M. Ramachandran
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198073987
- eISBN:
- 9780199080847
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198073987.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
Taking stock of the urban transport scenario in Indian cities, this is the first full-length study of the metro rail system in India. In recent times the metro rail has come up as a favoured ...
More
Taking stock of the urban transport scenario in Indian cities, this is the first full-length study of the metro rail system in India. In recent times the metro rail has come up as a favoured alternative of mass transport in urban spaces faced with growing population, heightened vehicular traffic, and increased pollution. Using data, analysis, and first-hand information, this book tells the story of metro rail as proposed and undertaken across India — from Kolkata in the east and Mumbai in the west to Delhi and Jaipur in the north and Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Kochi in the south. Focusing on the complexities of project planning and contrasting the Indian experience with those of its global counterparts, this volume distils important lessons for future infrastructure projects. While the metro rail system has considerably improved inter-city connectivity, the metro story in India is an ongoing one.Less
Taking stock of the urban transport scenario in Indian cities, this is the first full-length study of the metro rail system in India. In recent times the metro rail has come up as a favoured alternative of mass transport in urban spaces faced with growing population, heightened vehicular traffic, and increased pollution. Using data, analysis, and first-hand information, this book tells the story of metro rail as proposed and undertaken across India — from Kolkata in the east and Mumbai in the west to Delhi and Jaipur in the north and Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Kochi in the south. Focusing on the complexities of project planning and contrasting the Indian experience with those of its global counterparts, this volume distils important lessons for future infrastructure projects. While the metro rail system has considerably improved inter-city connectivity, the metro story in India is an ongoing one.
Stephen J. Blundell and Katherine M. Blundell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199562091
- eISBN:
- 9780191718236
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199562091.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter explores the concepts of heat and heat capacity. Heat is defined as 'thermal energy in transit'. The heat capacity C of an object is given by C = dQ/dT. The heat capacity of a substance ...
More
This chapter explores the concepts of heat and heat capacity. Heat is defined as 'thermal energy in transit'. The heat capacity C of an object is given by C = dQ/dT. The heat capacity of a substance can also be expressed per unit volume or per unit mass.Less
This chapter explores the concepts of heat and heat capacity. Heat is defined as 'thermal energy in transit'. The heat capacity C of an object is given by C = dQ/dT. The heat capacity of a substance can also be expressed per unit volume or per unit mass.
Paul U. Unschuld
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520257658
- eISBN:
- 9780520944701
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0082
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
This chapter marks the journey of medicine from its transitional stage, to the present, opening ways to the golden future. It is technology and new natural sciences that made way for the field of ...
More
This chapter marks the journey of medicine from its transitional stage, to the present, opening ways to the golden future. It is technology and new natural sciences that made way for the field of medicine to receive the transit visa for the present with the promise of a golden future. The successes of this technology are applicable all over the world. The new medicine also received this transit visa because of a breathtaking production of successes of its own. These successes were also reality: unmistakable and above all interculturally evident. The factors included the increasingly detailed exact knowledge of the interior of the body and surgery, the knowledge of the pathogens and the successful struggle to control epidemics. The question is whether the old cage, which has providing security and stability to the field of medicine, can be placed parallel to the new cage.Less
This chapter marks the journey of medicine from its transitional stage, to the present, opening ways to the golden future. It is technology and new natural sciences that made way for the field of medicine to receive the transit visa for the present with the promise of a golden future. The successes of this technology are applicable all over the world. The new medicine also received this transit visa because of a breathtaking production of successes of its own. These successes were also reality: unmistakable and above all interculturally evident. The factors included the increasingly detailed exact knowledge of the interior of the body and surgery, the knowledge of the pathogens and the successful struggle to control epidemics. The question is whether the old cage, which has providing security and stability to the field of medicine, can be placed parallel to the new cage.
Letizia Paoli, Victoria A. Greenfield, and Peter Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195322996
- eISBN:
- 9780199944194
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322996.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter traces the rise of Tajikistan as a narco-state. It explains that until the mid 1990s, heroin was virtually unknown in the country and other opiates were not major sources of concern; ...
More
This chapter traces the rise of Tajikistan as a narco-state. It explains that until the mid 1990s, heroin was virtually unknown in the country and other opiates were not major sources of concern; however, in less than a decade, Tajikistan has become a key transit country for Afghan opiates bound northward and westward, and a major heroin consumer. Tajikistan has become so dependent on the heroin industry that even leaders of some of the most powerful trafficking groups occupy high-ranking government positions and misuse state structures for their own illicit businesses.Less
This chapter traces the rise of Tajikistan as a narco-state. It explains that until the mid 1990s, heroin was virtually unknown in the country and other opiates were not major sources of concern; however, in less than a decade, Tajikistan has become a key transit country for Afghan opiates bound northward and westward, and a major heroin consumer. Tajikistan has become so dependent on the heroin industry that even leaders of some of the most powerful trafficking groups occupy high-ranking government positions and misuse state structures for their own illicit businesses.
Gregory White
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199794829
- eISBN:
- 9780199919284
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794829.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Climate Change and Migration: Security and Borders in a Warming World works at the intersection of three fields—environmental studies, security studies, and immigration studies. It argues that ...
More
Climate Change and Migration: Security and Borders in a Warming World works at the intersection of three fields—environmental studies, security studies, and immigration studies. It argues that climate-induced migration has been increasingly framed as a security concern by policy makers and analysts. Although people will undoubtedly migrate internally and across borders as a form of adaptation to global warming, treating such migration as a security threat to North Atlantic countries is an inappropriate response. It takes crucial energy and political capital away from efforts to mitigate GHG emissions, adapt to climate change, and pursue development strategies that have environmental concerns at their core. Securitizing climate-induced migration is politically successful; it may play easily to constituencies anxious about immigration and climate change. But it does not address more fundamental issues. It also results in a willingness to support authoritarian transit states as an ostensible bulwark against unwanted migration. The book focuses on the Sahel and other sub-Saharan regions in Africa, as these regions are cast as the source of climate-induced migration flows first to North African countries, with the European continent as the final destination. It is based on the natural science scholarship on the impact of climate change on Africa. Strikingly, there is evidence that environmental change actually reduces migration pressures. In the case of the Sahel and sub-Saharan Africa, when migration does occur it is more likely to be oriented not toward European destinations to the north but to megacities of the African coast. This is a profound dynamic and needs to be addressed, but not by a security-minded approach by North Atlantic officials and electorates.Less
Climate Change and Migration: Security and Borders in a Warming World works at the intersection of three fields—environmental studies, security studies, and immigration studies. It argues that climate-induced migration has been increasingly framed as a security concern by policy makers and analysts. Although people will undoubtedly migrate internally and across borders as a form of adaptation to global warming, treating such migration as a security threat to North Atlantic countries is an inappropriate response. It takes crucial energy and political capital away from efforts to mitigate GHG emissions, adapt to climate change, and pursue development strategies that have environmental concerns at their core. Securitizing climate-induced migration is politically successful; it may play easily to constituencies anxious about immigration and climate change. But it does not address more fundamental issues. It also results in a willingness to support authoritarian transit states as an ostensible bulwark against unwanted migration. The book focuses on the Sahel and other sub-Saharan regions in Africa, as these regions are cast as the source of climate-induced migration flows first to North African countries, with the European continent as the final destination. It is based on the natural science scholarship on the impact of climate change on Africa. Strikingly, there is evidence that environmental change actually reduces migration pressures. In the case of the Sahel and sub-Saharan Africa, when migration does occur it is more likely to be oriented not toward European destinations to the north but to megacities of the African coast. This is a profound dynamic and needs to be addressed, but not by a security-minded approach by North Atlantic officials and electorates.
James Wolfinger
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501702402
- eISBN:
- 9781501704239
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501702402.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Philadelphia exploded in violence in 1910. The general strike that year was a notable point, but not a unique one, in a generations-long history of conflict between the workers and management at one ...
More
Philadelphia exploded in violence in 1910. The general strike that year was a notable point, but not a unique one, in a generations-long history of conflict between the workers and management at one of the nation's largest privately owned transit systems. This book uses the history of Philadelphia's sprawling public transportation system to explore how labor relations shifted from the 1880s to the 1960s. As transit workers adapted to fast-paced technological innovation to keep the city's people and commerce on the move, management sought to limit its employees' rights. Raw violence, welfare capitalism, race-baiting, and smear campaigns against unions were among the strategies managers used to control the company's labor force and enhance corporate profits, often at the expense of the workers' and the city's well-being. Public service workers and their unions come under frequent attack for being a “special interest” or a hindrance to the smooth functioning of society. This book offers readers a different, historically grounded way of thinking about the people who keep their cities running. Working in public transit is a difficult job now, as it was a century ago. The benefits and decent wages Philadelphia public transit workers secured came as a result of fighting for decades against their exploitation. Given capital's great power in American society and management's enduring quest to control its workforce, it is remarkable to see how much Philadelphia's transit workers achieved.Less
Philadelphia exploded in violence in 1910. The general strike that year was a notable point, but not a unique one, in a generations-long history of conflict between the workers and management at one of the nation's largest privately owned transit systems. This book uses the history of Philadelphia's sprawling public transportation system to explore how labor relations shifted from the 1880s to the 1960s. As transit workers adapted to fast-paced technological innovation to keep the city's people and commerce on the move, management sought to limit its employees' rights. Raw violence, welfare capitalism, race-baiting, and smear campaigns against unions were among the strategies managers used to control the company's labor force and enhance corporate profits, often at the expense of the workers' and the city's well-being. Public service workers and their unions come under frequent attack for being a “special interest” or a hindrance to the smooth functioning of society. This book offers readers a different, historically grounded way of thinking about the people who keep their cities running. Working in public transit is a difficult job now, as it was a century ago. The benefits and decent wages Philadelphia public transit workers secured came as a result of fighting for decades against their exploitation. Given capital's great power in American society and management's enduring quest to control its workforce, it is remarkable to see how much Philadelphia's transit workers achieved.
Marek OkÓlski
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199269006
- eISBN:
- 9780191601309
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199269009.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Until the late 1980s, Central and Eastern Europe was a region relatively isolated from the other parts of the world, and foreign travel was administratively restricted. The freedom of movement ...
More
Until the late 1980s, Central and Eastern Europe was a region relatively isolated from the other parts of the world, and foreign travel was administratively restricted. The freedom of movement reinstated in the region around 1990 led to massive migration. However, instead of acceleration of the highly selective outflow of ethnic minorities, political opponents and elites, which predominated past movements or westbound exodus feared at the time the transition to democracy began, quite new and partly unexpected phenomena occurred. Those phenomena included: an unprecedented intensification of international flows within Central and Eastern Europe, an influx of people from outside the region, and illegal transit migration. In the 1990s, migration in the region reflected, and will continue to do so, the interplay of three different kinds of imbalances: demographic, economic, and political whose clear outcome is the persistence of a latent potential for emigration.Less
Until the late 1980s, Central and Eastern Europe was a region relatively isolated from the other parts of the world, and foreign travel was administratively restricted. The freedom of movement reinstated in the region around 1990 led to massive migration. However, instead of acceleration of the highly selective outflow of ethnic minorities, political opponents and elites, which predominated past movements or westbound exodus feared at the time the transition to democracy began, quite new and partly unexpected phenomena occurred. Those phenomena included: an unprecedented intensification of international flows within Central and Eastern Europe, an influx of people from outside the region, and illegal transit migration. In the 1990s, migration in the region reflected, and will continue to do so, the interplay of three different kinds of imbalances: demographic, economic, and political whose clear outcome is the persistence of a latent potential for emigration.
Gregory White
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199794829
- eISBN:
- 9780199919284
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794829.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter treats North Africa, known in Arabic as the Maghreb. The chapter focuses on Morocco as a way of illuminating the role of transit states situated “in-between” sending and receiving ...
More
This chapter treats North Africa, known in Arabic as the Maghreb. The chapter focuses on Morocco as a way of illuminating the role of transit states situated “in-between” sending and receiving dynamics. Admittedly, “transit state” is a bit of a misnomer, as migrants are more often blocked and not really in transit. Nonetheless, the label as “host country” or “country of immigration” does not work either; the new population does not comprise immigrants who are seeking to settle, as is the case in advanced-industrialized economies. Chapter 4 treats the politics of CIM within a transit state and the ways in which CIM is used to “reborder” a country, cement territorial claims, and control the national space. CIM is also used by transit states as a bargaining chip to enhance the status of their own emigrants—both legal and undocumented—living in North Atlantic countries. Finally, chapter 4 treats the ways in which CIM enhances collaboration between North Atlantic and transit state officials and facilitates the elaboration of a transnational security state—that is, the internationalization of security apparatuses and interior ministries.Less
This chapter treats North Africa, known in Arabic as the Maghreb. The chapter focuses on Morocco as a way of illuminating the role of transit states situated “in-between” sending and receiving dynamics. Admittedly, “transit state” is a bit of a misnomer, as migrants are more often blocked and not really in transit. Nonetheless, the label as “host country” or “country of immigration” does not work either; the new population does not comprise immigrants who are seeking to settle, as is the case in advanced-industrialized economies. Chapter 4 treats the politics of CIM within a transit state and the ways in which CIM is used to “reborder” a country, cement territorial claims, and control the national space. CIM is also used by transit states as a bargaining chip to enhance the status of their own emigrants—both legal and undocumented—living in North Atlantic countries. Finally, chapter 4 treats the ways in which CIM enhances collaboration between North Atlantic and transit state officials and facilitates the elaboration of a transnational security state—that is, the internationalization of security apparatuses and interior ministries.
David Scott FitzGerald
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190874155
- eISBN:
- 9780190874186
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190874155.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Migration Studies (including Refugee Studies), Comparative and Historical Sociology
The core of the asylum regime is the principle of non-refoulement that prohibits governments from sending refugees back to their persecutors. Governments attempt to evade this legal obligation to ...
More
The core of the asylum regime is the principle of non-refoulement that prohibits governments from sending refugees back to their persecutors. Governments attempt to evade this legal obligation to which they have explicitly agreed by manipulating territoriality. A remote control strategy of “extraterritorialization” pushes border control functions hundreds or even thousands of kilometers beyond the state’s territory. Simultaneously, states restrict access to asylum and other rights enjoyed by virtue of presence on a state’s territory, by making micro-distinctions down to the meter at the borderline in a process of “hyper-territorialization.” This study analyzes remote controls since the 1930s in Palestine, North America, Europe, and Australia to identify the origins of different forms of remote control, explain how they work together as a system of control, and establish the conditions that enable or constrain them in practice. It argues that foreign policy issue linkages and transnational advocacy networks promoting a humanitarian norm that is less susceptible to the legal manipulation of territoriality constrains remote controls more than the law itself. The degree of constraint varies widely by the technique of remote control.Less
The core of the asylum regime is the principle of non-refoulement that prohibits governments from sending refugees back to their persecutors. Governments attempt to evade this legal obligation to which they have explicitly agreed by manipulating territoriality. A remote control strategy of “extraterritorialization” pushes border control functions hundreds or even thousands of kilometers beyond the state’s territory. Simultaneously, states restrict access to asylum and other rights enjoyed by virtue of presence on a state’s territory, by making micro-distinctions down to the meter at the borderline in a process of “hyper-territorialization.” This study analyzes remote controls since the 1930s in Palestine, North America, Europe, and Australia to identify the origins of different forms of remote control, explain how they work together as a system of control, and establish the conditions that enable or constrain them in practice. It argues that foreign policy issue linkages and transnational advocacy networks promoting a humanitarian norm that is less susceptible to the legal manipulation of territoriality constrains remote controls more than the law itself. The degree of constraint varies widely by the technique of remote control.
NEVILLE WYLIE
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198206903
- eISBN:
- 9780191717338
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206903.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History, European Modern History
Switzerland's success in deterring a German attack after 1940 writs large in popular depictions of Switzerland's wartime history, and played a decisive part in helping to elevate neutrality as the ...
More
Switzerland's success in deterring a German attack after 1940 writs large in popular depictions of Switzerland's wartime history, and played a decisive part in helping to elevate neutrality as the country's core foreign policy maxim during the cold war. This chapter shows that although British military observers were impressed by Swiss defences, Switzerland rarely featured in British strategic deliberations, nor was it deemed sufficiently important to justify releasing military and strategic resources for Swiss use through the blockade. Moreover, the defence of the Alpine railway tunnels, upon which Swiss deterrent strategy relied, ultimately worked to Britain's disadvantage as it guaranteed the Axis unfettered access to Swiss transit facilities. The chapter examines Britain's lacklustre diplomatic and military efforts to reduce Axis transit traffic across Switzerland.Less
Switzerland's success in deterring a German attack after 1940 writs large in popular depictions of Switzerland's wartime history, and played a decisive part in helping to elevate neutrality as the country's core foreign policy maxim during the cold war. This chapter shows that although British military observers were impressed by Swiss defences, Switzerland rarely featured in British strategic deliberations, nor was it deemed sufficiently important to justify releasing military and strategic resources for Swiss use through the blockade. Moreover, the defence of the Alpine railway tunnels, upon which Swiss deterrent strategy relied, ultimately worked to Britain's disadvantage as it guaranteed the Axis unfettered access to Swiss transit facilities. The chapter examines Britain's lacklustre diplomatic and military efforts to reduce Axis transit traffic across Switzerland.
William W. Buzbee
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451904
- eISBN:
- 9780801470301
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451904.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
From 1971 to 1985, battles raged over Westway, a multibillion-dollar highway, development, and park project slated for placement in New York City. It would have projected far into the Hudson River, ...
More
From 1971 to 1985, battles raged over Westway, a multibillion-dollar highway, development, and park project slated for placement in New York City. It would have projected far into the Hudson River, including massive new landfill extending several miles along Manhattan's Lower West Side. The most expensive highway project ever proposed, Westway also provoked one of the highest stakes legal battles of its day. This book reveals how environmentalists, citizens, their lawyers, and a growing opposition coalition, despite enormous resource disparities, were able to defeat this project supported by presidents, senators, governors, and mayors, much of the business community, and most unions. Although Westway's defeat has been derided as lacking justification, Westway's critics raised substantial and ultimately decisive objections. They questioned claimed project benefits and advocated trading federal Westway dollars for mass transit improvements. They also exposed illegally disregarded environmental risks, especially to increasingly scarce East Coast young striped bass often found in extraordinarily high numbers right where Westway was to be built. This book goes beyond the veneer of government actions and court rulings to illuminate the stakes, political pressures, and strategic moves and countermoves that shaped the Westway war, a fight involving all levels and branches of government, scientific conflict, strategic citizen action, and hearings, trials, and appeals in federal court. This Westway history illuminates how high-stakes regulatory battles are fought, the strategies and power of America's environmental laws, ways urban priorities are contested, the clout of savvy citizen activists and effective lawyers, and how separation of powers and federalism frameworks structure legal and political conflict.Less
From 1971 to 1985, battles raged over Westway, a multibillion-dollar highway, development, and park project slated for placement in New York City. It would have projected far into the Hudson River, including massive new landfill extending several miles along Manhattan's Lower West Side. The most expensive highway project ever proposed, Westway also provoked one of the highest stakes legal battles of its day. This book reveals how environmentalists, citizens, their lawyers, and a growing opposition coalition, despite enormous resource disparities, were able to defeat this project supported by presidents, senators, governors, and mayors, much of the business community, and most unions. Although Westway's defeat has been derided as lacking justification, Westway's critics raised substantial and ultimately decisive objections. They questioned claimed project benefits and advocated trading federal Westway dollars for mass transit improvements. They also exposed illegally disregarded environmental risks, especially to increasingly scarce East Coast young striped bass often found in extraordinarily high numbers right where Westway was to be built. This book goes beyond the veneer of government actions and court rulings to illuminate the stakes, political pressures, and strategic moves and countermoves that shaped the Westway war, a fight involving all levels and branches of government, scientific conflict, strategic citizen action, and hearings, trials, and appeals in federal court. This Westway history illuminates how high-stakes regulatory battles are fought, the strategies and power of America's environmental laws, ways urban priorities are contested, the clout of savvy citizen activists and effective lawyers, and how separation of powers and federalism frameworks structure legal and political conflict.
John Macdonald, Charles Branas, and Robert Stokes
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691195216
- eISBN:
- 9780691197791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691195216.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter assesses the role of transportation and street environments in people's lives and how reliance on the automobile has shaped the United States and other parts of the world. The ...
More
This chapter assesses the role of transportation and street environments in people's lives and how reliance on the automobile has shaped the United States and other parts of the world. The century-long evolution into a car-dependent culture has had its benefits in terms of commerce and regional mobility, but has also had devastating effects on people's health and safety. Rather than discuss the negative impacts of cars on air pollution, the chapter focuses on the place-based health impacts of reducing people's reliance on the automobile by increasing the walkability of areas and expanding access to public transit. Younger adults are increasingly ambivalent about whether they should even own a car and are moving to cities in search of more efficient and human-scale mobility options. These options include having access to a street network with safe and efficient pedestrian and bike infrastructures as well as public-transit options. Meanwhile, public officials in numerous cities are talking about the benefits of expanded transit systems and walkable street grids to encourage more active lifestyles and attract tourists, families, and entrepreneurs who are tired of traffic congestion and car commuting and interested in a lively street experience that is not simply seen from behind a windshield. The chapter then highlights case studies showing how new place-based transportation and streetscape changes can be a tool for improving health and safety.Less
This chapter assesses the role of transportation and street environments in people's lives and how reliance on the automobile has shaped the United States and other parts of the world. The century-long evolution into a car-dependent culture has had its benefits in terms of commerce and regional mobility, but has also had devastating effects on people's health and safety. Rather than discuss the negative impacts of cars on air pollution, the chapter focuses on the place-based health impacts of reducing people's reliance on the automobile by increasing the walkability of areas and expanding access to public transit. Younger adults are increasingly ambivalent about whether they should even own a car and are moving to cities in search of more efficient and human-scale mobility options. These options include having access to a street network with safe and efficient pedestrian and bike infrastructures as well as public-transit options. Meanwhile, public officials in numerous cities are talking about the benefits of expanded transit systems and walkable street grids to encourage more active lifestyles and attract tourists, families, and entrepreneurs who are tired of traffic congestion and car commuting and interested in a lively street experience that is not simply seen from behind a windshield. The chapter then highlights case studies showing how new place-based transportation and streetscape changes can be a tool for improving health and safety.
Marlon Boarnet and Randall C. Crane
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780195123951
- eISBN:
- 9780197561317
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780195123951.003.0013
- Subject:
- Earth Sciences and Geography, Economic Geography
There has been a boom in American rail transit construction in the past two decades. That new investment has prompted the question of what planners can do ...
More
There has been a boom in American rail transit construction in the past two decades. That new investment has prompted the question of what planners can do to support rail transit. One popular answer has been transit-oriented development (TOD), increasingly described as a comprehensive strategy for rail-based land-use planning throughout an urban area. This is most clearly illustrated by Bernick and Cervero’s (1997) description of how such projects can link together to create “transit metropolises” where rail is a viable transportation option for many of the region’s residents. In addition, TOD provides an opportunity to examine the regulatory issues discussed in chapter 6, both because it is an explicit attempt to use urban design as transportation policy and because the intergovernmental issues are especially stark in relation to these developments. Having discussed how travelers behave in the first part of this book, we now ask what we know about how cities behave. Stated in general form, the question is rather broad. It concerns the process by which cities and other land-use authorities decide where to put streets, how to structure the local hierarchy of streets, when to develop more or less densely, how to position employment centers relative to residential areas, and so on. Still, the feasibility of land-use plans with transportation goals depends critically on how such authorities behave. Any discussion of the effectiveness of these strategies must address both how communities plan for transportation and how travelers respond to those plans. The primary transportation goal of TOD generally, as currently practiced, is to coordinate land-use policies to support rail transit. In particular, focusing both residential and commercial development near rail transit stations is aimed at increasing rail ridership (e.g., Bernick, 1990; Bernick and Hall, 1990; Calthorpe, 1993; Cervero, 1993; Bernick and Cervero, 1997). Some evidence suggests that residents near rail transit stations are two to five times more likely to commute by rail when compared with persons living elsewhere in the same urban area (Pushkarev and Zupan, 1977; Bernick and Carroll, 1991; Cervero, 1994d).
Less
There has been a boom in American rail transit construction in the past two decades. That new investment has prompted the question of what planners can do to support rail transit. One popular answer has been transit-oriented development (TOD), increasingly described as a comprehensive strategy for rail-based land-use planning throughout an urban area. This is most clearly illustrated by Bernick and Cervero’s (1997) description of how such projects can link together to create “transit metropolises” where rail is a viable transportation option for many of the region’s residents. In addition, TOD provides an opportunity to examine the regulatory issues discussed in chapter 6, both because it is an explicit attempt to use urban design as transportation policy and because the intergovernmental issues are especially stark in relation to these developments. Having discussed how travelers behave in the first part of this book, we now ask what we know about how cities behave. Stated in general form, the question is rather broad. It concerns the process by which cities and other land-use authorities decide where to put streets, how to structure the local hierarchy of streets, when to develop more or less densely, how to position employment centers relative to residential areas, and so on. Still, the feasibility of land-use plans with transportation goals depends critically on how such authorities behave. Any discussion of the effectiveness of these strategies must address both how communities plan for transportation and how travelers respond to those plans. The primary transportation goal of TOD generally, as currently practiced, is to coordinate land-use policies to support rail transit. In particular, focusing both residential and commercial development near rail transit stations is aimed at increasing rail ridership (e.g., Bernick, 1990; Bernick and Hall, 1990; Calthorpe, 1993; Cervero, 1993; Bernick and Cervero, 1997). Some evidence suggests that residents near rail transit stations are two to five times more likely to commute by rail when compared with persons living elsewhere in the same urban area (Pushkarev and Zupan, 1977; Bernick and Carroll, 1991; Cervero, 1994d).
S. P. Mackenzie
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199203079
- eISBN:
- 9780191695469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203079.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Military History
The journey from the point of capture to permanent camps within the Greater Reich is another aspect of the POW experience that has not played much of a role in the Colditz story. The reasons for this ...
More
The journey from the point of capture to permanent camps within the Greater Reich is another aspect of the POW experience that has not played much of a role in the Colditz story. The reasons for this are probably similar to those surrounding the absence of much information about the circumstances of capture. Being herded into captivity lacked glamour, and for many army officers the transit experience was both depressing and sordid. The transportation of POWs to Dulag Luft was usually accomplished with great swiftness and very little discomfort. If only by virtue of the distances involved and what men had already been through, the final stage-shipment by rail to permanent camp locations-could rank among the roughest stages of transit in 1940. Though almost all would find themselves moved from one camp to another within the Greater Reich over the course of time, British soldiers, sailors, and airmen given identity discs were now officially Kriegsgefangenen.Less
The journey from the point of capture to permanent camps within the Greater Reich is another aspect of the POW experience that has not played much of a role in the Colditz story. The reasons for this are probably similar to those surrounding the absence of much information about the circumstances of capture. Being herded into captivity lacked glamour, and for many army officers the transit experience was both depressing and sordid. The transportation of POWs to Dulag Luft was usually accomplished with great swiftness and very little discomfort. If only by virtue of the distances involved and what men had already been through, the final stage-shipment by rail to permanent camp locations-could rank among the roughest stages of transit in 1940. Though almost all would find themselves moved from one camp to another within the Greater Reich over the course of time, British soldiers, sailors, and airmen given identity discs were now officially Kriegsgefangenen.
M. Ramachandran
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198073987
- eISBN:
- 9780199080847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198073987.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter discusses the development of the east-west metro rail system in Kolkata. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. Kolkata is the only city in the ...
More
This chapter discusses the development of the east-west metro rail system in Kolkata. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. Kolkata is the only city in the country which has all modes of transport, from a metro railway and trams to hand-pulled rickshaws, in addition to buses and all other normal vehicles. In 2006, when a DPR for an east-west metro corridor was taken up, the existing Indian Railways-run metro system was operating between Dum Dum and Tollygunge. Looking at Kolkata’s problems is essentially taking into account a larger urban agglomeration consisting of Kolkata Municipal Corporation, Howrah Municipal Corporation, Salt Lake City, and the larger Kolkata Metropolitan Development Area.Less
This chapter discusses the development of the east-west metro rail system in Kolkata. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. Kolkata is the only city in the country which has all modes of transport, from a metro railway and trams to hand-pulled rickshaws, in addition to buses and all other normal vehicles. In 2006, when a DPR for an east-west metro corridor was taken up, the existing Indian Railways-run metro system was operating between Dum Dum and Tollygunge. Looking at Kolkata’s problems is essentially taking into account a larger urban agglomeration consisting of Kolkata Municipal Corporation, Howrah Municipal Corporation, Salt Lake City, and the larger Kolkata Metropolitan Development Area.
M. Ramachandran
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198073987
- eISBN:
- 9780199080847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198073987.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter discusses the development of the metro rail system in Chennai. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. Phase I of the Railways-operated Chennai MRTS ...
More
This chapter discusses the development of the metro rail system in Chennai. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. Phase I of the Railways-operated Chennai MRTS from Chennai Beach to Tirumalai was sanctioned by the Railways at a cost of Rs 306.19 crore. Work on Phase II, from Tirumalai to Velachery, started in 1996 and went on till 2007. The sanctioned cost for this 11.38 km stretch with nine stations is Rs 875.58 crore. Phase II extension for 5 km from Velachery to St Thomas Mount was sanctioned during 2006–7 and work has commenced. The completion of Phase I is scheduled for January 2011, Phase II for June 2011, and Phase II extension for March 2012. When completed, the MRTS network will be 25 km long with five stations at-grade and 16 elevated.Less
This chapter discusses the development of the metro rail system in Chennai. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. Phase I of the Railways-operated Chennai MRTS from Chennai Beach to Tirumalai was sanctioned by the Railways at a cost of Rs 306.19 crore. Work on Phase II, from Tirumalai to Velachery, started in 1996 and went on till 2007. The sanctioned cost for this 11.38 km stretch with nine stations is Rs 875.58 crore. Phase II extension for 5 km from Velachery to St Thomas Mount was sanctioned during 2006–7 and work has commenced. The completion of Phase I is scheduled for January 2011, Phase II for June 2011, and Phase II extension for March 2012. When completed, the MRTS network will be 25 km long with five stations at-grade and 16 elevated.
M. Ramachandran
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198073987
- eISBN:
- 9780199080847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198073987.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter discusses the development of the metro rail system in Mumbai. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. The project has been conceived in the right ...
More
This chapter discusses the development of the metro rail system in Mumbai. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. The project has been conceived in the right way by first preparing a master plan and then prioritizing the phases. The need for the project comes out very clearly and an investment decision was taken based on a proper appreciation of the resource scenario. The step-by-step process of project planning was followed meticulously as far as identification and project decision were concerned. While metro projects in other cities such as Kolkata, Delhi, Bangalore, and Chennai were taken up through direct government initiatives and project financing was dependent on government initiatives, in Mumbai it was always felt that the potential for high ridership in this mega city would naturally justify private participation.Less
This chapter discusses the development of the metro rail system in Mumbai. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. The project has been conceived in the right way by first preparing a master plan and then prioritizing the phases. The need for the project comes out very clearly and an investment decision was taken based on a proper appreciation of the resource scenario. The step-by-step process of project planning was followed meticulously as far as identification and project decision were concerned. While metro projects in other cities such as Kolkata, Delhi, Bangalore, and Chennai were taken up through direct government initiatives and project financing was dependent on government initiatives, in Mumbai it was always felt that the potential for high ridership in this mega city would naturally justify private participation.
M. Ramachandran
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198073987
- eISBN:
- 9780199080847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198073987.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter discusses the development of the metro rail system in Hyderabad. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. The project demonstrates that is it only ...
More
This chapter discusses the development of the metro rail system in Hyderabad. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. The project demonstrates that is it only when the government takes firm steps to move the metro process forward will the city get its mass transit system. As far as project planning was concerned, the Hyderabad Metro project conformed to most of the requirements except for having clear-cut criteria of prioritization in implementation.Less
This chapter discusses the development of the metro rail system in Hyderabad. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. The project demonstrates that is it only when the government takes firm steps to move the metro process forward will the city get its mass transit system. As far as project planning was concerned, the Hyderabad Metro project conformed to most of the requirements except for having clear-cut criteria of prioritization in implementation.
M. Ramachandran
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198073987
- eISBN:
- 9780199080847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198073987.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter discusses the development of the metro rail system in Jaipur. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. The Durgapura to Ambabari corridor was ...
More
This chapter discusses the development of the metro rail system in Jaipur. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. The Durgapura to Ambabari corridor was proposed with total length of 17.35 km, of which 5.09 km would be underground and 12.25 km elevated. A total of 18 stations have been proposed for this corridor, five of which will be underground. The peak house peak direction trips/traffic is projected as 11,313 in 2014, to go up to 16,898 in 2021. It has been proposed to initially have four car trains with six-minute headway; the headway could then be reduced to four minutes in 2021. The total cost for this corridor without taxes is estimated as Rs 3,481 crore.Less
This chapter discusses the development of the metro rail system in Jaipur. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. The Durgapura to Ambabari corridor was proposed with total length of 17.35 km, of which 5.09 km would be underground and 12.25 km elevated. A total of 18 stations have been proposed for this corridor, five of which will be underground. The peak house peak direction trips/traffic is projected as 11,313 in 2014, to go up to 16,898 in 2021. It has been proposed to initially have four car trains with six-minute headway; the headway could then be reduced to four minutes in 2021. The total cost for this corridor without taxes is estimated as Rs 3,481 crore.
M. Ramachandran
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198073987
- eISBN:
- 9780199080847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198073987.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter discusses the development of the metro rail system in Kochi. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. The detailed project report was prepared in ...
More
This chapter discusses the development of the metro rail system in Kochi. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. The detailed project report was prepared in 2005 and the state has been in constant touch with the central government for approval of the project, but no decision has been taken so far. While accepting the project report, the state government examined various options of financing such as build-operate-transfer (BOT) and public-private partnership and it was of the view that implementation of the project on BOT basis will not be feasible unless a return of 14 per cent on equity was assured to the BOT operator. Financial analysis indicated that funding to the extent of two-third of the project cost will be needed for this.Less
This chapter discusses the development of the metro rail system in Kochi. It details the various phases of the project from proposal to implementation. The detailed project report was prepared in 2005 and the state has been in constant touch with the central government for approval of the project, but no decision has been taken so far. While accepting the project report, the state government examined various options of financing such as build-operate-transfer (BOT) and public-private partnership and it was of the view that implementation of the project on BOT basis will not be feasible unless a return of 14 per cent on equity was assured to the BOT operator. Financial analysis indicated that funding to the extent of two-third of the project cost will be needed for this.
