outside the region that support and nurture these networks. Nonetheless, transnational networks facilitate exchange of information and policy experiences within the countries in the region.Less
The literature on transnationalism suggests that transnational regulatory spaces are becoming increasingly important at the regional level and that in these domains networks represent an important new mode of governance. This chapter examines these assumptions by way of exploring the institutionalization and architecture of the Latin American regional telecoms regulatory space. We assess how and to what extent regional transnational networks are enhancing the sector’s regulatory governance. Our findings suggest that transnational networks in telecommunications configure a regulatory community in Latin America, but have many limitations in promoting regional governance. These limitations reveal the traditional institutional weaknesses of the region, but they are also aggravated by the composition and purposes of the entities within and outside the region that support and nurture these networks. Nonetheless, transnational networks facilitate exchange of information and policy experiences within the countries in the region.
Mark A. Pollack and Gregory C. Shaffer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199237289
- eISBN:
- 9780191696732
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237289.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This introductory chapter begins with a description of persistent regulatory differences between the United States and the European Union with regards to the regulation of genetically modified ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a description of persistent regulatory differences between the United States and the European Union with regards to the regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It then sets out the purpose of the book, which is to investigate the challenges — the obstacles to reconciling regulatory differences through international cooperation, and what happens when cooperation fails — through the prism of the US-European dispute over the regulation of agricultural biotechnology or GMOs. The book addresses the dynamic and reciprocal interactions of domestic law and politics, transgovernmental and transnational networks, international regimes, and global markets, through a theoretically grounded and empirically comprehensive analysis of the governance of GM foods and crops. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a description of persistent regulatory differences between the United States and the European Union with regards to the regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It then sets out the purpose of the book, which is to investigate the challenges — the obstacles to reconciling regulatory differences through international cooperation, and what happens when cooperation fails — through the prism of the US-European dispute over the regulation of agricultural biotechnology or GMOs. The book addresses the dynamic and reciprocal interactions of domestic law and politics, transgovernmental and transnational networks, international regimes, and global markets, through a theoretically grounded and empirically comprehensive analysis of the governance of GM foods and crops. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Celeste Montoya
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199927197
- eISBN:
- 9780199332946
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199927197.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, European Union
This chapter addresses capacity-building strategies undertaken by the EU, in particular the European Commission’s Daphne Program. Through qualitative and social network analysis, this chapter ...
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This chapter addresses capacity-building strategies undertaken by the EU, in particular the European Commission’s Daphne Program. Through qualitative and social network analysis, this chapter demonstrates how the EU has helped build local capacity through the distribution of important resources and the facilitation of transnational networking. This chapter also addresses the shortcomings of capacity-building strategies. It discusses the highly competitive and bureaucratic nature of EU programs and questions to what extent these programs aid domestic advocacy. Are resources distributed to the organizations best equipped to combat gender violence or only those that are equipped to write grants? Does funding contribute to NGO-ization and the weakening of the movement against gender violence?Less
This chapter addresses capacity-building strategies undertaken by the EU, in particular the European Commission’s Daphne Program. Through qualitative and social network analysis, this chapter demonstrates how the EU has helped build local capacity through the distribution of important resources and the facilitation of transnational networking. This chapter also addresses the shortcomings of capacity-building strategies. It discusses the highly competitive and bureaucratic nature of EU programs and questions to what extent these programs aid domestic advocacy. Are resources distributed to the organizations best equipped to combat gender violence or only those that are equipped to write grants? Does funding contribute to NGO-ization and the weakening of the movement against gender violence?
Milton L. Mueller
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262014595
- eISBN:
- 9780262289665
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014595.003.0003
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
This chapter emphasizes the concepts of network organization and network governance, and also states that these topics have evolved from social and political sciences. It shows that the network is a ...
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This chapter emphasizes the concepts of network organization and network governance, and also states that these topics have evolved from social and political sciences. It shows that the network is a form of governance and explores the usage of networks in the analysis of international institutional change. The chapter further discusses network analysis, political networks, network institutionalization, peer-to-peer concepts, transgovernmental networks, and various other perspectives on network concepts playing a major role in understanding the governance of the global Internet. The concluding part of the chapter discusses the transnational policy networks’ concern with Internet governance and the clustering of political actors.Less
This chapter emphasizes the concepts of network organization and network governance, and also states that these topics have evolved from social and political sciences. It shows that the network is a form of governance and explores the usage of networks in the analysis of international institutional change. The chapter further discusses network analysis, political networks, network institutionalization, peer-to-peer concepts, transgovernmental networks, and various other perspectives on network concepts playing a major role in understanding the governance of the global Internet. The concluding part of the chapter discusses the transnational policy networks’ concern with Internet governance and the clustering of political actors.
Frank Biermann
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780262028226
- eISBN:
- 9780262322928
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262028226.003.0003
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
This chapter focuses on four types of agents of earth system governance: the state; nonstate agents, with particular emphasis on the increasing number of transnational public policy networks that ...
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This chapter focuses on four types of agents of earth system governance: the state; nonstate agents, with particular emphasis on the increasing number of transnational public policy networks that bring actors together from different parts of society; transnational networks of scientists; and international organizations. It argues that agents are actors who have authority to set standards and rules that govern human interactions. To demonstrate the importance of agency in earth system governance, it first considers how actors become authoritative. It then explains how the role of the state has come under increased pressure from earth system transformation before discussing its role, along with that of public-private policy networks, science institutions, and international bureaucracies in the fundamental reform of the international architecture of earth system governance. Finally, the chapter proposes a number of reform options, including a more effective system of transnational public policy networks, improving the standing of scientific assessment bodies in the international system, and establishing a World Environment Organization.Less
This chapter focuses on four types of agents of earth system governance: the state; nonstate agents, with particular emphasis on the increasing number of transnational public policy networks that bring actors together from different parts of society; transnational networks of scientists; and international organizations. It argues that agents are actors who have authority to set standards and rules that govern human interactions. To demonstrate the importance of agency in earth system governance, it first considers how actors become authoritative. It then explains how the role of the state has come under increased pressure from earth system transformation before discussing its role, along with that of public-private policy networks, science institutions, and international bureaucracies in the fundamental reform of the international architecture of earth system governance. Finally, the chapter proposes a number of reform options, including a more effective system of transnational public policy networks, improving the standing of scientific assessment bodies in the international system, and establishing a World Environment Organization.
Thomas Davies
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- December 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199387533
- eISBN:
- 9780190235642
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199387533.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, Political History
After exploring the impact of NGOs on the post-Second World War peace settlement, including in the establishment of the United Nations and in the promotion of human rights standards, this chapter ...
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After exploring the impact of NGOs on the post-Second World War peace settlement, including in the establishment of the United Nations and in the promotion of human rights standards, this chapter outlines the divisions in transnational civil society that developed in response to the onset of the Cold War and decolonization. The chapter proceeds to discuss the emergence from the 1960s onwards of a new generation of international NGOs that aimed to transcend the East-West and North-South divides by promoting causes including international development and nuclear disarmament. The emergence of “new social movements” and new transnational networks is evaluated, culminating in the transnational movement to bring the Cold War to an end. The chapter concludes by exploring the impact of post-Cold War developments including economic globalization and the internet on transnational civil society, and reveals how, despite the emergence of ambitious transnational coalitions by the turn of the millennium, transnational civil society became confronted by new challenges including religious fundamentalism and the global financial crisis.Less
After exploring the impact of NGOs on the post-Second World War peace settlement, including in the establishment of the United Nations and in the promotion of human rights standards, this chapter outlines the divisions in transnational civil society that developed in response to the onset of the Cold War and decolonization. The chapter proceeds to discuss the emergence from the 1960s onwards of a new generation of international NGOs that aimed to transcend the East-West and North-South divides by promoting causes including international development and nuclear disarmament. The emergence of “new social movements” and new transnational networks is evaluated, culminating in the transnational movement to bring the Cold War to an end. The chapter concludes by exploring the impact of post-Cold War developments including economic globalization and the internet on transnational civil society, and reveals how, despite the emergence of ambitious transnational coalitions by the turn of the millennium, transnational civil society became confronted by new challenges including religious fundamentalism and the global financial crisis.
Kemi Fuentes-George
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034289
- eISBN:
- 9780262333924
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034289.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies
When are transnational networks likely to convince policymakers in developing countries to adopt potentially costly environmental regulations for the good of managing biodiversity? Since most of the ...
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When are transnational networks likely to convince policymakers in developing countries to adopt potentially costly environmental regulations for the good of managing biodiversity? Since most of the world’s remaining biodiversity is found in developing countries, identifying the pathways through which policymakers in these states are incentivized to engage in conservation is critical. This book argues that networks of nonstate experts are most likely to convince policymakers to address an emerging environmental problem if three conditions are met: First, network members must have a scientifically validated consensus about the cause-and-effect relationships and parameters of the problem, since a consensus about the science delegitimizes competing arguments and strengthens the authority of a network’s arguments. Second, networks must build mechanisms for socialization with policymakers in domestic regulatory agencies. Doing so promotes norms of shared ownership and responsibility for knowledge claims about conservation. Third, networks will have to make scientific arguments for conservation consonant with local environmental justice claims by communities residing in and around areas of globally important biodiversity. Networks can do so by arguing for policies that would protect biodiversity in a way that ensures continued, if environmentally sustainable, access for low-income populations that may otherwise be excluded from natural resources. If these three conditions are not met, conservation efforts are likely to face resistance from groups of local actors, policymakers, or both, who cannot reconcile global claims for biodiversity conservation with their immediate demands.Less
When are transnational networks likely to convince policymakers in developing countries to adopt potentially costly environmental regulations for the good of managing biodiversity? Since most of the world’s remaining biodiversity is found in developing countries, identifying the pathways through which policymakers in these states are incentivized to engage in conservation is critical. This book argues that networks of nonstate experts are most likely to convince policymakers to address an emerging environmental problem if three conditions are met: First, network members must have a scientifically validated consensus about the cause-and-effect relationships and parameters of the problem, since a consensus about the science delegitimizes competing arguments and strengthens the authority of a network’s arguments. Second, networks must build mechanisms for socialization with policymakers in domestic regulatory agencies. Doing so promotes norms of shared ownership and responsibility for knowledge claims about conservation. Third, networks will have to make scientific arguments for conservation consonant with local environmental justice claims by communities residing in and around areas of globally important biodiversity. Networks can do so by arguing for policies that would protect biodiversity in a way that ensures continued, if environmentally sustainable, access for low-income populations that may otherwise be excluded from natural resources. If these three conditions are not met, conservation efforts are likely to face resistance from groups of local actors, policymakers, or both, who cannot reconcile global claims for biodiversity conservation with their immediate demands.
Yoshiko Nakano
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888028085
- eISBN:
- 9789882207684
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888028085.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
The National rice cooker success story is not simply a case of “Made in Japan” but more accurately a case of “Made in Asia.” The synergy that existed between the Japanese rice cooker team and its ...
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The National rice cooker success story is not simply a case of “Made in Japan” but more accurately a case of “Made in Asia.” The synergy that existed between the Japanese rice cooker team and its Hong Kong intermediary was the determining factor in the successful localization of the rice cooker and its eventual domination of the Hong Kong market and beyond. The process was not unilateral but multidirectional, multifaceted, and above all collaborative. Japanese rice cookers found their way along Chinese and other transnational networks to Asians worldwide.Less
The National rice cooker success story is not simply a case of “Made in Japan” but more accurately a case of “Made in Asia.” The synergy that existed between the Japanese rice cooker team and its Hong Kong intermediary was the determining factor in the successful localization of the rice cooker and its eventual domination of the Hong Kong market and beyond. The process was not unilateral but multidirectional, multifaceted, and above all collaborative. Japanese rice cookers found their way along Chinese and other transnational networks to Asians worldwide.
