Richard M. Murray
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161532
- eISBN:
- 9781400850501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161532.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
This chapter describes some simple circuit components that have been constructed in E. coli cells using the technology of synthetic biology and then considers a more complicated circuit that already ...
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This chapter describes some simple circuit components that have been constructed in E. coli cells using the technology of synthetic biology and then considers a more complicated circuit that already appears in natural systems to implement adaptation. It first analyzes the negatively autoregulated gene fabricated in E. coli bacteria, before turning to the toggle switch, which is composed of two genes that mutually repress each other. The chapter next illustrates a dynamical model of a “repressilator”—an oscillatory genetic circuit consisting of three repressors arranged in a ring fashion. The activator–repressor clock is then considered, alongside an incoherent feedforward loop (IFFL). Finally, the chapter examines bacterial chemotaxis, which E. coli use to move in the direction of increasing nutrients.Less
This chapter describes some simple circuit components that have been constructed in E. coli cells using the technology of synthetic biology and then considers a more complicated circuit that already appears in natural systems to implement adaptation. It first analyzes the negatively autoregulated gene fabricated in E. coli bacteria, before turning to the toggle switch, which is composed of two genes that mutually repress each other. The chapter next illustrates a dynamical model of a “repressilator”—an oscillatory genetic circuit consisting of three repressors arranged in a ring fashion. The activator–repressor clock is then considered, alongside an incoherent feedforward loop (IFFL). Finally, the chapter examines bacterial chemotaxis, which E. coli use to move in the direction of increasing nutrients.
PETER K. STYS, STEPHEN G. WAXMAN, and BRUCE R. RANSOM
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195082937
- eISBN:
- 9780199865802
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195082937.003.0015
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Excitable cells are dependent on adequate transmembrane ion gradients for normal function. Electrochemical gradients of the major cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) and anions (Cl- and HCO3 ...
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Excitable cells are dependent on adequate transmembrane ion gradients for normal function. Electrochemical gradients of the major cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) and anions (Cl- and HCO3 -) permit excitable cells to carry out signaling, sensory transduction, and effector functions. Axons are similarly dependent on the same ion gradients for their function. This chapter discusses transporting systems that function to maintain or restore gradients.Less
Excitable cells are dependent on adequate transmembrane ion gradients for normal function. Electrochemical gradients of the major cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) and anions (Cl- and HCO3 -) permit excitable cells to carry out signaling, sensory transduction, and effector functions. Axons are similarly dependent on the same ion gradients for their function. This chapter discusses transporting systems that function to maintain or restore gradients.
Larry R. Squire
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195380101
- eISBN:
- 9780199864362
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380101.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, History of Neuroscience
This chapter presents an autobiography of neuroscientist Bernard W. Agranoff. Agranoff initially became known for his elucidation of the enzymatic synthesis of inositol lipids via the liponucleotide ...
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This chapter presents an autobiography of neuroscientist Bernard W. Agranoff. Agranoff initially became known for his elucidation of the enzymatic synthesis of inositol lipids via the liponucleotide precursor CDP-diacylglycerol, a crucial step in signal transduction cycling. He also pioneered studies in memory and more generally neuroplasticity. His early years, career and achievements are discussed.Less
This chapter presents an autobiography of neuroscientist Bernard W. Agranoff. Agranoff initially became known for his elucidation of the enzymatic synthesis of inositol lipids via the liponucleotide precursor CDP-diacylglycerol, a crucial step in signal transduction cycling. He also pioneered studies in memory and more generally neuroplasticity. His early years, career and achievements are discussed.
Paul W. Glimcher
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199744251
- eISBN:
- 9780199863433
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199744251.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
This chapter develops the first of several linkages between economics, psychology, and neuroscience. First, it provides an overview of classical psychophysics. Second, it demonstrates that the ...
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This chapter develops the first of several linkages between economics, psychology, and neuroscience. First, it provides an overview of classical psychophysics. Second, it demonstrates that the mathematically described relationship between stimulus and percept can be mapped fairly directly to neurobiological models of sensory transduction. It provides examples of pre-existing conceptual reductions between psychology and neuroscience. Finally, it shows that one of these fully linked neurobiology-to-psychology concept groups can be relevant to economics. The chapter concludes by arguing that economic models of the random utility of directly consumable rewards are, in their present form, reducible to psychological models of percept and thence to neurobiological models of biochemical transduction.Less
This chapter develops the first of several linkages between economics, psychology, and neuroscience. First, it provides an overview of classical psychophysics. Second, it demonstrates that the mathematically described relationship between stimulus and percept can be mapped fairly directly to neurobiological models of sensory transduction. It provides examples of pre-existing conceptual reductions between psychology and neuroscience. Finally, it shows that one of these fully linked neurobiology-to-psychology concept groups can be relevant to economics. The chapter concludes by arguing that economic models of the random utility of directly consumable rewards are, in their present form, reducible to psychological models of percept and thence to neurobiological models of biochemical transduction.
ROBERT BALÁZS, RICHARD J. BRIDGES, and CARL W. COTMAN
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195150025
- eISBN:
- 9780199865079
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195150025.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Ionotropic glutamate receptors, including NMDA receptors, mediate most of the excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. When NMDA receptors are activated by membrane ...
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Ionotropic glutamate receptors, including NMDA receptors, mediate most of the excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. When NMDA receptors are activated by membrane depolarization, a relatively slow-rising, long-lasting current develops, which allows the summation of responses to stimuli for a relatively long periods (tens of milliseconds). In addition to their role in synaptic transmission, NMDA receptors affect functions that are critical for the survival and differentiation of cells and for synaptic plasticity, in part through Ca2+-dependent signal transduction. In addition, receptor activation elicits long-term changes in cellular functions, mediated through interactions (either directly or via scaffolding proteins) with signaling systems, including protein kinase cascades that lead to modulation of gene transcription. This chapter discusses the unique role of NMDA receptors in excitatory transmission, their molecular structure, posttranslational modifications (phosphorylation and dephosphorylation), molecular interactions relevant for signal transduction, desensitization, anatomical distribution, pharmacology, modulation of expression in transgenic mice, and therapeutic applications.Less
Ionotropic glutamate receptors, including NMDA receptors, mediate most of the excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. When NMDA receptors are activated by membrane depolarization, a relatively slow-rising, long-lasting current develops, which allows the summation of responses to stimuli for a relatively long periods (tens of milliseconds). In addition to their role in synaptic transmission, NMDA receptors affect functions that are critical for the survival and differentiation of cells and for synaptic plasticity, in part through Ca2+-dependent signal transduction. In addition, receptor activation elicits long-term changes in cellular functions, mediated through interactions (either directly or via scaffolding proteins) with signaling systems, including protein kinase cascades that lead to modulation of gene transcription. This chapter discusses the unique role of NMDA receptors in excitatory transmission, their molecular structure, posttranslational modifications (phosphorylation and dephosphorylation), molecular interactions relevant for signal transduction, desensitization, anatomical distribution, pharmacology, modulation of expression in transgenic mice, and therapeutic applications.
Kriti Sharma
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780823265527
- eISBN:
- 9780823266913
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823265527.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
In Interdependence, biologist Kriti Sharma offers a tightly argued, richly exemplified, and impressively coherent alternative to the popular view that interdependence simply means “independent things ...
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In Interdependence, biologist Kriti Sharma offers a tightly argued, richly exemplified, and impressively coherent alternative to the popular view that interdependence simply means “independent things interacting.” Sharma systematically builds up a view of interdependence as mutual constitution—a detailed explanation of how things come into being at all dependent on one another. Sharma takes the reader step-by-step through increasingly sophisticated arguments, illustrating each point with vivid examples from the biological sciences and from everyday living. Called “a model of accessible but serious and eloquent science writing” (Evan Thompson, University of British Columbia), Interdependence will be of interest both to scholars (in biology, philosophy, cognitive science, and literary theory) and to general readers interested in engaging this fascinating and timely topic. Clear, concise, and insightful, Interdependence is one of the first books to explicitly offer a coherent and practical philosophy of interdependence and will help shape what interdependence comes to mean in the twenty-first century.Less
In Interdependence, biologist Kriti Sharma offers a tightly argued, richly exemplified, and impressively coherent alternative to the popular view that interdependence simply means “independent things interacting.” Sharma systematically builds up a view of interdependence as mutual constitution—a detailed explanation of how things come into being at all dependent on one another. Sharma takes the reader step-by-step through increasingly sophisticated arguments, illustrating each point with vivid examples from the biological sciences and from everyday living. Called “a model of accessible but serious and eloquent science writing” (Evan Thompson, University of British Columbia), Interdependence will be of interest both to scholars (in biology, philosophy, cognitive science, and literary theory) and to general readers interested in engaging this fascinating and timely topic. Clear, concise, and insightful, Interdependence is one of the first books to explicitly offer a coherent and practical philosophy of interdependence and will help shape what interdependence comes to mean in the twenty-first century.
Jay M. Goldberg, Victor J. Wilson, Kathleen E. Cullen, Dora E. Angelaki, Dianne M. Broussard, Jean A. Büttner-Ennever, Kikuro Fukushima, and Lloyd B. Minor
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195167085
- eISBN:
- 9780199932153
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167085.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Vestibular organs, lateral lines, and a variety of vibratory and auditory organs are all examples of hair-cell mechanoreceptors. The frequency ranges over which hair cells operate indicate their ...
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Vestibular organs, lateral lines, and a variety of vibratory and auditory organs are all examples of hair-cell mechanoreceptors. The frequency ranges over which hair cells operate indicate their versatility. To take extremes, vestibular organs function between 0 and 20 Hz, while the cochlea in most mammals handle frequencies extending beyond 10 kHz. There are also differences in the adequate stimulus of different receptors, which include head movements, substrate-borne vibrations, and water- or air-borne sounds. Despite these differences, all hair-cell organs use similar transduction mechanisms. As a consequence, studies of transduction in any one organ usually have general applicability. An adequate stimulus results in a displacement of the accessory structure (a cupula, an otoconial membrane, or a tectorial membrane), which in turn leads to the bending of sensory hair bundles. This chapter considers the steps interposed between these mechanical events and the modulation of afferent discharge.Less
Vestibular organs, lateral lines, and a variety of vibratory and auditory organs are all examples of hair-cell mechanoreceptors. The frequency ranges over which hair cells operate indicate their versatility. To take extremes, vestibular organs function between 0 and 20 Hz, while the cochlea in most mammals handle frequencies extending beyond 10 kHz. There are also differences in the adequate stimulus of different receptors, which include head movements, substrate-borne vibrations, and water- or air-borne sounds. Despite these differences, all hair-cell organs use similar transduction mechanisms. As a consequence, studies of transduction in any one organ usually have general applicability. An adequate stimulus results in a displacement of the accessory structure (a cupula, an otoconial membrane, or a tectorial membrane), which in turn leads to the bending of sensory hair bundles. This chapter considers the steps interposed between these mechanical events and the modulation of afferent discharge.
Antonio Fontdevila
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199541379
- eISBN:
- 9780191728532
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199541379.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics, Developmental Biology
The importance of transposable elements (TEs) in shaping the genome is discussed. Two main aspects are highlighted; one refers to their capacity for producing mutations; the other emphasises the TEs ...
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The importance of transposable elements (TEs) in shaping the genome is discussed. Two main aspects are highlighted; one refers to their capacity for producing mutations; the other emphasises the TEs involvement in genome reorganisation mainly through transduction of genome fragments, production of chromosomal rearrangements, and exon shuffling. This TE dynamics is discussed from the original controversial viewpoint of their role as parasitic, selfish elements (the ‘junk’ DNA hypothesis), challenged from its inception by those who assign to TEs a long-term adaptive role. This chapter presents a suite of examples from genomic studies that bolster that although most probably TEs originally exhibited a parasitic behaviour, this was followed by a process in which TE functions, of which epigenetic regulation is prime, were co-opted by the genome in a domestication process. The chapter ends showing some challenging natural scenarios (i.e. colonisation and hybridisation) that may promote TE mobilisations of far reaching evolutionary effects in adaptation and speciation.Less
The importance of transposable elements (TEs) in shaping the genome is discussed. Two main aspects are highlighted; one refers to their capacity for producing mutations; the other emphasises the TEs involvement in genome reorganisation mainly through transduction of genome fragments, production of chromosomal rearrangements, and exon shuffling. This TE dynamics is discussed from the original controversial viewpoint of their role as parasitic, selfish elements (the ‘junk’ DNA hypothesis), challenged from its inception by those who assign to TEs a long-term adaptive role. This chapter presents a suite of examples from genomic studies that bolster that although most probably TEs originally exhibited a parasitic behaviour, this was followed by a process in which TE functions, of which epigenetic regulation is prime, were co-opted by the genome in a domestication process. The chapter ends showing some challenging natural scenarios (i.e. colonisation and hybridisation) that may promote TE mobilisations of far reaching evolutionary effects in adaptation and speciation.
Timothy J. Bradley
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198569961
- eISBN:
- 9780191728273
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569961.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Because membranes are impermeable to most solutes, gradients can be established and maintained between intra- and extracellular compartments. These gradients serve as forms of energy storage that can ...
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Because membranes are impermeable to most solutes, gradients can be established and maintained between intra- and extracellular compartments. These gradients serve as forms of energy storage that can be used for thermodynamic work. Ion gradients also establish electrical gradients across membranes that serve as resistors and capacitors. Under these circumstances, the membranes are also sites of energy transduction where chemical gradients are transformed into electrical gradients. The energy stored across membranes can be used to transport solutes against their gradients, produce ATP, regulate pH, and produce action potentials. Examples are provided from mitochondrial function, intestinal nutrient uptake, and the uptake of dissolved organic matter in marine invertebrate larvae.Less
Because membranes are impermeable to most solutes, gradients can be established and maintained between intra- and extracellular compartments. These gradients serve as forms of energy storage that can be used for thermodynamic work. Ion gradients also establish electrical gradients across membranes that serve as resistors and capacitors. Under these circumstances, the membranes are also sites of energy transduction where chemical gradients are transformed into electrical gradients. The energy stored across membranes can be used to transport solutes against their gradients, produce ATP, regulate pH, and produce action potentials. Examples are provided from mitochondrial function, intestinal nutrient uptake, and the uptake of dissolved organic matter in marine invertebrate larvae.
Carlos Belmonte and Fernando Cervero (eds)
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198523345
- eISBN:
- 9780191724527
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523345.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
This is a comprehensive review of all aspects of nociceptor function, including the structure of nociceptor endings, their neurochemistry, and evolutionary considerations. It deals with the ...
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This is a comprehensive review of all aspects of nociceptor function, including the structure of nociceptor endings, their neurochemistry, and evolutionary considerations. It deals with the functional properties of nociceptors innervating different organs and the biophysical mechanisms underlying the transduction process in nociceptors. There are sections on how nociceptor function is modified by nerve injury and regeneration and on its physiopathology.Less
This is a comprehensive review of all aspects of nociceptor function, including the structure of nociceptor endings, their neurochemistry, and evolutionary considerations. It deals with the functional properties of nociceptors innervating different organs and the biophysical mechanisms underlying the transduction process in nociceptors. There are sections on how nociceptor function is modified by nerve injury and regeneration and on its physiopathology.
J. de Belleroche
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192618108
- eISBN:
- 9780191724305
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192618108.003.0023
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System
Over the past few years a biochemical approach has been used to study the pathogenesis of migraine by looking at transduction mechanisms which would be common to many agents that are putative trigger ...
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Over the past few years a biochemical approach has been used to study the pathogenesis of migraine by looking at transduction mechanisms which would be common to many agents that are putative trigger factors in migraine and would also be common targets for a wide range of drug treatments. Hormones, dietary factors, neurogenic agents such as neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and other neuromodulators and vasoactive agents are all implicated, most of which would mediate their actions through receptors in the cell membrane. Receptor activation is associated with the generation of second messengers — cyclic AMP (cAMP) from adenylate cyclase, and inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol from the polyphosphoinositide system. The second messengers in turn produce their effects by activation of protein kinases or by mobilization of calcium. A number of prophylactic treatments would affect these pathways.Less
Over the past few years a biochemical approach has been used to study the pathogenesis of migraine by looking at transduction mechanisms which would be common to many agents that are putative trigger factors in migraine and would also be common targets for a wide range of drug treatments. Hormones, dietary factors, neurogenic agents such as neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and other neuromodulators and vasoactive agents are all implicated, most of which would mediate their actions through receptors in the cell membrane. Receptor activation is associated with the generation of second messengers — cyclic AMP (cAMP) from adenylate cyclase, and inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol from the polyphosphoinositide system. The second messengers in turn produce their effects by activation of protein kinases or by mobilization of calcium. A number of prophylactic treatments would affect these pathways.
Joseph D. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195137613
- eISBN:
- 9780199848164
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195137613.003.0007
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
This chapter discusses the concept of a second messenger which arose from studies on the hormonal control of glucose availability and matured into appreciations of general mechanisms for signal ...
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This chapter discusses the concept of a second messenger which arose from studies on the hormonal control of glucose availability and matured into appreciations of general mechanisms for signal transmission within and among all cells. Functional models depicted hormones activating the membrane-bound adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP, with the elevated concentrations of cytoplasmic cAMP promoting the conversion of phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a. Cytoplasmic concentrations of cAMP then returned to basal levels as phosphodiesterase destroyed cAMP. cAMP was designated a “second messenger,” since cAMP carried information from receptor to cell interior, while hormones, the “first messengers,” brought information to the receptor. The general process became known as “signal transduction.”.Less
This chapter discusses the concept of a second messenger which arose from studies on the hormonal control of glucose availability and matured into appreciations of general mechanisms for signal transmission within and among all cells. Functional models depicted hormones activating the membrane-bound adenylate cyclase to produce cAMP, with the elevated concentrations of cytoplasmic cAMP promoting the conversion of phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a. Cytoplasmic concentrations of cAMP then returned to basal levels as phosphodiesterase destroyed cAMP. cAMP was designated a “second messenger,” since cAMP carried information from receptor to cell interior, while hormones, the “first messengers,” brought information to the receptor. The general process became known as “signal transduction.”.
Howard Schulman
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195083309
- eISBN:
- 9780199847464
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195083309.003.0004
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Molecular and Cellular Systems
Higher functions of the central nervous system are based on communication between functional units consisting of many neurons. Communication within and between functional units of neurons is largely ...
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Higher functions of the central nervous system are based on communication between functional units consisting of many neurons. Communication within and between functional units of neurons is largely based on the chemical transmission of signals with time courses ranging from milliseconds to seconds and minutes. Most chemical transmission requires a cascade of enzymatic steps that are relatively slow, but provide for essential modulation of fast transmission and of effects that are independent of ion channels. This typically involves receptors that are coupled to membrane-bound, GTP-binding proteins (G proteins). This chapter discusses G-protein-coupled signal transduction, protein phosphorylation, multifunctional CaM kinase, and functional studies.Less
Higher functions of the central nervous system are based on communication between functional units consisting of many neurons. Communication within and between functional units of neurons is largely based on the chemical transmission of signals with time courses ranging from milliseconds to seconds and minutes. Most chemical transmission requires a cascade of enzymatic steps that are relatively slow, but provide for essential modulation of fast transmission and of effects that are independent of ion channels. This typically involves receptors that are coupled to membrane-bound, GTP-binding proteins (G proteins). This chapter discusses G-protein-coupled signal transduction, protein phosphorylation, multifunctional CaM kinase, and functional studies.
De Bie Tijl and Cristianini Nello
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262033589
- eISBN:
- 9780262255899
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262033589.003.0007
- Subject:
- Computer Science, Machine Learning
This chapter discusses an alternative approach that is based on a convex relaxation of the optimization problem associated with support vector machine transduction. The result is a semi-definite ...
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This chapter discusses an alternative approach that is based on a convex relaxation of the optimization problem associated with support vector machine transduction. The result is a semi-definite programming (SDP) problem which can be optimized in polynomial time, the solution of which is an approximation of the optimal labeling as well as a bound on the true optimum of the original transduction objective function. To further decrease the computational complexity, this chapter proposes an approximation that allows solving transduction problems of up to 1,000 unlabeled samples. Finally, the formulation is extended to more general settings of semi-supervised learning, where equivalence and inequivalence constraints are given on labels of some of the samples.Less
This chapter discusses an alternative approach that is based on a convex relaxation of the optimization problem associated with support vector machine transduction. The result is a semi-definite programming (SDP) problem which can be optimized in polynomial time, the solution of which is an approximation of the optimal labeling as well as a bound on the true optimum of the original transduction objective function. To further decrease the computational complexity, this chapter proposes an approximation that allows solving transduction problems of up to 1,000 unlabeled samples. Finally, the formulation is extended to more general settings of semi-supervised learning, where equivalence and inequivalence constraints are given on labels of some of the samples.
Alison M. Gurney
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192623874
- eISBN:
- 9780191724671
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192623874.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
By isolating single cells from the smooth muscle or endothelial layer of a blood vessel, it is possible to study signal transduction mechanisms in these cells without the need to worry about indirect ...
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By isolating single cells from the smooth muscle or endothelial layer of a blood vessel, it is possible to study signal transduction mechanisms in these cells without the need to worry about indirect effects resulting from actions on other cell types. Isolated cells also have the advantage of being more amenable to experimental techniques that can directly address questions relating to receptor mechanisms and intracellular pathways. This chapter reviews methods for isolating vascular cells and outlines techniques that are particularly well suited to single cell studies, namely voltage- and patch-clamp recording, measurement of intracellular ion concentrations, and photolysis of caged compounds. These techniques have been successfully applied to the study of endothelial and smooth muscle cell function. The aim here is to discuss the information that each technique can provide, along with their advantages and disadvantages.Less
By isolating single cells from the smooth muscle or endothelial layer of a blood vessel, it is possible to study signal transduction mechanisms in these cells without the need to worry about indirect effects resulting from actions on other cell types. Isolated cells also have the advantage of being more amenable to experimental techniques that can directly address questions relating to receptor mechanisms and intracellular pathways. This chapter reviews methods for isolating vascular cells and outlines techniques that are particularly well suited to single cell studies, namely voltage- and patch-clamp recording, measurement of intracellular ion concentrations, and photolysis of caged compounds. These techniques have been successfully applied to the study of endothelial and smooth muscle cell function. The aim here is to discuss the information that each technique can provide, along with their advantages and disadvantages.
Belmonte Carlos
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198523345
- eISBN:
- 9780191724527
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523345.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Sensory transduction is the mechanism by which external physical changes are transformed into internal biochemical and/or electrical signals. Such electrical signals are propagated and processed ...
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Sensory transduction is the mechanism by which external physical changes are transformed into internal biochemical and/or electrical signals. Such electrical signals are propagated and processed through different levels of the central nervous system to elicit a sensation. Sensory transduction takes place in specialized portions of sensory receptor cells (sensory receptors), which differ from each other in their ability to respond preferentially to a particular form of energy. In turn, sensory receptors of the same class are connected to the brain through specific sensory pathways, whose selective excitation leads to a given modality of sensation. The relationship between the activation of peripheral nociceptors and conscious sensations is complex. In strict terms, receptor cells found in living organisms detect the manifestations of just two of the four fundamental forces of the universe: the gravitational force and the electromagnetic force. The type of energy to which sensory cells are specifically tuned has been used as a criterion for their classification: chemoreceptors are excited by molecules of various types; temperature changes excite thermoreceptors; photons are selectively detected by photoreceptors while mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical energy.Less
Sensory transduction is the mechanism by which external physical changes are transformed into internal biochemical and/or electrical signals. Such electrical signals are propagated and processed through different levels of the central nervous system to elicit a sensation. Sensory transduction takes place in specialized portions of sensory receptor cells (sensory receptors), which differ from each other in their ability to respond preferentially to a particular form of energy. In turn, sensory receptors of the same class are connected to the brain through specific sensory pathways, whose selective excitation leads to a given modality of sensation. The relationship between the activation of peripheral nociceptors and conscious sensations is complex. In strict terms, receptor cells found in living organisms detect the manifestations of just two of the four fundamental forces of the universe: the gravitational force and the electromagnetic force. The type of energy to which sensory cells are specifically tuned has been used as a criterion for their classification: chemoreceptors are excited by molecules of various types; temperature changes excite thermoreceptors; photons are selectively detected by photoreceptors while mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical energy.
Bevan Stuart
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198523345
- eISBN:
- 9780191724527
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523345.003.0012
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Signal transduction in nociceptive sensory neurones involves a wide range of underlying mechanisms. In undamaged tissues, noxious external stimuli (thermal or mechanical) act rapidly to evoke a train ...
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Signal transduction in nociceptive sensory neurones involves a wide range of underlying mechanisms. In undamaged tissues, noxious external stimuli (thermal or mechanical) act rapidly to evoke a train of action potentials, perhaps by acting directly on the nerve. Nociception is more complex in pathophysiological conditions of tissue injury or trauma where there may be chemical interactions between the nociceptive sensory nerves and the surrounding non-neuronal cells. Some non-neuronal cells express receptors for the neuropeptides (substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide) released from small diameter sensory nerves, and these cells respond by modifying their own production of chemical mediators. For this reason, a full understanding of sensory transduction in nociceptors often requires knowledge of the response of non-neuronal cells to chemical stimuli. Some chemical mediators do not evoke action potentials in the nociceptive neurones and so cannot be considered noxious stimuli per se; nevertheless they do exert a profound effect on nociception by modulating the transduction process for other stimuli. This chapter reviews sensory transduction mechanisms and the role of intracellular mediators by focusing on the diverse actions of a few chemical agents that act either directly or indirectly on nociceptive neurones.Less
Signal transduction in nociceptive sensory neurones involves a wide range of underlying mechanisms. In undamaged tissues, noxious external stimuli (thermal or mechanical) act rapidly to evoke a train of action potentials, perhaps by acting directly on the nerve. Nociception is more complex in pathophysiological conditions of tissue injury or trauma where there may be chemical interactions between the nociceptive sensory nerves and the surrounding non-neuronal cells. Some non-neuronal cells express receptors for the neuropeptides (substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide) released from small diameter sensory nerves, and these cells respond by modifying their own production of chemical mediators. For this reason, a full understanding of sensory transduction in nociceptors often requires knowledge of the response of non-neuronal cells to chemical stimuli. Some chemical mediators do not evoke action potentials in the nociceptive neurones and so cannot be considered noxious stimuli per se; nevertheless they do exert a profound effect on nociception by modulating the transduction process for other stimuli. This chapter reviews sensory transduction mechanisms and the role of intracellular mediators by focusing on the diverse actions of a few chemical agents that act either directly or indirectly on nociceptive neurones.
Dennis L. Murphy
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780192620118
- eISBN:
- 9780191724725
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780192620118.003.0003
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques
In the past few years, the predominant focus of basic science and clinical investigations of serotonergic neurotransmission has been the many serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors and their ...
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In the past few years, the predominant focus of basic science and clinical investigations of serotonergic neurotransmission has been the many serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors and their signal transduction mechanisms. In the past decade, the predominant focus of basic science and clinical investigations of serotonergic neurotransmission has been the many serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors and their signal transduction mechanisms. Some recent and other older, but still valuable, monographs and reviews should be consulted for coverage in depth of these and related issues.Less
In the past few years, the predominant focus of basic science and clinical investigations of serotonergic neurotransmission has been the many serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors and their signal transduction mechanisms. In the past decade, the predominant focus of basic science and clinical investigations of serotonergic neurotransmission has been the many serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors and their signal transduction mechanisms. Some recent and other older, but still valuable, monographs and reviews should be consulted for coverage in depth of these and related issues.
Han Collewijn
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198523192
- eISBN:
- 9780191688850
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523192.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter focuses on the methods involved in recording eye movements. The movement of eyeballs are transduced into stored signals so as to obtain a permanent record of the eye movements. ...
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This chapter focuses on the methods involved in recording eye movements. The movement of eyeballs are transduced into stored signals so as to obtain a permanent record of the eye movements. Veridicality, signal quality, minimum interference with vision and minimum interference with behaviour, are the ideal properties of an eye recording system. Electro-oculogram (EOG) is one of the most prominently used principle of eye movement recording. Eye movement signals are processed these days through digital storage and subsequent analysis.Less
This chapter focuses on the methods involved in recording eye movements. The movement of eyeballs are transduced into stored signals so as to obtain a permanent record of the eye movements. Veridicality, signal quality, minimum interference with vision and minimum interference with behaviour, are the ideal properties of an eye recording system. Electro-oculogram (EOG) is one of the most prominently used principle of eye movement recording. Eye movement signals are processed these days through digital storage and subsequent analysis.
Thomas Hetherington
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520252783
- eISBN:
- 9780520934122
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520252783.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter discusses the structure and function of hearing in aquatic amphibians, reptiles, and birds. It examines patterns of evolutionary change in the auditory systems of amphibians, reptiles, ...
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This chapter discusses the structure and function of hearing in aquatic amphibians, reptiles, and birds. It examines patterns of evolutionary change in the auditory systems of amphibians, reptiles, and birds that have returned to an aquatic lifestyle. It begins with the basic features of the ancestral terrestrial auditory system, followed by the terrestrial auditory system underwater and the mechanisms used for underwater hearing. These mechanisms include sound transmission (bone conduction and pressure transduction) and sound localization. It also compares the auditory systems of aquatic amphibians, reptiles, and bird. Finally, it examines the evolutionary transformations of the ears of secondarily aquatic tetrapods.Less
This chapter discusses the structure and function of hearing in aquatic amphibians, reptiles, and birds. It examines patterns of evolutionary change in the auditory systems of amphibians, reptiles, and birds that have returned to an aquatic lifestyle. It begins with the basic features of the ancestral terrestrial auditory system, followed by the terrestrial auditory system underwater and the mechanisms used for underwater hearing. These mechanisms include sound transmission (bone conduction and pressure transduction) and sound localization. It also compares the auditory systems of aquatic amphibians, reptiles, and bird. Finally, it examines the evolutionary transformations of the ears of secondarily aquatic tetrapods.
