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In Western countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, favor has veered away from utilizing the Deficit Model of youth work—one that reflects the young people's negative perceptions. However, the underlying values of the model, as well as a fundamental assumptions, are still applied in Hong Kong in terms of youth work development. Traditional social welfare views—in which social welfare mostly concerns people in need of assistance as they are unable to take care of themselves—are related to the development of this model. It is pointed out in this chapter that this model appears to be negative towards those who do not have the capacity to help themselves, and the chapter attempts to look into some of the assumptions and values related to this model.

This chapter presents the communication-theory perspective of corporal punishment, according to which, there are at least three major problems with the traditional view of corporal punishment. First, corporal punishment is not a physical act that is apart from a sequence of failed communication attempts. Rather, it is one of the messages in the sequence. A second problem is the assumption that the meaning of the message is unequivocal. However, messages having multiple meanings are more the rule than the exception, and there seems no basis for declaring that corporal punishment is such an exception. Finally, the third fault with the traditional view of corporal punishment is that the blame for the speaker's failure to persuade is shifted to the message receiver. This is tantamount to saying consumers are to blame if an advertiser spends a great deal of money on unsuccessful ads.

Much recent Christian philosophy has been devoted to defending hell, in some form or other, and addressing the various problems the doctrine raises. In this chapter, a set of problems is developed that is generally underappreciated, problems stemming not from the doctrine of hell itself, but from individual and collective belief in the doctrine. It is argued that, in numerous ways, the revelation of the doctrine of hell seems to bring about a situation in which it becomes psychologically impossible to do what is required to avoid hell, and in numerous ways, belief in hell seems incompatible with other beliefs, actions, and attitudes that are fundamental to the Christian faith. The chapter aims to demonstrate the seriousness of the challenge these various doxastic problems pose for defenders of the traditional view of hell.