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This chapter provides a framework in which to consider the collection and transcription of narratives. It frames the collection of narratives in relation to interviewing strategies employed in qualitative research. It examines how narratives are co-constructed by interviewers and interviewees in the interview process. It considers the conditions under which narratives are suppressed or performed, and discusses the professions as specific environments for narrative production. In addition, strategies to make audio recordings of narrative interviews are reviewed. Transcription of audio recordings is discussed as an interpretive practice, and specific challenges to high-quality transcription are delineated. Strategies to enhance transcription quality are identified.

Flower development operates through the activities of a set of transcription factors regulating the structural genes necessary for correct organ development in the correct position. The majority of these ABC genes encode MADS box transcription factors, a very ancient family of DNA binding proteins. By tracing the evolutionary history of this gene family, the molecular processes which lie behind the evolution of flowers can be investigated. Since flowers are one of the key distinguishing features of the angiosperms, and have been argued to be responsible for their astonishing radiation into the most species rich plant division by far, the evolution of the MADS box family is of particular interest in reconstructing plant evolutionary history.

The autonomous pathways for floral inhibition and induction are central to the entire process of floral transition in Arabidopsis. The floral inhibition pathway acts throughout the plant's life to ensure flowering does not occur until the appropriate environmental, developmental, and physiological cues have been received. The inhibition pathway operates through a single protein repressing the transcription of genes necessary for the floral transition to occur at the shoot apical meristem. The autonomous induction pathway is equally essential to the life history of a weedy annual. Unlike long-lived perennial plants, Arabidopsis does not have the option to delay flowering indefinitely until perfect environmental conditions are perceived. Instead, the autonomous induction pathway acts antagonistically to the inhibition pathway to ensure that the plant flowers eventually, irrespective of a lack of inductive environmental signals.

It is becoming clear that flower development is a cascade, with flowering time integrators activating floral meristem identity genes which activate floral organ identity genes. The floral organ identity genes themselves encode transcription factors, and are predicted to activate the many structural genes required to form the new organs, as well as further regulatory genes controlling processes such as pigment synthesis. The expression patterns of the floral organ identity genes determine the positions of developing organs (in the ABC model of flower development), and those expression patterns are themselves determined in part by cadastral genes (genes whose function is to specify the domain of expression of other genes). Floral organ identity genes act together as transcriptional complexes to ensure expression of the correct structural genes in each whorl of the developing flower.

Comparisons between completely sequenced metazoan genomes have generally emphasized how similar their encoded protein content is, even when the comparison is between phyla. Given the manifest differences between phyla and, in particular, intuitive notions that some animals are more complex than others, this creates something of a paradox. Simplistic explanations have included arguments such as increased numbers of genes; greater numbers of protein products produced through alternative splicing; increased numbers of regulatory non-coding RNAs and increased complexity of the cis-regulatory code. An obvious value of complete genome sequences lies in their ability to provide us with inventories of such components. This chapter examines progress being made in linking genome content to the pattern of animal evolution, and argues that the gap between genome and phenotypic complexity can only be understood through the totality of interacting components.

This chapter argues that the various stylistic and formal elements that Bach assimilated from the Italian concerto were to become key factors in the development of his mature style, distinguishing it quite clearly from much of his earlier music. His various concerto transcriptions, toccatas, sonatas, and suites are discussed.

This chapter examines the molecular genetics of evolutionary novelties. In particular, it investigates which molecular mechanisms might be involved in the origination of novel gene regulatory networks (and, thus, character identity networks) and what these mechanisms imply for the origin of novel characters. The chapter begins with a discussion of the complex problem of the evolution of transcriptional regulation by focusing on the evolution of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) and the evolution of transcription factor proteins. It then asks whether novel pigment spots, such as the Drosophila wing spots, are novelties. It also explores an evolutionary novelty known as sex comb and the role of transposable elements in the origin of novel CREs. Finally, it considers the role of gene duplications, the evolution of micro-RNAs (miRNAs), and the possibility of a mechanistic difference between adaptation and innovation.

This chapter examines the developmental evolution of cell types, the lowest level of biological organization for which questions of identity (that is, cell identity) play a major role. Higher organisms consist of functionally specialized cells ranging from muscle cells to liver cells. These cells have been classified according to their function and their phenotype into cell types, such as striped and smooth muscle cells, neurons and glial cells. The chapter discusses the developmental genetics of cell types and reviews examples showing that cell type identity is subscribed by gene regulatory networks, focusing on the role of transcription factors, embryonic stem cells, and mammalian motor neurons in cell fate determination. It also considers the evolutionary origin of cell types and presents case studies of cell typogenesis. It suggests that the evolution of cell types is a critical proving ground for any theory of character identity and homology.

The speakers were recorded in Glasgow, Scotland in 1997, with a balanced sample of males and females, adolescents (13-14 years) and adults (40+ years), middle-class and working-class. The adults produce almost twice as much speech (as measured in total number of word forms) as do the adolescents, and the working-class adults are rather more talkative than their middle-class counterparts. The results from the Glasgow transcripts are compared with those from an earlier study carried out through interviews in Ayr. The two corpora contain similar amounts of narrative, though there are differences in the kinds of narrative told. The chapter includes a note on transcription and another on statistics.

This chapter presents an overview of the original ToBI system. It reviews the design of the original ToBI system and its foundations in basic and applied research. It describes the inter-disciplinary community of users and uses for which the system was intended, and it outlines how the consensus model of American English intonation and inter-word juncture was achieved by finding points of useful intersection among the research interests and knowledge embodied in this community. It thus identifies the practical principles for designing prosodic annotation conventions that emerged in the course of developing, testing, and using this particular system. The chapter also describes how the original ToBI conventions have been evolved to be the general annotation conventions for several other English varieties and for a number of other languages.

During the early 1930s, governments created more powerful public broadcasting authorities in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, including the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC), the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC), and the New Zealand Broadcasting Board (NZBB). In Canada, the Canadian Radio League (CRL) enlisted the help of the BBC to make the case for public broadcasting. However, the world economic depression hampered plans to develop broadcasting, both on a national basis in these countries, and on an imperial footing. The BBC's underfunded Empire Service did little to link up the British world, despite attempts to use sport and the monarchy to generate interest in its broadcasts. BBC recorded programmes or transcriptions similarly met with a mixed response, and the BBC for its part seemed unenthusiastic about taking reciprocal programmes from the dominions. BBC attempts to operate overseas on a rigorously public-service basis compounded its problems

After the war, senior BBC officers sought to use broadcasting to restore the status quo, returning to their domestic mission of cultural uplift, and their imperial mission of supporting British influence overseas. The BBC remained a major presence on short wave and, although rebroadcasting by organisations like the New Zealand Broadcasting Service (NZBS) declined, use of government-subsidized BBC transcriptions increased substantially. Connections with the British world were cultivated, with improved coverage of rugby and cricket, flagship comedies such as the Goon Show, and the broadcasting of ‘media events’ including the Coronation of 1953 and the Royal Tour of 1953/4. Cooperation among public broadcasting authorities continued to be organised on a non-commercial, public-service basis. Contemporaries also assumed that radio would help encourage economic and social ‘development’ in the dependent colonies, and could be used as a tool of counterinsurgency, to suppress resistance to colonial rule.

This chapter argues that de copia constitutes a major episode in the history of imitation because it associates the practice of writing with an exhaustive programme of reading. It explains that the activities of reading and writing become virtually identified in imitation because a text is read in view of its transcription as part of another text and because the writer as imitator concedes that he cannot completely escape being influenced by what he has read. Thus, imitation influences interpretation since the interpretative act only become visible in a second discourse which claims to be a reconstitution of the first.

Over the last two decades, reduction-oxidation (redox) signaling has emerged as an important regulator of cell function. The growing interest in the link between redox signaling and vascular function stems primarily from evidence that oxidative stress-induced endothelial dysfunction underlies a number of cardiovascular pathologies including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and diabetes, and that antioxidant intervention may be an important treatment modality in these vascular disorders. Of interest is the thiol antioxidant, reduced glutathione (GSH), a crucial regulator of cellular redox potential, and whose synthesis is transcriptionally upregulated under conditions of cellular oxidative stress. The transcriptional upregulation of the rate-limiting enzyme of GSH synthesis, glutamate cysteine ligase, under oxidative conditions by the transcription factor Nrf2 represents an important area of investigation in terms of its role in redox regulation of endothelial function, its role in vascular pathology, and its potential as a therapeutic target for treatment of cardiovascular disorders that involve vascular oxidative stress. This chapter discusses the roles of reactive oxygen species, redox regulation, and cell signaling in the vasculature. Redox activation of transcription factors in vascular disorders is also considered.