Daviken Studnicki-Gizbert
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195175691
- eISBN:
- 9780199872060
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195175691.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
With the opening of sea routes in the 15th century, groups of men and women left Portugal to establish themselves across the ports and cities of the Atlantic or Ocean Sea. They were refugees and ...
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With the opening of sea routes in the 15th century, groups of men and women left Portugal to establish themselves across the ports and cities of the Atlantic or Ocean Sea. They were refugees and migrants, traders and mariners, Jews, Catholics, and the Marranos of mixed Judaic-Catholic culture. They formed a diasporic community known by contemporaries as the Portuguese Nation. By the early 17th century, this nation without a state had created a remarkable trading network that spanned the Atlantic, reached into the Indian Ocean and Asia, and generated millions of pesos that were used to bankroll the Spanish Empire. This book traces the story of the Portuguese Nation from its emergence in the late 15th century to its fragmentation in the middle of the 17th, and situates it in relation to the parallel expansion and crisis of Spanish imperial dominion in the Atlantic. Against the backdrop of this relationship, the book reconstitutes the rich inner life of a community based on movement, maritime trade, and cultural hybridity. We are introduced to mariners and traders in such disparate places as Lima, Seville and Amsterdam, their day-to-day interactions and understandings, their houses and domestic relations, private reflections and public arguments. This account reveals how the Portuguese Nation created a cohesive and meaningful community despite the mobility and dispersion of its members; how its forms of sociability fed into the development of robust transatlantic commercial networks; and how the day-to-day experience of trade was translated into the sphere of Spanish imperial politics as merchants of the Portuguese Nation took up the pen to advocate a program of commercial reform based on religious-ethnic toleration and the liberalization of trade.Less
With the opening of sea routes in the 15th century, groups of men and women left Portugal to establish themselves across the ports and cities of the Atlantic or Ocean Sea. They were refugees and migrants, traders and mariners, Jews, Catholics, and the Marranos of mixed Judaic-Catholic culture. They formed a diasporic community known by contemporaries as the Portuguese Nation. By the early 17th century, this nation without a state had created a remarkable trading network that spanned the Atlantic, reached into the Indian Ocean and Asia, and generated millions of pesos that were used to bankroll the Spanish Empire. This book traces the story of the Portuguese Nation from its emergence in the late 15th century to its fragmentation in the middle of the 17th, and situates it in relation to the parallel expansion and crisis of Spanish imperial dominion in the Atlantic. Against the backdrop of this relationship, the book reconstitutes the rich inner life of a community based on movement, maritime trade, and cultural hybridity. We are introduced to mariners and traders in such disparate places as Lima, Seville and Amsterdam, their day-to-day interactions and understandings, their houses and domestic relations, private reflections and public arguments. This account reveals how the Portuguese Nation created a cohesive and meaningful community despite the mobility and dispersion of its members; how its forms of sociability fed into the development of robust transatlantic commercial networks; and how the day-to-day experience of trade was translated into the sphere of Spanish imperial politics as merchants of the Portuguese Nation took up the pen to advocate a program of commercial reform based on religious-ethnic toleration and the liberalization of trade.
Martin Khor
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534081
- eISBN:
- 9780191714658
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534081.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter deals with trade policy and the world trading system from a development perspective, and concludes with proposals for making the global trading system more development-oriented, ...
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This chapter deals with trade policy and the world trading system from a development perspective, and concludes with proposals for making the global trading system more development-oriented, beginning with a re-orientation of the WTO. As trade is a means to development, not an end in itself, the Organization's policies should be judged not on whether they are ‘trade-distorting’ but whether they are ‘development-distorting’. Second, the WTO must make structural changes to compensate for the handicaps of developing countries in the WTO system; reciprocity among members with different capacities leads to unequal outcomes. Thirdly, developing countries need policy space, and must be allowed to consider national treatment, subsidies, and tariffs when these are development-inducing. Finally, the WTO should stick to trade issues — not intellectual property and other non-trade issues. Other agencies exist to handle other issues. With these changes, the WTO could better play its role in the design and maintenance of fair rules for trade, and thus contribute towards a balanced, predictable international trading system which is designed to produce and promote development.Less
This chapter deals with trade policy and the world trading system from a development perspective, and concludes with proposals for making the global trading system more development-oriented, beginning with a re-orientation of the WTO. As trade is a means to development, not an end in itself, the Organization's policies should be judged not on whether they are ‘trade-distorting’ but whether they are ‘development-distorting’. Second, the WTO must make structural changes to compensate for the handicaps of developing countries in the WTO system; reciprocity among members with different capacities leads to unequal outcomes. Thirdly, developing countries need policy space, and must be allowed to consider national treatment, subsidies, and tariffs when these are development-inducing. Finally, the WTO should stick to trade issues — not intellectual property and other non-trade issues. Other agencies exist to handle other issues. With these changes, the WTO could better play its role in the design and maintenance of fair rules for trade, and thus contribute towards a balanced, predictable international trading system which is designed to produce and promote development.
Adelle Blackett
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264911
- eISBN:
- 9780191754098
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264911.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter argues that rethinking the boundaries of labour law must include considering a broad range of public policy measures that not only intersect with labour law, but shape it. In particular, ...
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This chapter argues that rethinking the boundaries of labour law must include considering a broad range of public policy measures that not only intersect with labour law, but shape it. In particular, trade liberalisation and restrictions to the movement of persons influence our understandings of how labour is meant to be regulated. The chapter offers a brief historical framing and a discussion of some of the contemporary empirical literature, to capture employment effects of an asymmetrical liberalisation that has fundamentally called into question the embedded liberal compromise made by industrialised market economies. It argues that efforts to rethink the boundaries of labour law must engage with trade law and immigration law. In the process, it challenges the binary between trade versus aid. It suggests that it is neither acceptable nor strategically wise to resist the movement of persons for work and its development implications; rather it is time to focus carefully on the terms of that movement. Support for a notion of ‘reasonable labour market access for migrant workers’ must be accompanied by a ‘decent work complement’, which might take the form of a ‘reverse’ social clause.Less
This chapter argues that rethinking the boundaries of labour law must include considering a broad range of public policy measures that not only intersect with labour law, but shape it. In particular, trade liberalisation and restrictions to the movement of persons influence our understandings of how labour is meant to be regulated. The chapter offers a brief historical framing and a discussion of some of the contemporary empirical literature, to capture employment effects of an asymmetrical liberalisation that has fundamentally called into question the embedded liberal compromise made by industrialised market economies. It argues that efforts to rethink the boundaries of labour law must engage with trade law and immigration law. In the process, it challenges the binary between trade versus aid. It suggests that it is neither acceptable nor strategically wise to resist the movement of persons for work and its development implications; rather it is time to focus carefully on the terms of that movement. Support for a notion of ‘reasonable labour market access for migrant workers’ must be accompanied by a ‘decent work complement’, which might take the form of a ‘reverse’ social clause.
Robin M. Leichenko and Karen L. O'Brien
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195177329
- eISBN:
- 9780199869800
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177329.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
This chapter explores the uneven consequences of global environmental change and globalization for agriculture and rural livelihoods. The first part of the chapter examines two of the most ...
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This chapter explores the uneven consequences of global environmental change and globalization for agriculture and rural livelihoods. The first part of the chapter examines two of the most far-reaching and transformative types of global change, namely climate change and trade liberalization. It then presents a detailed case study of the pathway of outcome double exposure in Indian agriculture. The case study shows that the outcomes of climate change and trade liberalization in India are not randomly distributed, but instead are systematically linked to contextual conditions that influence both exposure and capacity to respond to each process. Growing inequalities linked to both processes can be seen at the regional, district, and village levels, and across gender groups. Global environmental change and globalization processes together reinforce uneven outcomes among farmers and rural communities, creating both double winners and double losers.Less
This chapter explores the uneven consequences of global environmental change and globalization for agriculture and rural livelihoods. The first part of the chapter examines two of the most far-reaching and transformative types of global change, namely climate change and trade liberalization. It then presents a detailed case study of the pathway of outcome double exposure in Indian agriculture. The case study shows that the outcomes of climate change and trade liberalization in India are not randomly distributed, but instead are systematically linked to contextual conditions that influence both exposure and capacity to respond to each process. Growing inequalities linked to both processes can be seen at the regional, district, and village levels, and across gender groups. Global environmental change and globalization processes together reinforce uneven outcomes among farmers and rural communities, creating both double winners and double losers.
Matias Vernengo
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189322
- eISBN:
- 9780199783823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189322.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter examines the growth and distributional impacts of Malaysia's policy of maintaining open current and capital accounts. Malaysia's external liberalization policy initiatives are described. ...
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This chapter examines the growth and distributional impacts of Malaysia's policy of maintaining open current and capital accounts. Malaysia's external liberalization policy initiatives are described. Malaysia's external liberalization experience is then analyzed, followed by an assessment of the macroeconomic impact of external liberalization à la Berg and Taylor (2000). The socio-economic impacts of external liberalization are dealt with in the following section. The final section provides a more detailed discussion of certain aspects of external liberalization, focusing on international trade, foreign direct investment, international finance, intellectual property rights, and international economic governance.Less
This chapter examines the growth and distributional impacts of Malaysia's policy of maintaining open current and capital accounts. Malaysia's external liberalization policy initiatives are described. Malaysia's external liberalization experience is then analyzed, followed by an assessment of the macroeconomic impact of external liberalization à la Berg and Taylor (2000). The socio-economic impacts of external liberalization are dealt with in the following section. The final section provides a more detailed discussion of certain aspects of external liberalization, focusing on international trade, foreign direct investment, international finance, intellectual property rights, and international economic governance.
Giovanni Andrea Cornia (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199271412
- eISBN:
- 9780191601255
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271410.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Based on an extensive review of relevant literature and an econometric analysis of inequality indexes, this book provides the first systematic analysis of the changes in within‐country income ...
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Based on an extensive review of relevant literature and an econometric analysis of inequality indexes, this book provides the first systematic analysis of the changes in within‐country income inequality over the last 20 years. Within‐country income inequality has risen since the early 1980s in most of the OECD, in all transitional countries, and in many developing countries; more recently, inequality has also risen in India and nations affected by the Asian crisis. Altogether, over the last 20 years, inequality worsened in 70% of the 73 countries analysed in the book, with the Gini index rising by more than five points in half of them. Mainstream theory focussing on rises in wage differentials by skill caused by North–South trade, migration, or on technological change, poorly explains the recent rise in income inequality. Likewise, while the traditional causes of income polarization—landownership inequality (high land concentration), unequal access to education, the urban bias (rural–urban inequality), the ‘curse of natural resources’—still account for much of the cross‐country variation in income inequality, they too cannot explain its recent rise. The book suggests that the recent rise in income inequality was caused to a considerable extent by a policy‐driven worsening in factorial income distribution, wage spread, and spatial inequality; in this regard, it discusses the distributive impact of reforms in trade and financial liberalization, taxation, public expenditure, safety nets, and labour markets. The volume represents one of the first attempts to analyse systematically the relation between policy changes inspired by liberalization and globalization and income inequality. It suggests that capital account liberalization appears to have had on average the strongest disequalizing effect, followed by domestic financial liberalization, labour market deregulation, and tax reform. Trade liberalization had unclear effects, while public expenditure reform often had positive effects. The book is arranged in four parts: I, Income Distribution Trends, Theories and Policies (2 chapters); II, Traditional Causes of Inequality: Still Relevant for Explaining its Rise in the 1980s–90s? (3 chapters); III, Recent Factors Influencing the Distribution of Income (6 chapters); and IV. Country Case Studies (5 chapters on India, Venezuela, Turkey, South Africa, and Thailand).Less
Based on an extensive review of relevant literature and an econometric analysis of inequality indexes, this book provides the first systematic analysis of the changes in within‐country income inequality over the last 20 years. Within‐country income inequality has risen since the early 1980s in most of the OECD, in all transitional countries, and in many developing countries; more recently, inequality has also risen in India and nations affected by the Asian crisis. Altogether, over the last 20 years, inequality worsened in 70% of the 73 countries analysed in the book, with the Gini index rising by more than five points in half of them. Mainstream theory focussing on rises in wage differentials by skill caused by North–South trade, migration, or on technological change, poorly explains the recent rise in income inequality. Likewise, while the traditional causes of income polarization—landownership inequality (high land concentration), unequal access to education, the urban bias (rural–urban inequality), the ‘curse of natural resources’—still account for much of the cross‐country variation in income inequality, they too cannot explain its recent rise. The book suggests that the recent rise in income inequality was caused to a considerable extent by a policy‐driven worsening in factorial income distribution, wage spread, and spatial inequality; in this regard, it discusses the distributive impact of reforms in trade and financial liberalization, taxation, public expenditure, safety nets, and labour markets. The volume represents one of the first attempts to analyse systematically the relation between policy changes inspired by liberalization and globalization and income inequality. It suggests that capital account liberalization appears to have had on average the strongest disequalizing effect, followed by domestic financial liberalization, labour market deregulation, and tax reform. Trade liberalization had unclear effects, while public expenditure reform often had positive effects. The book is arranged in four parts: I, Income Distribution Trends, Theories and Policies (2 chapters); II, Traditional Causes of Inequality: Still Relevant for Explaining its Rise in the 1980s–90s? (3 chapters); III, Recent Factors Influencing the Distribution of Income (6 chapters); and IV. Country Case Studies (5 chapters on India, Venezuela, Turkey, South Africa, and Thailand).
Shantong Li
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195189322
- eISBN:
- 9780199783823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189322.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter examines the effects of external liberalization on China's economic growth, employment, and income distribution. The sections are organized as follows. Section 1 describes China's macro ...
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This chapter examines the effects of external liberalization on China's economic growth, employment, and income distribution. The sections are organized as follows. Section 1 describes China's macro environment following trade liberalization. Section 2 reviews China's experience with liberalization. Section 3 analyzes the macro impact of liberalization through a decomposition of aggregate demand. Section 4 focuses on the distributive effects of liberalization through a decomposition of employment and productivity. The social impact of liberalization is dealt with in Sections 5 and 6.Less
This chapter examines the effects of external liberalization on China's economic growth, employment, and income distribution. The sections are organized as follows. Section 1 describes China's macro environment following trade liberalization. Section 2 reviews China's experience with liberalization. Section 3 analyzes the macro impact of liberalization through a decomposition of aggregate demand. Section 4 focuses on the distributive effects of liberalization through a decomposition of employment and productivity. The social impact of liberalization is dealt with in Sections 5 and 6.
K. S. Jomo and Rudiger von Arnim
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199698561
- eISBN:
- 9780191738142
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199698561.003.0017
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This paper critically reviews the impact of globalization on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) since the early 1980s. The large gains expected from opening up to international economic forces have, to date, ...
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This paper critically reviews the impact of globalization on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) since the early 1980s. The large gains expected from opening up to international economic forces have, to date, been limited, and there have been significant adverse consequences. FDI in SSA has been largely confined to resource, especially mineral, extraction, even as continuing capital flight has reduced financial resources available for productive investments. Premature trade liberalization has further undermined prospects for SSA economic development as productive capacities in many sectors are not sufficiently competitive to take advantage of any improvements in market access.Less
This paper critically reviews the impact of globalization on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) since the early 1980s. The large gains expected from opening up to international economic forces have, to date, been limited, and there have been significant adverse consequences. FDI in SSA has been largely confined to resource, especially mineral, extraction, even as continuing capital flight has reduced financial resources available for productive investments. Premature trade liberalization has further undermined prospects for SSA economic development as productive capacities in many sectors are not sufficiently competitive to take advantage of any improvements in market access.
Romeo Bautista and Gwendolyn Tecson
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195158984
- eISBN:
- 9780199869107
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195158989.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter is an interpretive essay examining the related influences of foreign trade and trade policy on income growth and distribution in the Philippines based on existing studies and findings. ...
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This chapter is an interpretive essay examining the related influences of foreign trade and trade policy on income growth and distribution in the Philippines based on existing studies and findings. It also analyzes other types of international economic transactions – foreign investment and remittances – to determine their contribution to advancing the twin objectives of economic growth and equity. The chapter begins by describing the evolution of Philippine trade and exchange rate policies since the early 1970s and examining their effects on sectoral incentives. It then discusses the growth and changing structure of Philippine foreign trade, relating them to the nature of domestic policies adopted. Further repercussions of trade and exchange rate policies on overall income growth and distribution are presented, as are the roles of other international transactions in the promotion of economic growth with equity and how they have been influenced by government policies. Finally, the chapter addresses relevant issues concerning recent domestic and international developments that bear directly on the country's trade regime.Less
This chapter is an interpretive essay examining the related influences of foreign trade and trade policy on income growth and distribution in the Philippines based on existing studies and findings. It also analyzes other types of international economic transactions – foreign investment and remittances – to determine their contribution to advancing the twin objectives of economic growth and equity. The chapter begins by describing the evolution of Philippine trade and exchange rate policies since the early 1970s and examining their effects on sectoral incentives. It then discusses the growth and changing structure of Philippine foreign trade, relating them to the nature of domestic policies adopted. Further repercussions of trade and exchange rate policies on overall income growth and distribution are presented, as are the roles of other international transactions in the promotion of economic growth with equity and how they have been influenced by government policies. Finally, the chapter addresses relevant issues concerning recent domestic and international developments that bear directly on the country's trade regime.
Lawrence Edwards, Rashad Cassim, and Dirk van Seventer
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199551460
- eISBN:
- 9780191720376
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551460.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare, Economic Systems
This chapter evaluates South Africa's trade policy under democracy, and critically reviews the burgeoning empirical studies of the effects of trade reform on trade flows, growth, employment, poverty, ...
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This chapter evaluates South Africa's trade policy under democracy, and critically reviews the burgeoning empirical studies of the effects of trade reform on trade flows, growth, employment, poverty, productivity, and inflation. The chapter is made up of three main sections. Section 2 reviews the process of trade reform in South Africa since the 1970s, with a particular focus on multilateral and preferential trade reform since 1994. Section 3 then evaluates the extent to which trade reform since 1994 has reduced nominal protection, effective protection and the anti-export bias. Section 4 reviews the empirical literature analysing the impact of trade liberalization and openness on the South African economy. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the scope for further trade reform.Less
This chapter evaluates South Africa's trade policy under democracy, and critically reviews the burgeoning empirical studies of the effects of trade reform on trade flows, growth, employment, poverty, productivity, and inflation. The chapter is made up of three main sections. Section 2 reviews the process of trade reform in South Africa since the 1970s, with a particular focus on multilateral and preferential trade reform since 1994. Section 3 then evaluates the extent to which trade reform since 1994 has reduced nominal protection, effective protection and the anti-export bias. Section 4 reviews the empirical literature analysing the impact of trade liberalization and openness on the South African economy. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the scope for further trade reform.
Gillian Brock
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199230938
- eISBN:
- 9780191710957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230938.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter begins by arguing that the link between free trade and poverty reduction is not as straightforward as some believe. Though there is a role for trade liberalization, its pace, sequencing ...
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This chapter begins by arguing that the link between free trade and poverty reduction is not as straightforward as some believe. Though there is a role for trade liberalization, its pace, sequencing and other complementary policies are also crucial to its success. Special and differential treatment can be justified for vulnerable, developing nations. The chapter considers what economic justice requires. Rejecting Kapstein's model, it argues for an alternative account of economic justice, according to which the international community makes it possible for each country to have reasonable opportunities to achieve the kind and level of economic activity necessary to sustain the goals of global justice introduced in Chapter 3. The chapter discusses ways in which we can discharge this obligation and also ways in which the global economic order can assist in improving working conditions and wages, through programs such as “Just Linkage”, advocated by Barry and Reddy.Less
This chapter begins by arguing that the link between free trade and poverty reduction is not as straightforward as some believe. Though there is a role for trade liberalization, its pace, sequencing and other complementary policies are also crucial to its success. Special and differential treatment can be justified for vulnerable, developing nations. The chapter considers what economic justice requires. Rejecting Kapstein's model, it argues for an alternative account of economic justice, according to which the international community makes it possible for each country to have reasonable opportunities to achieve the kind and level of economic activity necessary to sustain the goals of global justice introduced in Chapter 3. The chapter discusses ways in which we can discharge this obligation and also ways in which the global economic order can assist in improving working conditions and wages, through programs such as “Just Linkage”, advocated by Barry and Reddy.
Kent Jones
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195378825
- eISBN:
- 9780199852598
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378825.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Unlike the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which served as a “provisional agreement”, had no fixed set of members, and was not recognized as a bona fide international organization, the ...
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Unlike the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which served as a “provisional agreement”, had no fixed set of members, and was not recognized as a bona fide international organization, the World Trade Organization (WTO) which possesses a permanent structure and members, was designed to incorporate and replace the GATT in the Uruguay Round trade agreement. In line with the Uruguay Round, WTO negotiations concerned issues of agriculture and services, intellectual property, domestic laws, and other such issues that involve imports. Although the WTO has been able to achieve a lot of its goals, it has yet to produce new multilateral trade agreements and function as a “trade liberalization machine”. As WTO is relatively unsuccessful in establishing global agreements, this book discusses the Doha Blues or the frustrations that experienced by negotiations in 2001. The book adopts a thematic approach while concentrating on the institutional facets of the problem.Less
Unlike the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which served as a “provisional agreement”, had no fixed set of members, and was not recognized as a bona fide international organization, the World Trade Organization (WTO) which possesses a permanent structure and members, was designed to incorporate and replace the GATT in the Uruguay Round trade agreement. In line with the Uruguay Round, WTO negotiations concerned issues of agriculture and services, intellectual property, domestic laws, and other such issues that involve imports. Although the WTO has been able to achieve a lot of its goals, it has yet to produce new multilateral trade agreements and function as a “trade liberalization machine”. As WTO is relatively unsuccessful in establishing global agreements, this book discusses the Doha Blues or the frustrations that experienced by negotiations in 2001. The book adopts a thematic approach while concentrating on the institutional facets of the problem.
Kent Jones
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195378825
- eISBN:
- 9780199852598
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378825.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Although the WTO continued what the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has started, WTO differed from GATT in the following features: the single undertaking in negotiated multilateral ...
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Although the WTO continued what the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has started, WTO differed from GATT in the following features: the single undertaking in negotiated multilateral trade agreements, panel decisions and their binding nature, and stricter requirements for new members. While the WTO was created to expand membership in the world trading system, to extend trade liberalization, and to strengthen the members' commitment, these modifications have posed problems in the negotiating process which are referred to as “institutional friction”. As it was observed that developing countries had a significant role yet reaped disappointing results in such arrangements, the failures of the Doha Round are said to have been rooted on the Uruguay Round—the trade negotiation setup that is said to have been the most ambitious.Less
Although the WTO continued what the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) has started, WTO differed from GATT in the following features: the single undertaking in negotiated multilateral trade agreements, panel decisions and their binding nature, and stricter requirements for new members. While the WTO was created to expand membership in the world trading system, to extend trade liberalization, and to strengthen the members' commitment, these modifications have posed problems in the negotiating process which are referred to as “institutional friction”. As it was observed that developing countries had a significant role yet reaped disappointing results in such arrangements, the failures of the Doha Round are said to have been rooted on the Uruguay Round—the trade negotiation setup that is said to have been the most ambitious.
Bernard M. Hoekman and Michel M. Kostecki
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198294313
- eISBN:
- 9780191596445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019829431X.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
An analysis is made of the role of the WTO (World Trade Organization) as a forum for negotiations. Special attention is given to the concept of reciprocity, since this is a central element of ...
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An analysis is made of the role of the WTO (World Trade Organization) as a forum for negotiations. Special attention is given to the concept of reciprocity, since this is a central element of multilateral trade negotiations (MTNs). The chapter centres on the problems that confront negotiators seeking to obtain agreements, the techniques that are used, and the reasons MTNs tend to have outcomes that do not maximize national welfare. The sections of the chapter are as follows: Overview of negotiating rounds [held since 1948, when GATT was founded]; Multilateral trade liberalization; Interest groups and lobbying activity; Reciprocity and the mechanics of negotiations; and A typology of key aspects of trade negotiations.Less
An analysis is made of the role of the WTO (World Trade Organization) as a forum for negotiations. Special attention is given to the concept of reciprocity, since this is a central element of multilateral trade negotiations (MTNs). The chapter centres on the problems that confront negotiators seeking to obtain agreements, the techniques that are used, and the reasons MTNs tend to have outcomes that do not maximize national welfare. The sections of the chapter are as follows: Overview of negotiating rounds [held since 1948, when GATT was founded]; Multilateral trade liberalization; Interest groups and lobbying activity; Reciprocity and the mechanics of negotiations; and A typology of key aspects of trade negotiations.
Kent Jones
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195166163
- eISBN:
- 9780199849819
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195166163.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
The chapter concludes by summarizing the case for a focused WTO dedicated to trade liberalization, with recommendations for improving the world trading system and rejuvenating the political coalition ...
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The chapter concludes by summarizing the case for a focused WTO dedicated to trade liberalization, with recommendations for improving the world trading system and rejuvenating the political coalition for trade in the face of globalization and nontrade issues. The WTO provides a framework for capturing trade benefits, which can serve as the foundation not only for economic growth and greater prosperity, but also for a more unified world economy. These benefits, in turn, may contribute to greater political stability, progress on human rights and labor standards, and efforts to secure a sustainable global environment.Less
The chapter concludes by summarizing the case for a focused WTO dedicated to trade liberalization, with recommendations for improving the world trading system and rejuvenating the political coalition for trade in the face of globalization and nontrade issues. The WTO provides a framework for capturing trade benefits, which can serve as the foundation not only for economic growth and greater prosperity, but also for a more unified world economy. These benefits, in turn, may contribute to greater political stability, progress on human rights and labor standards, and efforts to secure a sustainable global environment.
Ramesh Chand
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199236558
- eISBN:
- 9780191717031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199236558.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Implementation of various provisions of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture causes serious concern with regard to the performance of the agriculture sector and food security, and South Asian countries ...
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Implementation of various provisions of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture causes serious concern with regard to the performance of the agriculture sector and food security, and South Asian countries have become quite sensitive to the consequences of future WTO agreements. The cautious approach towards the WTO is mainly caused by the increased dependence on food imports and deterioration in self-reliance in agriculture in the post-WTO period because of a much higher growth in food import as compared to exports. Decline in international prices and trade distortions are the underlying causes for an adverse impact on agriculture during the post-WTO period. South Asian countries should address these two issues in future negotiations.Less
Implementation of various provisions of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture causes serious concern with regard to the performance of the agriculture sector and food security, and South Asian countries have become quite sensitive to the consequences of future WTO agreements. The cautious approach towards the WTO is mainly caused by the increased dependence on food imports and deterioration in self-reliance in agriculture in the post-WTO period because of a much higher growth in food import as compared to exports. Decline in international prices and trade distortions are the underlying causes for an adverse impact on agriculture during the post-WTO period. South Asian countries should address these two issues in future negotiations.
J Michael Finger
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195383614
- eISBN:
- 9780199855445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195383614.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
In the Uruguay Round, developing countries behaved as full partners rather than as supplicants in the system. This step forward has, however, been reversed by outrageous mismanagement of the hangover ...
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In the Uruguay Round, developing countries behaved as full partners rather than as supplicants in the system. This step forward has, however, been reversed by outrageous mismanagement of the hangover of the Uruguay Round — the “implementation problem” and the “imbalance” of the Uruguay Round outcome. This chapter begins by summarizing Hudec's analysis of the GATT's first four decades—how we got to the Uruguay Round. It then reviews the Uruguay Round and since. It concludes that from the perspective of the GATT/WTO system supporting development and poverty reduction, we are back where we were in 1987, or worse.Less
In the Uruguay Round, developing countries behaved as full partners rather than as supplicants in the system. This step forward has, however, been reversed by outrageous mismanagement of the hangover of the Uruguay Round — the “implementation problem” and the “imbalance” of the Uruguay Round outcome. This chapter begins by summarizing Hudec's analysis of the GATT's first four decades—how we got to the Uruguay Round. It then reviews the Uruguay Round and since. It concludes that from the perspective of the GATT/WTO system supporting development and poverty reduction, we are back where we were in 1987, or worse.
Bernard Hoekman
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195383614
- eISBN:
- 9780199855445
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195383614.003.0016
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
With the exception of basic telecommunications, very little progress has been made to date in using the GATS framework to lock in unilateral reforms that have already been implemented, let alone in ...
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With the exception of basic telecommunications, very little progress has been made to date in using the GATS framework to lock in unilateral reforms that have already been implemented, let alone in inducing new liberalization. Developing countries have resisted expanding their specific commitments. Instead of quid pro quo bargaining, traditional S&D treatment has become more prominent. This chapter raises the question: Why such limited traction? The basic argument is that in the services context, the power of standard reciprocity is constrained and that there is a stronger case for S&D treatment of developing countries. However, the form this S&D treatment should take is not the standard GATT form that was criticized by Hudec. Instead, what is needed is to provide greater assurances that the preconditions for benefiting from services liberalization have been put in place. This is necessary for reciprocity to be able to work. These preconditions are largely regulatory in nature. This suggests, therefore, that what may be needed is to complement the WTO with mechanisms to assist governments design and implement regulation and to monitor the effects of applied policies, both liberalization and regulation.Less
With the exception of basic telecommunications, very little progress has been made to date in using the GATS framework to lock in unilateral reforms that have already been implemented, let alone in inducing new liberalization. Developing countries have resisted expanding their specific commitments. Instead of quid pro quo bargaining, traditional S&D treatment has become more prominent. This chapter raises the question: Why such limited traction? The basic argument is that in the services context, the power of standard reciprocity is constrained and that there is a stronger case for S&D treatment of developing countries. However, the form this S&D treatment should take is not the standard GATT form that was criticized by Hudec. Instead, what is needed is to provide greater assurances that the preconditions for benefiting from services liberalization have been put in place. This is necessary for reciprocity to be able to work. These preconditions are largely regulatory in nature. This suggests, therefore, that what may be needed is to complement the WTO with mechanisms to assist governments design and implement regulation and to monitor the effects of applied policies, both liberalization and regulation.
Gustavo Flores-Macías
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199891658
- eISBN:
- 9780199933402
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199891658.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Chapter 2 conducts a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the left’s economic policies in Latin America. By way of defining the dependent variable of the study, this chapter first breaks down ...
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Chapter 2 conducts a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the left’s economic policies in Latin America. By way of defining the dependent variable of the study, this chapter first breaks down reforms into five main areas: privatizations/nationalizations; government spending; taxation; trade, financial, and monetary liberalization; and poverty alleviation. Second, it classifies countries based on the degree to which they carried out statist or pro-market policies. Third, it assesses the state of economic reforms in the region. Focusing on ten countries—eight governed by the left and two by the right as controls—Chapter 2 finds that, although remaining within the margins of a market economy, leftist governments were more likely to depart from market orthodoxy than their right-of-center counterparts, but that there is considerable variation among leftist governments’ policies. It also finds that nationalizations, taxation, and trade, financial, and monetary liberalization were the areas that experienced the most intervention in the economy.Less
Chapter 2 conducts a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the left’s economic policies in Latin America. By way of defining the dependent variable of the study, this chapter first breaks down reforms into five main areas: privatizations/nationalizations; government spending; taxation; trade, financial, and monetary liberalization; and poverty alleviation. Second, it classifies countries based on the degree to which they carried out statist or pro-market policies. Third, it assesses the state of economic reforms in the region. Focusing on ten countries—eight governed by the left and two by the right as controls—Chapter 2 finds that, although remaining within the margins of a market economy, leftist governments were more likely to depart from market orthodoxy than their right-of-center counterparts, but that there is considerable variation among leftist governments’ policies. It also finds that nationalizations, taxation, and trade, financial, and monetary liberalization were the areas that experienced the most intervention in the economy.
Sarah Joseph
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199217908
- eISBN:
- 9780191705380
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217908.003.0015
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration
This chapter addresses two anti-WTO critiques. First, it examines the argument that current WTO rules are biased in favour of developed states. Second, it examines the argument that trade ...
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This chapter addresses two anti-WTO critiques. First, it examines the argument that current WTO rules are biased in favour of developed states. Second, it examines the argument that trade liberalization, which has been facilitated, but certainly not completely achieved, by the WTO, is good for the poor, particularly in the developing world. The differing interests of the North and South are also discussed, bearing in mind that losers from economic globalization and poverty exist in developing and industrialized states. Finally, the chapter suggests a reform proposal which addresses some of the major Southern concerns, whilst also taking into account some of the concerns of Northern progressive groups.Less
This chapter addresses two anti-WTO critiques. First, it examines the argument that current WTO rules are biased in favour of developed states. Second, it examines the argument that trade liberalization, which has been facilitated, but certainly not completely achieved, by the WTO, is good for the poor, particularly in the developing world. The differing interests of the North and South are also discussed, bearing in mind that losers from economic globalization and poverty exist in developing and industrialized states. Finally, the chapter suggests a reform proposal which addresses some of the major Southern concerns, whilst also taking into account some of the concerns of Northern progressive groups.
