Young‐Iob Chung
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195178302
- eISBN:
- 9780199783557
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195178300.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter investigates how foreign influences through trade, investment, and other forms of interaction affected the capital formation and economic transformation of Korea during the 30-year ...
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This chapter investigates how foreign influences through trade, investment, and other forms of interaction affected the capital formation and economic transformation of Korea during the 30-year transitional period between the opening of the country to the outside world in 1876 and when it became a Japanese protectorate in 1904. It examines the extent to which the infusion of foreign resources, Western technology, and education from foreign countries played a major role as the purveyors of Western thought, technology, investment, and the forces of change and innovation. Korea's responses to the encroaching new foreign forces in terms of domestic institutional reforms and public investments including investment in human capital are assessed. The responses of the private sector, including the Korean people (e.g., society's elites (yangban), merchants, craftsmen, and common citizens) during the transitional period are analyzed. The chapter also examines the question of whether Korea had the motivation to transform into a modern economy. The last part of the chapter assesses Korea's national income, consumption, and savings during the transitional period as a result of foreign incursion.Less
This chapter investigates how foreign influences through trade, investment, and other forms of interaction affected the capital formation and economic transformation of Korea during the 30-year transitional period between the opening of the country to the outside world in 1876 and when it became a Japanese protectorate in 1904. It examines the extent to which the infusion of foreign resources, Western technology, and education from foreign countries played a major role as the purveyors of Western thought, technology, investment, and the forces of change and innovation. Korea's responses to the encroaching new foreign forces in terms of domestic institutional reforms and public investments including investment in human capital are assessed. The responses of the private sector, including the Korean people (e.g., society's elites (yangban), merchants, craftsmen, and common citizens) during the transitional period are analyzed. The chapter also examines the question of whether Korea had the motivation to transform into a modern economy. The last part of the chapter assesses Korea's national income, consumption, and savings during the transitional period as a result of foreign incursion.
Young-Iob Chung
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195178302
- eISBN:
- 9780199783557
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195178300.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This book examines the transformation of the independent and isolated Korean economy into a dependent colonial economy during the period between 1876 and 1945, focusing on capital formation, economic ...
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This book examines the transformation of the independent and isolated Korean economy into a dependent colonial economy during the period between 1876 and 1945, focusing on capital formation, economic development, and structural changes. During this 70-year period, Korea underwent three distinct stages of economic transformation: the traditional economy before the opening of the country to the outside world in 1876, the transitional economy between 1876 and 1904 under its own sovereignty, and the colonial economy under Japan from 1905-1945. This book studies the combination of changing circumstances, approaches, and experiences in the country, such as the propensities to work, produce, invest, save, and entrepreneurship, as well as institutional and economic reforms that took place during the three stages of development. It also investigates the level and distribution of income and consumption (standard of living), which reveal a number of significant patterns and characteristics of capital formation, economic development, and structural changes in the Korean economy.Less
This book examines the transformation of the independent and isolated Korean economy into a dependent colonial economy during the period between 1876 and 1945, focusing on capital formation, economic development, and structural changes. During this 70-year period, Korea underwent three distinct stages of economic transformation: the traditional economy before the opening of the country to the outside world in 1876, the transitional economy between 1876 and 1904 under its own sovereignty, and the colonial economy under Japan from 1905-1945. This book studies the combination of changing circumstances, approaches, and experiences in the country, such as the propensities to work, produce, invest, save, and entrepreneurship, as well as institutional and economic reforms that took place during the three stages of development. It also investigates the level and distribution of income and consumption (standard of living), which reveal a number of significant patterns and characteristics of capital formation, economic development, and structural changes in the Korean economy.
Federico Varese
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297369
- eISBN:
- 9780191600272
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829736X.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
This book researches the question of what the Russian Mafia is, and challenges widely held views of its nature. It charts the emergence of the Russian Mafia in the context of the transition to the ...
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This book researches the question of what the Russian Mafia is, and challenges widely held views of its nature. It charts the emergence of the Russian Mafia in the context of the transition to the market, the privatization of protection, and pervasive corruption. The ability of the Russian State to define property rights and protect contracts is compared with the services offered by fragments of the state apparatus, private security firms, ethnic crime groups, the Cossacks and the Russian Mafia. Past criminal traditions, rituals, and norms have been resuscitated by the modern Russian Mafia to forge a powerful new identity and compete in a crowded market for protection. The book draws on and reports from undercover police operations, in-depth interviews conducted over several years with the victims of the Mafia, criminals, and officials, and documents from the Gulag archives. It also provides a comparative study, making references to other mafia in other countries (the Japanese Yakuza, the Sicilian Cosa Nostra, American–Italian Mafia and the Hong Kong Triads). The book has an introduction and conclusion and between these is arranged in three parts: I. The Transition to the Market and Protection in Russia (three chapters); II. Private protection in Perm (two chapters investigating the emergence and operation of the mafia in the city of Perm); and III. The Russian Mafia (three chapters).Less
This book researches the question of what the Russian Mafia is, and challenges widely held views of its nature. It charts the emergence of the Russian Mafia in the context of the transition to the market, the privatization of protection, and pervasive corruption. The ability of the Russian State to define property rights and protect contracts is compared with the services offered by fragments of the state apparatus, private security firms, ethnic crime groups, the Cossacks and the Russian Mafia. Past criminal traditions, rituals, and norms have been resuscitated by the modern Russian Mafia to forge a powerful new identity and compete in a crowded market for protection. The book draws on and reports from undercover police operations, in-depth interviews conducted over several years with the victims of the Mafia, criminals, and officials, and documents from the Gulag archives. It also provides a comparative study, making references to other mafia in other countries (the Japanese Yakuza, the Sicilian Cosa Nostra, American–Italian Mafia and the Hong Kong Triads). The book has an introduction and conclusion and between these is arranged in three parts: I. The Transition to the Market and Protection in Russia (three chapters); II. Private protection in Perm (two chapters investigating the emergence and operation of the mafia in the city of Perm); and III. The Russian Mafia (three chapters).
Federico Varese
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297369
- eISBN:
- 9780191600272
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829736X.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
An account is given of the transition from a state-run to a market economy in Russia, since the crucial argument presented in the book is that the Russian Mafia emerged as a consequence of an ...
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An account is given of the transition from a state-run to a market economy in Russia, since the crucial argument presented in the book is that the Russian Mafia emerged as a consequence of an imperfect transition. The chapter explores the extent to which the post-Soviet Russian state emerged either as an impartial protector of rights or, on the other hand, as an erratic, predatory, and non-impartial supplier of protection. The first section of the chapter looks briefly at the emergence of the legal and tax systems, and the rise in crime and corruption, and the second discusses property rights and the growing demand for protection. The last section presents the main actors involved in the transition – enterprise managers, industrial ministers, workers, and local governments and Boris Yeltsin’s reform team, and attempts to see which of these lobbies were best positioned to engage in collective action to determine some aspects of the transition, and the final outcome.Less
An account is given of the transition from a state-run to a market economy in Russia, since the crucial argument presented in the book is that the Russian Mafia emerged as a consequence of an imperfect transition. The chapter explores the extent to which the post-Soviet Russian state emerged either as an impartial protector of rights or, on the other hand, as an erratic, predatory, and non-impartial supplier of protection. The first section of the chapter looks briefly at the emergence of the legal and tax systems, and the rise in crime and corruption, and the second discusses property rights and the growing demand for protection. The last section presents the main actors involved in the transition – enterprise managers, industrial ministers, workers, and local governments and Boris Yeltsin’s reform team, and attempts to see which of these lobbies were best positioned to engage in collective action to determine some aspects of the transition, and the final outcome.
Giovanni Andrea Cornia and Vladimir Popov (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242184
- eISBN:
- 9780191697043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242184.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the trends in income distribution observed since 1989 in the European economies in transition and in China, as well as the factors responsible for the systemic difference in ...
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This chapter examines the trends in income distribution observed since 1989 in the European economies in transition and in China, as well as the factors responsible for the systemic difference in income distribution. It then examines policy reforms which have been carried out and the emerging patterns of changes in income distribution from 1989 to 1997. It analyses changes in income structure and changes in the dispersion of main income components. The chapter argues that differences in the pace and pattern of institutional development explain in part the variation in trends in income inequality and growth performance of the transitional economies over the last decade.Less
This chapter examines the trends in income distribution observed since 1989 in the European economies in transition and in China, as well as the factors responsible for the systemic difference in income distribution. It then examines policy reforms which have been carried out and the emerging patterns of changes in income distribution from 1989 to 1997. It analyses changes in income structure and changes in the dispersion of main income components. The chapter argues that differences in the pace and pattern of institutional development explain in part the variation in trends in income inequality and growth performance of the transitional economies over the last decade.
Federico Varese
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297369
- eISBN:
- 9780191600272
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829736X.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
The crucial importance of property rights in the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy is explained as the basis for emergence of mafia groups: if trust is scarce, and the ...
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The crucial importance of property rights in the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy is explained as the basis for emergence of mafia groups: if trust is scarce, and the state is not able or willing to protect property rights, then there is a demand for non-state, private protection. The emergence of the Sicilian Mafia (the Cosa Nostra) is briefly described, for the study of the emergence of the Russian Mafia presented in the book is largely informed by the Sicilian case. The author explains that he treats the term ‘mafia’ as a species of a broader genus of organized crime, which is willing to offer protection to both legal and illegal transactions – although this study is mainly concerned with legal rather than illegal markets (and also does not include the role of ethnic networks as a source of protection services). The reasoning behind the choice of the city of Perm for the location of the study, the type of evidence collected there, and methods of data collection used, are outlined. A summary of the contents of each chapter of the book is also included.Less
The crucial importance of property rights in the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy is explained as the basis for emergence of mafia groups: if trust is scarce, and the state is not able or willing to protect property rights, then there is a demand for non-state, private protection. The emergence of the Sicilian Mafia (the Cosa Nostra) is briefly described, for the study of the emergence of the Russian Mafia presented in the book is largely informed by the Sicilian case. The author explains that he treats the term ‘mafia’ as a species of a broader genus of organized crime, which is willing to offer protection to both legal and illegal transactions – although this study is mainly concerned with legal rather than illegal markets (and also does not include the role of ethnic networks as a source of protection services). The reasoning behind the choice of the city of Perm for the location of the study, the type of evidence collected there, and methods of data collection used, are outlined. A summary of the contents of each chapter of the book is also included.
Robert Eastwood and Michael Lipton
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199271412
- eISBN:
- 9780191601255
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271410.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Explores recent trends in developing and transitional economies in rural–urban, rural, and urban inequality of income and poverty risk, and the offsetting trends in inequality hypothesis (OTI), which ...
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Explores recent trends in developing and transitional economies in rural–urban, rural, and urban inequality of income and poverty risk, and the offsetting trends in inequality hypothesis (OTI), which claims that, underlying the overall inequality trend, there has been a tendency for rising intrasectoral inequality to be offset by falling rural–urban inequality. The data reviewed in the chapter refute OTI with the possible, partial exception of Latin America: first, the data show no overall tendency for within‐country rural–urban inequality to increase or decrease since the 1980s; second, while modest national and regional tendencies exist, they do not, on the whole, offset trends in overall inequality. Urban–rural ratios of both mean consumption and poverty risk have commonly either risen or fallen alongside total inequality, or even been trendless. Changing urban–rural ratios of poverty or per‐person consumption need not imply changing urban bias; they may be caused by exogenous changes in relative returns to urban activities, plus entry or exit barriers, although rural‐urban inequality trends in ‘human development’ indicators (literacy, longevity, etc.) do suggest rising urban bias. The chapter is arranged in three sections: Introduction and Summary; Rural–Urban and Intrasectoral Contributions to Changes in the Overall Inequality of Consumption or Income—an econometric analysis; and Changing Rural–Urban Poverty Ratios and ‘Urban Bias’.Less
Explores recent trends in developing and transitional economies in rural–urban, rural, and urban inequality of income and poverty risk, and the offsetting trends in inequality hypothesis (OTI), which claims that, underlying the overall inequality trend, there has been a tendency for rising intrasectoral inequality to be offset by falling rural–urban inequality. The data reviewed in the chapter refute OTI with the possible, partial exception of Latin America: first, the data show no overall tendency for within‐country rural–urban inequality to increase or decrease since the 1980s; second, while modest national and regional tendencies exist, they do not, on the whole, offset trends in overall inequality. Urban–rural ratios of both mean consumption and poverty risk have commonly either risen or fallen alongside total inequality, or even been trendless. Changing urban–rural ratios of poverty or per‐person consumption need not imply changing urban bias; they may be caused by exogenous changes in relative returns to urban activities, plus entry or exit barriers, although rural‐urban inequality trends in ‘human development’ indicators (literacy, longevity, etc.) do suggest rising urban bias. The chapter is arranged in three sections: Introduction and Summary; Rural–Urban and Intrasectoral Contributions to Changes in the Overall Inequality of Consumption or Income—an econometric analysis; and Changing Rural–Urban Poverty Ratios and ‘Urban Bias’.
Alan M. Rugman and Thomas L. Brewer (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199241828
- eISBN:
- 9780191596834
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241821.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This handbook synthesizes all the relevant literature on international business over the last forty years in 28 original chapters by the world's most distinguished scholars. The coverage is split ...
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This handbook synthesizes all the relevant literature on international business over the last forty years in 28 original chapters by the world's most distinguished scholars. The coverage is split into five main areas: the history and theory of the multinational enterprise; the political and policy environment; strategies for multinational enterprises (MNEs); managing the MNE; and regional studies—business systems in Asia, Latin America, and the transitional economies. A concluding section has two chapters, one on methodological contributions and the direction of research activity and the other on MNEs and public policy. The handbook is aimed at scholars and students of international business and international economics/politics, lawyers, managers, and policy makers.Less
This handbook synthesizes all the relevant literature on international business over the last forty years in 28 original chapters by the world's most distinguished scholars. The coverage is split into five main areas: the history and theory of the multinational enterprise; the political and policy environment; strategies for multinational enterprises (MNEs); managing the MNE; and regional studies—business systems in Asia, Latin America, and the transitional economies. A concluding section has two chapters, one on methodological contributions and the direction of research activity and the other on MNEs and public policy. The handbook is aimed at scholars and students of international business and international economics/politics, lawyers, managers, and policy makers.
Giovanni Andrea Cornia and Vladimir Popov (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242184
- eISBN:
- 9780191697043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242184.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter surveys the key determinants of economic performance in transitional economies, focusing on organizations and policies that have influence structures of ownership, control, and the ...
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This chapter surveys the key determinants of economic performance in transitional economies, focusing on organizations and policies that have influence structures of ownership, control, and the motivation of economic agents. It examines the nature and economic impacts of ownership and control and discusses privatization and the productivity effects of different property forms, especially employee ownership. It concludes by discussing new forms of compensation such as performance-related incentives.Less
This chapter surveys the key determinants of economic performance in transitional economies, focusing on organizations and policies that have influence structures of ownership, control, and the motivation of economic agents. It examines the nature and economic impacts of ownership and control and discusses privatization and the productivity effects of different property forms, especially employee ownership. It concludes by discussing new forms of compensation such as performance-related incentives.
Giovanni Andrea Cornia and Vladimir Popov (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199242184
- eISBN:
- 9780191697043
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199242184.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the nature of the unorthodox ownership and governance structures in the transitional economies of East Asia. It begins by discussing the theoretical issues in innovative ...
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This chapter examines the nature of the unorthodox ownership and governance structures in the transitional economies of East Asia. It begins by discussing the theoretical issues in innovative transformation and property rights reform. It describes the features and functions of local government property rights and the reassignment of property rights between state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in East Asia. It then examines the advantages of ownership and governance structures of township and village enterprises (TVEs) in China. It also examines the way in which private enterprises in China and Vietnam expand business through social trust and patron-client relationships with local government entities and officials.Less
This chapter examines the nature of the unorthodox ownership and governance structures in the transitional economies of East Asia. It begins by discussing the theoretical issues in innovative transformation and property rights reform. It describes the features and functions of local government property rights and the reassignment of property rights between state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in East Asia. It then examines the advantages of ownership and governance structures of township and village enterprises (TVEs) in China. It also examines the way in which private enterprises in China and Vietnam expand business through social trust and patron-client relationships with local government entities and officials.
Giovanni Andrea Cornia and Renato Paniccià (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198297413
- eISBN:
- 9780191685347
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198297413.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
In spite of widespread expectations of improvements in living standards and health conditions, in most of the countries of the former Soviet bloc the transition to the market economy was accompanied ...
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In spite of widespread expectations of improvements in living standards and health conditions, in most of the countries of the former Soviet bloc the transition to the market economy was accompanied by a sharp increase in (already high) death rates. Such an increase provoked an ‘excess mortality’ of some three million people over the period 1989–96 alone, an unprecedented phenomenon in peacetime. Such a crisis remains poorly explained, has generated a limited policy response in the countries concerned and international organizations, and is bound to generate important political and economic repercussions. This book is the first comprehensive assessment of the mortality crisis in transitional economies, of its causes, and of its remedies on the basis — among others — of micro data sets and quasi-panels on health trends which have never been used before. Contributions by demographers, economists, sociologists, epidemiologists, and health experts provide a rigorous analysis of the upsurge in mortality rates, with the aim of contributing to the launch of vigorous policies to tackle the crisis.Less
In spite of widespread expectations of improvements in living standards and health conditions, in most of the countries of the former Soviet bloc the transition to the market economy was accompanied by a sharp increase in (already high) death rates. Such an increase provoked an ‘excess mortality’ of some three million people over the period 1989–96 alone, an unprecedented phenomenon in peacetime. Such a crisis remains poorly explained, has generated a limited policy response in the countries concerned and international organizations, and is bound to generate important political and economic repercussions. This book is the first comprehensive assessment of the mortality crisis in transitional economies, of its causes, and of its remedies on the basis — among others — of micro data sets and quasi-panels on health trends which have never been used before. Contributions by demographers, economists, sociologists, epidemiologists, and health experts provide a rigorous analysis of the upsurge in mortality rates, with the aim of contributing to the launch of vigorous policies to tackle the crisis.
Federico Varese
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198297369
- eISBN:
- 9780191600272
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829736X.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Russian Politics
Chapters 1 and 2 point to the fact that the demand for protection that accompanies the spread of market transactions is met by the Russian state only in part: a significant sector of the business ...
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Chapters 1 and 2 point to the fact that the demand for protection that accompanies the spread of market transactions is met by the Russian state only in part: a significant sector of the business world does not use state-supplied protection services. A demand for alternative sources of protection is then expected to arise. Some authors, especially economists, have been quick to conclude that, since the state does not provide a service, the market inevitably will. It cannot, however, be argued that demand will inevitably be met; a supply of people trained in the use of violence and easily available weapons must also be present. This chapter focuses on the availability of people trained in the use of violence and of weapons, and the varieties of private protectors available in Russia at the time of the transition to the market, ranging from segments of the state apparatus (privately sold state protection), to private security (protection) firms, the internalized protection systems of major economic conglomerates, and criminal groups (banditskaya krysha: krysha, literally ‘roof’, is Russian slang for protection).Less
Chapters 1 and 2 point to the fact that the demand for protection that accompanies the spread of market transactions is met by the Russian state only in part: a significant sector of the business world does not use state-supplied protection services. A demand for alternative sources of protection is then expected to arise. Some authors, especially economists, have been quick to conclude that, since the state does not provide a service, the market inevitably will. It cannot, however, be argued that demand will inevitably be met; a supply of people trained in the use of violence and easily available weapons must also be present. This chapter focuses on the availability of people trained in the use of violence and of weapons, and the varieties of private protectors available in Russia at the time of the transition to the market, ranging from segments of the state apparatus (privately sold state protection), to private security (protection) firms, the internalized protection systems of major economic conglomerates, and criminal groups (banditskaya krysha: krysha, literally ‘roof’, is Russian slang for protection).
Anthony G. O. Yeh and Jiang Xu
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888028504
- eISBN:
- 9789882206717
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888028504.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter discusses the mechanisms of regionalization and the issues surrounding the development of regional cooperation in China. It focuses on Pan-Pearl River Delta (Pan-PRD) cooperation, the ...
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This chapter discusses the mechanisms of regionalization and the issues surrounding the development of regional cooperation in China. It focuses on Pan-Pearl River Delta (Pan-PRD) cooperation, the largest regional organization in China in terms of land area, population, economic output, and foreign direct investment (FDI). It describes how the transitional economy contributed to the formation of the Pan-PRD project and how the interplay between the central and local governments has complicated the process of regionalization.Less
This chapter discusses the mechanisms of regionalization and the issues surrounding the development of regional cooperation in China. It focuses on Pan-Pearl River Delta (Pan-PRD) cooperation, the largest regional organization in China in terms of land area, population, economic output, and foreign direct investment (FDI). It describes how the transitional economy contributed to the formation of the Pan-PRD project and how the interplay between the central and local governments has complicated the process of regionalization.
Yingyi Qian
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780262534246
- eISBN:
- 9780262342728
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262534246.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
As China has transformed itself from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, economists have tried to understand and interpret the success of Chinese reform. As the Chinese economist Yingyi ...
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As China has transformed itself from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, economists have tried to understand and interpret the success of Chinese reform. As the Chinese economist Yingyi Qian explains, there are two schools of thought on Chinese reform: the “School of Universal Principles,” which ascribes China’s successful reform to the workings of the free market, and the “School of Chinese Characteristics,” which holds that China’s reform is successful precisely because it did not follow the economics of the market but instead relied on the government. In this book, Qian offers a third perspective, taking certain elements from each school of thought but emphasizing not why reform worked but how it did. Economics is a science, but economic reform is applied science and engineering. To a practitioner, it is more useful to find a feasible reform path than the theoretically best way. The key to understanding how reform has worked in China, Qian argues, is to consider the way reform designs respond to initial historical conditions and contemporary constraints. Qian examines the role of “transitional institutions”—not “best practice institutions” but “incentive-compatible institutions”—in Chinese reform; the dual-track approach to market liberalization; the ownership of firms, viewed both theoretically and empirically; government decentralization, offering and testing hypotheses about its link to local economic development; and the specific historical conditions of China’s regional-based central planning.Less
As China has transformed itself from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, economists have tried to understand and interpret the success of Chinese reform. As the Chinese economist Yingyi Qian explains, there are two schools of thought on Chinese reform: the “School of Universal Principles,” which ascribes China’s successful reform to the workings of the free market, and the “School of Chinese Characteristics,” which holds that China’s reform is successful precisely because it did not follow the economics of the market but instead relied on the government. In this book, Qian offers a third perspective, taking certain elements from each school of thought but emphasizing not why reform worked but how it did. Economics is a science, but economic reform is applied science and engineering. To a practitioner, it is more useful to find a feasible reform path than the theoretically best way. The key to understanding how reform has worked in China, Qian argues, is to consider the way reform designs respond to initial historical conditions and contemporary constraints. Qian examines the role of “transitional institutions”—not “best practice institutions” but “incentive-compatible institutions”—in Chinese reform; the dual-track approach to market liberalization; the ownership of firms, viewed both theoretically and empirically; government decentralization, offering and testing hypotheses about its link to local economic development; and the specific historical conditions of China’s regional-based central planning.
Jiang Xu and Anthony G. O. Yeh
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789888028504
- eISBN:
- 9789882206717
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888028504.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
This chapter discusses the historical background of regional cooperation in China. It explores how the idea of Pan-Pearl River Delta (Pan-PRD) regionalization first came about, focusing on issues ...
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This chapter discusses the historical background of regional cooperation in China. It explores how the idea of Pan-Pearl River Delta (Pan-PRD) regionalization first came about, focusing on issues related to its establishment, organization, achievements, and prospects. It also offers a theoretical interpretation of the factors underpinning the increased interest in regional cooperation and discusses the impact of state politics on such cooperation in a transitional economy.Less
This chapter discusses the historical background of regional cooperation in China. It explores how the idea of Pan-Pearl River Delta (Pan-PRD) regionalization first came about, focusing on issues related to its establishment, organization, achievements, and prospects. It also offers a theoretical interpretation of the factors underpinning the increased interest in regional cooperation and discusses the impact of state politics on such cooperation in a transitional economy.
Linda Yeuh
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199205837
- eISBN:
- 9780191806674
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199205837.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter discusses the development of a corporate sector that followed the approach of China's broader economic and legal transformation. Corporate sector developments evolved from policy-driven ...
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This chapter discusses the development of a corporate sector that followed the approach of China's broader economic and legal transformation. Corporate sector developments evolved from policy-driven economic and legal reforms that generated China's growth while simultaneously maintained relative social and political stability. The developments are accompanied by legal reforms that confirm the institutional bases for a transitional economy. The approach permitted China to achieve significant and far-reaching reforms based on economic necessity, while gradually filling out the essential and institutional foundation needed to strengthen the partly reformed system.Less
This chapter discusses the development of a corporate sector that followed the approach of China's broader economic and legal transformation. Corporate sector developments evolved from policy-driven economic and legal reforms that generated China's growth while simultaneously maintained relative social and political stability. The developments are accompanied by legal reforms that confirm the institutional bases for a transitional economy. The approach permitted China to achieve significant and far-reaching reforms based on economic necessity, while gradually filling out the essential and institutional foundation needed to strengthen the partly reformed system.
Milton Mueller and Jisuk Woo
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262042512
- eISBN:
- 9780262271936
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262042512.003.0385
- Subject:
- Information Science, Communications
Established in 1998, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a private corporation that illustrates how the Internet and electronic commerce are giving rise to new forms of ...
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Established in 1998, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a private corporation that illustrates how the Internet and electronic commerce are giving rise to new forms of global governance. ICANN regulates the assignment of domain names and Internet Protocol (IP) addresses used to identify and interconnect Internet users. This chapter examines issues of power, institutions, and participation in the context of ICANN. It looks at South Korea’s involvement in ICANN and shows how the organization has been dominated by Western countries (led by the United States) and transnational firms (such as intellectual property interests) at the expense of the developing countries and transitional economies, dubbed the “rest of the world” (ROW). The agenda and demands of ROW participants from civil society tend to be in conflict with the agenda of their own governments and exceed those in intergovernmental organizations. The chapter recommends a series of changes to ICANN in order to enhance the ROW’s effectiveness in terms of participation.Less
Established in 1998, the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a private corporation that illustrates how the Internet and electronic commerce are giving rise to new forms of global governance. ICANN regulates the assignment of domain names and Internet Protocol (IP) addresses used to identify and interconnect Internet users. This chapter examines issues of power, institutions, and participation in the context of ICANN. It looks at South Korea’s involvement in ICANN and shows how the organization has been dominated by Western countries (led by the United States) and transnational firms (such as intellectual property interests) at the expense of the developing countries and transitional economies, dubbed the “rest of the world” (ROW). The agenda and demands of ROW participants from civil society tend to be in conflict with the agenda of their own governments and exceed those in intergovernmental organizations. The chapter recommends a series of changes to ICANN in order to enhance the ROW’s effectiveness in terms of participation.
Andrea Zlatar-Violić
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804784023
- eISBN:
- 9780804787345
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804784023.003.0016
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
Croatian literature in the 1990s was marked by a series of questions—about cultural continuity and discontinuity, about changes in the genre system due to changes in the transitional economy and ...
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Croatian literature in the 1990s was marked by a series of questions—about cultural continuity and discontinuity, about changes in the genre system due to changes in the transitional economy and distribution, and about the emergence of new authors and individual poetics. During the last twenty years we have seen the increased quality of literary production and the creation of a new, relatively stable, reading public. The main themes of novels and short stories (which are the most popular genres) in the last few years have been the historical issues of cultural memory and cultural amnesia. How to face history, especially the postwar reality, is, for Croatian authors such as UgreŠić, Jergović, Drakulić, Sajko, Bukovac, Simić, BodroŽić, et al., primarily an individual ethical question which reopens the issues of guilt and responsibility.Less
Croatian literature in the 1990s was marked by a series of questions—about cultural continuity and discontinuity, about changes in the genre system due to changes in the transitional economy and distribution, and about the emergence of new authors and individual poetics. During the last twenty years we have seen the increased quality of literary production and the creation of a new, relatively stable, reading public. The main themes of novels and short stories (which are the most popular genres) in the last few years have been the historical issues of cultural memory and cultural amnesia. How to face history, especially the postwar reality, is, for Croatian authors such as UgreŠić, Jergović, Drakulić, Sajko, Bukovac, Simić, BodroŽić, et al., primarily an individual ethical question which reopens the issues of guilt and responsibility.
