James K. Wellman Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195300116
- eISBN:
- 9780199868742
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300116.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The two‐party system in American Protestantism is a convenient rubric to generalize American religion. However, it does not frame the facts on the ground; American religion generally and ...
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The two‐party system in American Protestantism is a convenient rubric to generalize American religion. However, it does not frame the facts on the ground; American religion generally and Protestantism in particular is a patch‐work of subcultures, which this chapter defines and uses to understand the mosaic of Protestantism in the Pacific Northwest. This chapter presents the problem of the two‐party system and uses Fred Kniss' two-dimensional moral map of American religious culture to show how religious subcultures negotiate the ambiguous center of American political power, along axes that are horizontally defined by libertarian and communalist moral projects, and vertically expressed by modernist and traditionalist sources of authority.Less
The two‐party system in American Protestantism is a convenient rubric to generalize American religion. However, it does not frame the facts on the ground; American religion generally and Protestantism in particular is a patch‐work of subcultures, which this chapter defines and uses to understand the mosaic of Protestantism in the Pacific Northwest. This chapter presents the problem of the two‐party system and uses Fred Kniss' two-dimensional moral map of American religious culture to show how religious subcultures negotiate the ambiguous center of American political power, along axes that are horizontally defined by libertarian and communalist moral projects, and vertically expressed by modernist and traditionalist sources of authority.
Livnat Holtzman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780748689569
- eISBN:
- 9781474444828
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748689569.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
More than any other issue in early and medieval Islamic theology, anthropomorphism (tashbīh) stood at the heart of many theological debates. These debates were not purely intellectual; they were ...
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More than any other issue in early and medieval Islamic theology, anthropomorphism (tashbīh) stood at the heart of many theological debates. These debates were not purely intellectual; they were intrinsically linked to political struggles over hegemony. The way a scholar interpreted the anthropomorphic descriptions of God in the Qur’an and the Hadith (for instance, God’s hand, God’s laughter or God’s sitting on the heavenly throne) often reflected his political and social stature, and his theological affinity. This book focuses on aḥādīth al-ṣifāt – the traditions that depict God and His attributes in an anthropomorphic language. The book reveals the way these traditions were studied and interpreted in the circles of Islamic traditionalism which included ultra-traditionalists (the Hanbalites and their forerunners) and middle-of-the-road traditionalists (Ash’arites and their forerunners). The book presents an in-depth literary analysis of aḥādīth al-ṣifāt while considering the role of the early scholars of Hadith in shaping the narrative of these anthropomorphic texts. The book also offers the first scholarly and systematic presentation of hand, face, and bodily gestures that the scholars performed while transmitting the anthropomorphic traditions. The book goes on to discuss the inner controversies in the prominent traditionalistic learning centres of the Islamic world regarding the way to understand and interpret these anthropomorphic traditions. Through a close, contextualized, and interdisciplinary reading in Hadith compilations, theological treatises, and historical sources, this book offers an evaluation and understanding of the traditionalistic endeavours to define anthropomorphism in the most crucial and indeed most formative period of Islamic thought.Less
More than any other issue in early and medieval Islamic theology, anthropomorphism (tashbīh) stood at the heart of many theological debates. These debates were not purely intellectual; they were intrinsically linked to political struggles over hegemony. The way a scholar interpreted the anthropomorphic descriptions of God in the Qur’an and the Hadith (for instance, God’s hand, God’s laughter or God’s sitting on the heavenly throne) often reflected his political and social stature, and his theological affinity. This book focuses on aḥādīth al-ṣifāt – the traditions that depict God and His attributes in an anthropomorphic language. The book reveals the way these traditions were studied and interpreted in the circles of Islamic traditionalism which included ultra-traditionalists (the Hanbalites and their forerunners) and middle-of-the-road traditionalists (Ash’arites and their forerunners). The book presents an in-depth literary analysis of aḥādīth al-ṣifāt while considering the role of the early scholars of Hadith in shaping the narrative of these anthropomorphic texts. The book also offers the first scholarly and systematic presentation of hand, face, and bodily gestures that the scholars performed while transmitting the anthropomorphic traditions. The book goes on to discuss the inner controversies in the prominent traditionalistic learning centres of the Islamic world regarding the way to understand and interpret these anthropomorphic traditions. Through a close, contextualized, and interdisciplinary reading in Hadith compilations, theological treatises, and historical sources, this book offers an evaluation and understanding of the traditionalistic endeavours to define anthropomorphism in the most crucial and indeed most formative period of Islamic thought.
Steven Hurst
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748620791
- eISBN:
- 9780748652686
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748620791.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This book provides a comprehensive description and critique of the six most important historical interpretations of US Cold War foreign policy: traditionalism, revisionism, post-revisionism, ...
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This book provides a comprehensive description and critique of the six most important historical interpretations of US Cold War foreign policy: traditionalism, revisionism, post-revisionism, corporatism, world systems theory, and post-structuralism. The book uses the ‘levels of analysis’ approach to demonstrate how each of these perspectives can be understood as an explanatory framework combining different types of factors located at different levels of the international system. This original way of explaining the work of the historians discussed helps the reader to see past the narrative and empirical elements of their writings and to grasp more clearly the underlying theoretical assumptions. In each chapter a description of the perspective's underlying theoretical framework and how it explains US foreign policy is followed by a critique of that theory and explanation. A central theme, developed throughout the book, is the difficulty of managing the constant tension between the explanatory power of theory and the historian's desire to encompass the complex totality of historical events. This critical companion can be read alongside the works of the historians themselves, showing how they have sought to explain US Cold War foreign policy and the key differences between their perspectives.Less
This book provides a comprehensive description and critique of the six most important historical interpretations of US Cold War foreign policy: traditionalism, revisionism, post-revisionism, corporatism, world systems theory, and post-structuralism. The book uses the ‘levels of analysis’ approach to demonstrate how each of these perspectives can be understood as an explanatory framework combining different types of factors located at different levels of the international system. This original way of explaining the work of the historians discussed helps the reader to see past the narrative and empirical elements of their writings and to grasp more clearly the underlying theoretical assumptions. In each chapter a description of the perspective's underlying theoretical framework and how it explains US foreign policy is followed by a critique of that theory and explanation. A central theme, developed throughout the book, is the difficulty of managing the constant tension between the explanatory power of theory and the historian's desire to encompass the complex totality of historical events. This critical companion can be read alongside the works of the historians themselves, showing how they have sought to explain US Cold War foreign policy and the key differences between their perspectives.
Lawrence A. Scaff
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147796
- eISBN:
- 9781400836710
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147796.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Population and Demography
This chapter examines Max Weber's exploration of the American heartland and frontier, with particular emphasis on his experiences in Oklahoma and the Indian Territory. It first considers how the idea ...
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This chapter examines Max Weber's exploration of the American heartland and frontier, with particular emphasis on his experiences in Oklahoma and the Indian Territory. It first considers how the idea for Weber's Oklahoma and Indian Territory trip originated in the first place before discussing the “unique problems” that Weber encountered in the Indian Territory, including questions of tribal membership or citizenship, and land allotment. It then analyzes Weber's claim that the coming of modern industrial civilization led to the rapid disappearance of the romanticized past. As he put it, the “Leatherstocking romanticism” of native life and the frontier was coming to an end. The chapter also explores Weber's views on the construction of “nature,” the emergence of a new world, and traditionalism and concludes with an assessment of the significance of the frontier to Weber's work.Less
This chapter examines Max Weber's exploration of the American heartland and frontier, with particular emphasis on his experiences in Oklahoma and the Indian Territory. It first considers how the idea for Weber's Oklahoma and Indian Territory trip originated in the first place before discussing the “unique problems” that Weber encountered in the Indian Territory, including questions of tribal membership or citizenship, and land allotment. It then analyzes Weber's claim that the coming of modern industrial civilization led to the rapid disappearance of the romanticized past. As he put it, the “Leatherstocking romanticism” of native life and the frontier was coming to an end. The chapter also explores Weber's views on the construction of “nature,” the emergence of a new world, and traditionalism and concludes with an assessment of the significance of the frontier to Weber's work.
E. H. H. GREEN
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198205937
- eISBN:
- 9780191717116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205937.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, Political History
The chapters in this book identify leitmotifs in Conservative thought which enable one to answer the question ‘What is Conservatism?’ This answer confirms and builds upon arguments developed by ...
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The chapters in this book identify leitmotifs in Conservative thought which enable one to answer the question ‘What is Conservatism?’ This answer confirms and builds upon arguments developed by Anthony Quinton and Michael Oakeshott, particularly the former's ideas of intellectual imperfection, political scepticism, traditionalism, and organicism. At all levels of political debate and action throughout the 20th century, Conservatives articulated a range of positions, norms, and beliefs that were designed to identify the nature and meaning of Conservatism, and which fitted the patterns discerned by Quinton and Oakeshott, with the exception of Thatcherism. Thatcherism's implications were wholly at odds with the organicist emphasis on social association that had previously been such a marked feature of Conservative thought. As the Conservative century came to an end, it seemed that even if the Conservative Party had survived, Conservatism had not.Less
The chapters in this book identify leitmotifs in Conservative thought which enable one to answer the question ‘What is Conservatism?’ This answer confirms and builds upon arguments developed by Anthony Quinton and Michael Oakeshott, particularly the former's ideas of intellectual imperfection, political scepticism, traditionalism, and organicism. At all levels of political debate and action throughout the 20th century, Conservatives articulated a range of positions, norms, and beliefs that were designed to identify the nature and meaning of Conservatism, and which fitted the patterns discerned by Quinton and Oakeshott, with the exception of Thatcherism. Thatcherism's implications were wholly at odds with the organicist emphasis on social association that had previously been such a marked feature of Conservative thought. As the Conservative century came to an end, it seemed that even if the Conservative Party had survived, Conservatism had not.
Abdulaziz Sachedina
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195388428
- eISBN:
- 9780199866755
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195388428.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society, Islam
This chapter lays the groundwork for assessing traditionalist Muslim scholarship on human rights to date. It undertakes to argue that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights cannot be dismissed ...
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This chapter lays the groundwork for assessing traditionalist Muslim scholarship on human rights to date. It undertakes to argue that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights cannot be dismissed outright as a product of Western secular thought with deep roots in Enlightenment thought. Nor can one entertain the charge of a Eurocentric bias of the document as valid because liberal views about human individuality, dignity, and agency are compatible with Islamic revelation as developed in Muslim philosophical theology and juridical methodology to understand human personhood. Thus far Muslim studies of the Declaration have concentrated on investigating the compatibility or the lack of it from the point of view of the Shari'a—the Sacred Law of Islam—without engaging the juridical system's theological‐ethical foundations. Given the declaration's intellectual anchoring in the historically specific secular and Christian experience of the drafters, academically such an investigation about the Shari'a's compatibility with the declaration is unproductive for understanding the origins of the universal underpinnings of both the Islamic tradition and the secular international document. To get to the root of Muslim traditionalists' arguments against the antireligion bias of the declaration, this chapter endeavors to undertake a critical analysis of Muslim theological resources to propose a fresh understanding of Muslim theology to support universal human rights that envisions the derivation of human rights on the basis of the principle of the inherency and inalienability of the rights that accrue to all humans as humans.Less
This chapter lays the groundwork for assessing traditionalist Muslim scholarship on human rights to date. It undertakes to argue that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights cannot be dismissed outright as a product of Western secular thought with deep roots in Enlightenment thought. Nor can one entertain the charge of a Eurocentric bias of the document as valid because liberal views about human individuality, dignity, and agency are compatible with Islamic revelation as developed in Muslim philosophical theology and juridical methodology to understand human personhood. Thus far Muslim studies of the Declaration have concentrated on investigating the compatibility or the lack of it from the point of view of the Shari'a—the Sacred Law of Islam—without engaging the juridical system's theological‐ethical foundations. Given the declaration's intellectual anchoring in the historically specific secular and Christian experience of the drafters, academically such an investigation about the Shari'a's compatibility with the declaration is unproductive for understanding the origins of the universal underpinnings of both the Islamic tradition and the secular international document. To get to the root of Muslim traditionalists' arguments against the antireligion bias of the declaration, this chapter endeavors to undertake a critical analysis of Muslim theological resources to propose a fresh understanding of Muslim theology to support universal human rights that envisions the derivation of human rights on the basis of the principle of the inherency and inalienability of the rights that accrue to all humans as humans.
Robert Cassanello, Colin J. Davis, and Melanie Shell-Weiss (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034034
- eISBN:
- 9780813038261
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034034.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Over the last forty years, the American South has become very diverse very quickly. New businesses and job opportunities in the region have driven this growth, brought an influx of capital, and ...
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Over the last forty years, the American South has become very diverse very quickly. New businesses and job opportunities in the region have driven this growth, brought an influx of capital, and attracted residents from other parts of the country and the world. Since World War II, traditionalism in the South has had to live side-by-side with a South embodying internationalism, diversity, and movement. In this volume, a group of historians, anthropologists, and other social scientists examine the intersection of labor history and migration studies to explain the South's recent dynamism in both urban and rural settings. These essays examine the transformation of the Southern workplace since World War II, the impact migration has on workers who don't move, and the corporations and industry that have relocated below the Mason–Dixon line.Less
Over the last forty years, the American South has become very diverse very quickly. New businesses and job opportunities in the region have driven this growth, brought an influx of capital, and attracted residents from other parts of the country and the world. Since World War II, traditionalism in the South has had to live side-by-side with a South embodying internationalism, diversity, and movement. In this volume, a group of historians, anthropologists, and other social scientists examine the intersection of labor history and migration studies to explain the South's recent dynamism in both urban and rural settings. These essays examine the transformation of the Southern workplace since World War II, the impact migration has on workers who don't move, and the corporations and industry that have relocated below the Mason–Dixon line.
Eric Dorn Brose
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195143355
- eISBN:
- 9780199872015
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195143355.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter shows how the Boer War — the first struggle between Europeans in the new century — offered military observers many glimpses of combat in the modern era. The spade, one of the Boer's best ...
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This chapter shows how the Boer War — the first struggle between Europeans in the new century — offered military observers many glimpses of combat in the modern era. The spade, one of the Boer's best weapons, served them well along the Tugela. Slit trenches were inadequate, however, as the hapless British learned on Spion Kop. Moreover, rapid-firing rifles and cannons, rendered virtually invisible by smokeless powder, concealment, and long distances, created a new kind of warfare that demanded innovative tactical responses. If more proof were needed, after St. Privat and Plevna, that stubborn traditionalism cost lives, here it was.Less
This chapter shows how the Boer War — the first struggle between Europeans in the new century — offered military observers many glimpses of combat in the modern era. The spade, one of the Boer's best weapons, served them well along the Tugela. Slit trenches were inadequate, however, as the hapless British learned on Spion Kop. Moreover, rapid-firing rifles and cannons, rendered virtually invisible by smokeless powder, concealment, and long distances, created a new kind of warfare that demanded innovative tactical responses. If more proof were needed, after St. Privat and Plevna, that stubborn traditionalism cost lives, here it was.
David C. Barker and Christopher Jan Carman
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199796564
- eISBN:
- 9780199979714
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199796564.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter lays out the argument in a detailed and systematic way. The chapter argues: (a) ordinary people do hold ideological predilections regarding the nature of democratic governance; (b) those ...
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This chapter lays out the argument in a detailed and systematic way. The chapter argues: (a) ordinary people do hold ideological predilections regarding the nature of democratic governance; (b) those predilections stem, in part, from different expectations regarding the nature of democratic governance; (c) such differences in democratic worldviews are partially a byproduct of cultural progressivism/traditionalism. That is, this chapter provides the detailed theoretical rationale undergirding the empirical analyses that follow.Less
This chapter lays out the argument in a detailed and systematic way. The chapter argues: (a) ordinary people do hold ideological predilections regarding the nature of democratic governance; (b) those predilections stem, in part, from different expectations regarding the nature of democratic governance; (c) such differences in democratic worldviews are partially a byproduct of cultural progressivism/traditionalism. That is, this chapter provides the detailed theoretical rationale undergirding the empirical analyses that follow.
Yoon Sun Lee
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195162356
- eISBN:
- 9780199787852
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195162356.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century Literature and Romanticism
This chapter examines why and how Scott used antiquarianism to articulate his complex, ironic nationalism. Despite its avowed patriotic intentions, antiquarianism rested on assumptions about history ...
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This chapter examines why and how Scott used antiquarianism to articulate his complex, ironic nationalism. Despite its avowed patriotic intentions, antiquarianism rested on assumptions about history that undercut the traditionalism that dominated Britain's public culture during its wars with France. Antiquarian foraging for scraps, fragments, and illegible objects could embarrass or even undermine belief in national character as an unbroken inheritance, an ideology particularly visible in the broadsides and ballads of the 1790s. In his own activities at Waterloo and in his historical novel, The Antiquary, Scott showed how antiquarianism can be critical, skeptical, and commercially-minded at the same time that it upheld cherished national fictions. Scott's historical novels often reveal how outdated ideologies can be recycled by modern commercial societies.Less
This chapter examines why and how Scott used antiquarianism to articulate his complex, ironic nationalism. Despite its avowed patriotic intentions, antiquarianism rested on assumptions about history that undercut the traditionalism that dominated Britain's public culture during its wars with France. Antiquarian foraging for scraps, fragments, and illegible objects could embarrass or even undermine belief in national character as an unbroken inheritance, an ideology particularly visible in the broadsides and ballads of the 1790s. In his own activities at Waterloo and in his historical novel, The Antiquary, Scott showed how antiquarianism can be critical, skeptical, and commercially-minded at the same time that it upheld cherished national fictions. Scott's historical novels often reveal how outdated ideologies can be recycled by modern commercial societies.
Joel D. Aberbach and Gillian Peele
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199764013
- eISBN:
- 9780199897186
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199764013.003.0017
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
The contributors to this volume have identified a range of tensions and fissures in the conservative movement and fissures in the conservative movement and a significant level of doubt and ...
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The contributors to this volume have identified a range of tensions and fissures in the conservative movement and fissures in the conservative movement and a significant level of doubt and uncertainty about the future direction of the Republican Party. This chapter briefly synthesizes some of these tensions and uncertainties in an attempt to clarify the dilemmas facing conservative adherents and in anticipation of the continuing challenges that conservatives and Republicans are likely to face. The chapter argues that while the American conservative movement is marked by differences between adherents of the various strands of conservatism, it is strengthened by a vibrant intellectual life and by the fact that a large proportion of the public think of themselves as conservatives or moderates.Less
The contributors to this volume have identified a range of tensions and fissures in the conservative movement and fissures in the conservative movement and a significant level of doubt and uncertainty about the future direction of the Republican Party. This chapter briefly synthesizes some of these tensions and uncertainties in an attempt to clarify the dilemmas facing conservative adherents and in anticipation of the continuing challenges that conservatives and Republicans are likely to face. The chapter argues that while the American conservative movement is marked by differences between adherents of the various strands of conservatism, it is strengthened by a vibrant intellectual life and by the fact that a large proportion of the public think of themselves as conservatives or moderates.
David. Cressy
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198207818
- eISBN:
- 9780191677809
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198207818.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, Cultural History
This chapter deals with John Mynet, a Nottinghamshire landowner who was accused in 1590 of a slate of offences including atheism, slander, brawling, and conjuring. His gravest offence, which set him ...
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This chapter deals with John Mynet, a Nottinghamshire landowner who was accused in 1590 of a slate of offences including atheism, slander, brawling, and conjuring. His gravest offence, which set him at odds with the parish minister, was his reading of a midsummer sermon or homily which perpetuated an unreformed Catholic theology and a discredited devotion to the saints. The incident raises questions about the progress of the Reformation and the practices of popular religion. The exchange between Mynet and his enemies opens a window onto parochial relations, popular culture, and the world of competing truths in early modern England.Less
This chapter deals with John Mynet, a Nottinghamshire landowner who was accused in 1590 of a slate of offences including atheism, slander, brawling, and conjuring. His gravest offence, which set him at odds with the parish minister, was his reading of a midsummer sermon or homily which perpetuated an unreformed Catholic theology and a discredited devotion to the saints. The incident raises questions about the progress of the Reformation and the practices of popular religion. The exchange between Mynet and his enemies opens a window onto parochial relations, popular culture, and the world of competing truths in early modern England.
Richard Harris
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195373929
- eISBN:
- 9780199852291
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373929.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
Environmentalism, born in the milieu of activism and protest during the 1960s, aimed not only to save the ecosystem but also to open up administrative and policy processes to more democratic impulses ...
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Environmentalism, born in the milieu of activism and protest during the 1960s, aimed not only to save the ecosystem but also to open up administrative and policy processes to more democratic impulses that proved hostile to individualism, liberty, and property rights. For conservatives like Reagan, the fundamental challenge of environmental policy therefore lay not in business complaints about rising compliance costs or economists' concern about market inefficiency, but in its animating ideas and its institutional objectives. It is important to understand that these challenges were born, not of the older conservationist policies that many conservatives could support, but rather of the post-1970 variant of environmental policy that sought to democratize the policy process and supplant individualism and liberty with collectivism and planning. An effective response would require a conservative counterrevolution in the policy process that directly addressed the ideational and institutional bases of environmental policy. That response would flow from the confluence of three distinct streams of conservative thought: libertarianism, traditionalism, and anticommunism. This chapter discusses how the fusion of these distinct elements of postwar conservative thought formed the basis for a vigorous and visceral conservative reaction to environmentalist programs. It then turns to an appraisal of two landmark pieces of environmental legislation of the 1970s — the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) and the Clean Air Amendments Act of 1977 (CAAA) — both of which clearly illustrate the ideational and institutional challenges that environmental policy posed for conservatives.Less
Environmentalism, born in the milieu of activism and protest during the 1960s, aimed not only to save the ecosystem but also to open up administrative and policy processes to more democratic impulses that proved hostile to individualism, liberty, and property rights. For conservatives like Reagan, the fundamental challenge of environmental policy therefore lay not in business complaints about rising compliance costs or economists' concern about market inefficiency, but in its animating ideas and its institutional objectives. It is important to understand that these challenges were born, not of the older conservationist policies that many conservatives could support, but rather of the post-1970 variant of environmental policy that sought to democratize the policy process and supplant individualism and liberty with collectivism and planning. An effective response would require a conservative counterrevolution in the policy process that directly addressed the ideational and institutional bases of environmental policy. That response would flow from the confluence of three distinct streams of conservative thought: libertarianism, traditionalism, and anticommunism. This chapter discusses how the fusion of these distinct elements of postwar conservative thought formed the basis for a vigorous and visceral conservative reaction to environmentalist programs. It then turns to an appraisal of two landmark pieces of environmental legislation of the 1970s — the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) and the Clean Air Amendments Act of 1977 (CAAA) — both of which clearly illustrate the ideational and institutional challenges that environmental policy posed for conservatives.
Livnat Holtzman
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780748689569
- eISBN:
- 9781474444828
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748689569.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
Anthropomorphism in Islam presents a range of issues that encompass the problematics of aḥādīth al-ṣifāt. The book focuses on aḥādīth al-ṣifāt as popular oral literature; the use of aḥādīth al-ṣifāt ...
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Anthropomorphism in Islam presents a range of issues that encompass the problematics of aḥādīth al-ṣifāt. The book focuses on aḥādīth al-ṣifāt as popular oral literature; the use of aḥādīth al-ṣifāt in the traditionalistic discourse; and aḥādīth al-ṣifāt as iconic texts in the public sphere. These issues form the demarcation lines between ultra-traditionalism, middle-of-the-road traditionalism, and traditional-rationalism. The major findings of Anthropomorphism in Islam are as follows: first, the ultra-traditionalists were more receptive to aḥādīth al-ṣifāt than other middle-of-the-road muḥaddithūn. Second, the ultra-traditionalists were more attentive to the social function that aḥādīth al-ṣifāt served in offering the masses an Islamic religiosity which provided a direct way to perceive God without the interference of mediators. Third, the ultra-traditionalists structured the iconicity of aḥādīth al-ṣifāt by perfecting their skills as performers. Accordingly, Anthropomorphism in Islam offered the first large-scale examination of gestures that were part of the process of transmitting aḥādīth al-ṣifāṭ. These gestures symbolised the main features of the long-term debate between the flexible Hanbalites and the rigid Ashʿarites. Aḥādīth al-ṣifāt and the gestures that accompanied their recitation were among the most powerful icons of Islamic traditionalism.Less
Anthropomorphism in Islam presents a range of issues that encompass the problematics of aḥādīth al-ṣifāt. The book focuses on aḥādīth al-ṣifāt as popular oral literature; the use of aḥādīth al-ṣifāt in the traditionalistic discourse; and aḥādīth al-ṣifāt as iconic texts in the public sphere. These issues form the demarcation lines between ultra-traditionalism, middle-of-the-road traditionalism, and traditional-rationalism. The major findings of Anthropomorphism in Islam are as follows: first, the ultra-traditionalists were more receptive to aḥādīth al-ṣifāt than other middle-of-the-road muḥaddithūn. Second, the ultra-traditionalists were more attentive to the social function that aḥādīth al-ṣifāt served in offering the masses an Islamic religiosity which provided a direct way to perceive God without the interference of mediators. Third, the ultra-traditionalists structured the iconicity of aḥādīth al-ṣifāt by perfecting their skills as performers. Accordingly, Anthropomorphism in Islam offered the first large-scale examination of gestures that were part of the process of transmitting aḥādīth al-ṣifāṭ. These gestures symbolised the main features of the long-term debate between the flexible Hanbalites and the rigid Ashʿarites. Aḥādīth al-ṣifāt and the gestures that accompanied their recitation were among the most powerful icons of Islamic traditionalism.
Christopher Tyerman
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198227960
- eISBN:
- 9780191678776
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198227960.003.0010
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History, British and Irish Modern History
Harrow School at the end of the 18th century presents a deceptive image. As with English society itself, behind the successful pursuit and maintenance of traditional outward forms and structures, ...
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Harrow School at the end of the 18th century presents a deceptive image. As with English society itself, behind the successful pursuit and maintenance of traditional outward forms and structures, supporting fundamentals were beginning to change, the state of a shift in the ground which ultimately swept away much that had seemed so stable and so effective. The patrician culture and classical curriculum of the 18th-century public school that Harrow had come to embody was soon to appear obsolete and corrupt. The Head Mastership of Joseph Drury appeared to herald a Golden Age but its glamour and self-satisfaction concealed a transience and an inertia that were soon exposed. Drury's Harrow, so memorably evoked by George Byron's sharp, sensuous sentimentality, now appears less a reaffirmation of lasting certainties than a fleeting, gorgeous fin de siècle. The Governors' Minutes and Accounts reveal both hidehound traditionalism and new currents of economic development. With one eye firmly on the strict legal interpretation of the Charter and Statutes, the governors continued to display unbending parochialism.Less
Harrow School at the end of the 18th century presents a deceptive image. As with English society itself, behind the successful pursuit and maintenance of traditional outward forms and structures, supporting fundamentals were beginning to change, the state of a shift in the ground which ultimately swept away much that had seemed so stable and so effective. The patrician culture and classical curriculum of the 18th-century public school that Harrow had come to embody was soon to appear obsolete and corrupt. The Head Mastership of Joseph Drury appeared to herald a Golden Age but its glamour and self-satisfaction concealed a transience and an inertia that were soon exposed. Drury's Harrow, so memorably evoked by George Byron's sharp, sensuous sentimentality, now appears less a reaffirmation of lasting certainties than a fleeting, gorgeous fin de siècle. The Governors' Minutes and Accounts reveal both hidehound traditionalism and new currents of economic development. With one eye firmly on the strict legal interpretation of the Charter and Statutes, the governors continued to display unbending parochialism.
Brooke Grundfest Schoepf
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- January 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780197265680
- eISBN:
- 9780191771910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265680.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
Moralist strictures against comprehensive sex education and condom use, and stigmatising views of sufferers leave many people, especially girls, women, and men who have sex with men, vulnerable to ...
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Moralist strictures against comprehensive sex education and condom use, and stigmatising views of sufferers leave many people, especially girls, women, and men who have sex with men, vulnerable to HIV infection, unable to use condom protection, and afraid to test or to seek treatment. Following an overview of AIDS in Africa, the chapter traces some of the hegemonic patriarchal discourses of powerful actors in the United States and their resonances in Africa, beginning with field experiences in Kinshasa from the mid-1980s. It examines cross-cutting currents in discourse, policy and practice with respect to HIV/AIDS that flow between the US and sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting the ideology and programme of ultra-conservative ‘Christian right’ leaders in the US, with special attention to gender and sexuality. These are related to discourses of ‘tradition’ in Africa and the struggle to eliminate AIDS, and to consolidate human rights in Africa and the US.Less
Moralist strictures against comprehensive sex education and condom use, and stigmatising views of sufferers leave many people, especially girls, women, and men who have sex with men, vulnerable to HIV infection, unable to use condom protection, and afraid to test or to seek treatment. Following an overview of AIDS in Africa, the chapter traces some of the hegemonic patriarchal discourses of powerful actors in the United States and their resonances in Africa, beginning with field experiences in Kinshasa from the mid-1980s. It examines cross-cutting currents in discourse, policy and practice with respect to HIV/AIDS that flow between the US and sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting the ideology and programme of ultra-conservative ‘Christian right’ leaders in the US, with special attention to gender and sexuality. These are related to discourses of ‘tradition’ in Africa and the struggle to eliminate AIDS, and to consolidate human rights in Africa and the US.
Sherman A. Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195382068
- eISBN:
- 9780199852437
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195382068.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter examines the early development and basic features of Traditionalist theology and its possible influence on black theodicy in the U.S. Traditionalism developed in opposition to the ...
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This chapter examines the early development and basic features of Traditionalist theology and its possible influence on black theodicy in the U.S. Traditionalism developed in opposition to the universe of interpretive presuppositions via which Rationalism insisted that scripture be understood and vindicated. The Traditionalists are committed to the principle that as the All-Knowing, God is unquestionably most knowledgeable of God. They believe that the primary means of knowing God is through human beings’ natural, instinctual ability, a medium that renders rational proofs largely superfluous, except for those whose natural disposition has been corrupted.Less
This chapter examines the early development and basic features of Traditionalist theology and its possible influence on black theodicy in the U.S. Traditionalism developed in opposition to the universe of interpretive presuppositions via which Rationalism insisted that scripture be understood and vindicated. The Traditionalists are committed to the principle that as the All-Knowing, God is unquestionably most knowledgeable of God. They believe that the primary means of knowing God is through human beings’ natural, instinctual ability, a medium that renders rational proofs largely superfluous, except for those whose natural disposition has been corrupted.
Sherman A. Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195382068
- eISBN:
- 9780199852437
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195382068.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the influence of classical Sunni theological tradition on black theodicy in the U.S. It concludes that despite their emphatic and explicit ...
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This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the influence of classical Sunni theological tradition on black theodicy in the U.S. It concludes that despite their emphatic and explicit endorsement of divine omnipotence, none of the schools of classical Muslim theology embraces as their going opinion the denial of human choice. It explains that Mu’tazilism virtually removes God altogether from the process via which humans commit evil, while Ash’arism insists that God provides agency but only at the request of human beings. Maturidism and Traditionalism hold that humans basically have enough inherent agency to carry out their will to commit good or evil without any additional grants from God.Less
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the influence of classical Sunni theological tradition on black theodicy in the U.S. It concludes that despite their emphatic and explicit endorsement of divine omnipotence, none of the schools of classical Muslim theology embraces as their going opinion the denial of human choice. It explains that Mu’tazilism virtually removes God altogether from the process via which humans commit evil, while Ash’arism insists that God provides agency but only at the request of human beings. Maturidism and Traditionalism hold that humans basically have enough inherent agency to carry out their will to commit good or evil without any additional grants from God.
Sean P. Cunningham
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813125763
- eISBN:
- 9780813135441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813125763.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
V.O. Key (a political scientist) argued that the “changes of nine decades have weakened the heritage of southern traditionalism, revolutionized the economy, and made Texas more western than ...
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V.O. Key (a political scientist) argued that the “changes of nine decades have weakened the heritage of southern traditionalism, revolutionized the economy, and made Texas more western than southern.” He also argued that trumping virtually all other issues in Texas was the persistent debate over the extent, scope, and role of government in shaping the economy. According to him, factions of conservatives and liberals, exemplified by colorful and powerful personalities, dominated the state's midcentury political culture, while most Texans based their own political behaviors upon the publicly constructed definitions ascribed to each personality, faction, and ideology.Less
V.O. Key (a political scientist) argued that the “changes of nine decades have weakened the heritage of southern traditionalism, revolutionized the economy, and made Texas more western than southern.” He also argued that trumping virtually all other issues in Texas was the persistent debate over the extent, scope, and role of government in shaping the economy. According to him, factions of conservatives and liberals, exemplified by colorful and powerful personalities, dominated the state's midcentury political culture, while most Texans based their own political behaviors upon the publicly constructed definitions ascribed to each personality, faction, and ideology.
Robert M. Uriu
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199280568
- eISBN:
- 9780191712814
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280568.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, South and East Asia
In this chapter the author describes the “traditionalist” view that the Japanese economy was protected but could be opened through trade talks. More importantly, traditionalists argued that trade ...
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In this chapter the author describes the “traditionalist” view that the Japanese economy was protected but could be opened through trade talks. More importantly, traditionalists argued that trade frictions should not be allowed to damage the crucial U.S.‐Japan military relationship. The second half of the chapter traces the early origins of revisionist thinking against the backdrop of rising trade tensions that reached an emotional peak in the 1980s. Certain U.S. government officials and business leaders were crucial early proponents. One trade agreement, on semiconductors in 1986, was spurred in part by revisionist ideas about the dangers of allowing Japan to maintain a closed market. But for the most part the Reagan administration's Japan policy remained traditionalist in orientation, especially its emphasis on the political and military value of the alliance.Less
In this chapter the author describes the “traditionalist” view that the Japanese economy was protected but could be opened through trade talks. More importantly, traditionalists argued that trade frictions should not be allowed to damage the crucial U.S.‐Japan military relationship. The second half of the chapter traces the early origins of revisionist thinking against the backdrop of rising trade tensions that reached an emotional peak in the 1980s. Certain U.S. government officials and business leaders were crucial early proponents. One trade agreement, on semiconductors in 1986, was spurred in part by revisionist ideas about the dangers of allowing Japan to maintain a closed market. But for the most part the Reagan administration's Japan policy remained traditionalist in orientation, especially its emphasis on the political and military value of the alliance.
