Greg Ruth
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- January 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780252043895
- eISBN:
- 9780252052798
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252043895.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sport and Leisure
This book reassess how tennis evolved from a cloistered amateur game to a more inclusive and thoroughly professionalized global sport. Tennis began in Britain in 1873. The game grew quickly along the ...
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This book reassess how tennis evolved from a cloistered amateur game to a more inclusive and thoroughly professionalized global sport. Tennis began in Britain in 1873. The game grew quickly along the east coast of the United States before moving west, where it found a home in California. For most of its history, tennis remained a sport that separated amateur and professional players. In the minds of the private clubs and associations that organized the game for the first half century of its existence, control rather than commercialization was paramount. The Great Depression and World War II significantly undermined the authority of those associations by introducing a new generation of less affluent and working-class players with social backgrounds different than those of the men who ran the amateur associations. The best of those athletes challenged the amateur associations about the role of money in their sport. From 1945 to 1968, they professionalized tennis with annual barnstorming tours throughout the world. The visibility, viability, and popularity of those tours finally coaxed the reluctant leaders of amateur associations to allow the opening of their major tournament venues to professional players in 1968. Almost simultaneously, sports marketers, professional promoters, and sports publishers popularized and further globalized so-called Open Tennis into much the same form it retains today.Less
This book reassess how tennis evolved from a cloistered amateur game to a more inclusive and thoroughly professionalized global sport. Tennis began in Britain in 1873. The game grew quickly along the east coast of the United States before moving west, where it found a home in California. For most of its history, tennis remained a sport that separated amateur and professional players. In the minds of the private clubs and associations that organized the game for the first half century of its existence, control rather than commercialization was paramount. The Great Depression and World War II significantly undermined the authority of those associations by introducing a new generation of less affluent and working-class players with social backgrounds different than those of the men who ran the amateur associations. The best of those athletes challenged the amateur associations about the role of money in their sport. From 1945 to 1968, they professionalized tennis with annual barnstorming tours throughout the world. The visibility, viability, and popularity of those tours finally coaxed the reluctant leaders of amateur associations to allow the opening of their major tournament venues to professional players in 1968. Almost simultaneously, sports marketers, professional promoters, and sports publishers popularized and further globalized so-called Open Tennis into much the same form it retains today.
Kurt Edward Kemper
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780252043260
- eISBN:
- 9780252052149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252043260.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sport and Leisure
Chapter 2 focuses on the rise of the NAIA, NIT, and NCAA postseason college basketball tournaments and the forces and rivalries that shaped their early identities. Like the civil war between the ...
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Chapter 2 focuses on the rise of the NAIA, NIT, and NCAA postseason college basketball tournaments and the forces and rivalries that shaped their early identities. Like the civil war between the NCAA, YMCA, and AAU, the relationship between the tournaments took on a hostile, paranoid, and destructive tone. The creation of the NCAA Tournament, the last of the three, was a response to the perception that the other two were encroaching on the NCAA’s domain. And perhaps worse, many within the NCAA saw them as creating a collegiate championship, with attendant profits, outside the NCAA purview, akin to college football bowl games. NCAA partisans saw the other two events as illegitimate and actively worked to undermine or destroy them, even engaging in conspiracy at one point. The creation of the tournaments, along with other innovations and rule changes in the 1930s, helped create big-time commercialized college basketball, on the same trajectory, if not yet the same scale, as big-time college football. However, no sooner had the NCAA created its tournament than it immediately ran into criticisms over how it selected teams, particularly the obvious bias shown to members of the most commercialized conferences that pursued big-time basketball.Less
Chapter 2 focuses on the rise of the NAIA, NIT, and NCAA postseason college basketball tournaments and the forces and rivalries that shaped their early identities. Like the civil war between the NCAA, YMCA, and AAU, the relationship between the tournaments took on a hostile, paranoid, and destructive tone. The creation of the NCAA Tournament, the last of the three, was a response to the perception that the other two were encroaching on the NCAA’s domain. And perhaps worse, many within the NCAA saw them as creating a collegiate championship, with attendant profits, outside the NCAA purview, akin to college football bowl games. NCAA partisans saw the other two events as illegitimate and actively worked to undermine or destroy them, even engaging in conspiracy at one point. The creation of the tournaments, along with other innovations and rule changes in the 1930s, helped create big-time commercialized college basketball, on the same trajectory, if not yet the same scale, as big-time college football. However, no sooner had the NCAA created its tournament than it immediately ran into criticisms over how it selected teams, particularly the obvious bias shown to members of the most commercialized conferences that pursued big-time basketball.
David Kipen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520268807
- eISBN:
- 9780520948877
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520268807.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter lists the annual events in the San Francisco Bay area, such as: the Shrine East-West Football Game, the California Dog Show, the National Match Play Open Golf Championship, the Open Golf ...
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This chapter lists the annual events in the San Francisco Bay area, such as: the Shrine East-West Football Game, the California Dog Show, the National Match Play Open Golf Championship, the Open Golf Tournament, Chinese New Year, the Citrus Fair, the Easter Sunrise Services, Army Day, the Annual Pistol Shoot Food Show, the Spring Yacht Regatta, the Japanese Cherry Blossom Festival, the Wild Flower Show, the Iris Blooming Season, the Tamalpais Center Flower Show, the Spring Flower Show, the Children's May Day Festival, the Early Days Fiesta, the Rodeo, the Scandinavian Midsummer Day Celeration, the Fireworks and Motorboat Regatta, the Bastille Day Celebration, Admission Day celerbrations, the Labor Day Parade, the Columbus Day Festival and Motorboat Regatta, the Grand National Livestock Exposition, and the Parade of the Witches.Less
This chapter lists the annual events in the San Francisco Bay area, such as: the Shrine East-West Football Game, the California Dog Show, the National Match Play Open Golf Championship, the Open Golf Tournament, Chinese New Year, the Citrus Fair, the Easter Sunrise Services, Army Day, the Annual Pistol Shoot Food Show, the Spring Yacht Regatta, the Japanese Cherry Blossom Festival, the Wild Flower Show, the Iris Blooming Season, the Tamalpais Center Flower Show, the Spring Flower Show, the Children's May Day Festival, the Early Days Fiesta, the Rodeo, the Scandinavian Midsummer Day Celeration, the Fireworks and Motorboat Regatta, the Bastille Day Celebration, Admission Day celerbrations, the Labor Day Parade, the Columbus Day Festival and Motorboat Regatta, the Grand National Livestock Exposition, and the Parade of the Witches.
Teofilo F. Ruiz
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153575
- eISBN:
- 9781400842247
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153575.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter presents a typology of the diversity of ludic events, their origins, and evolution in late medieval and early modern Spain. There has long been an argument that Spanish festivals, ...
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This chapter presents a typology of the diversity of ludic events, their origins, and evolution in late medieval and early modern Spain. There has long been an argument that Spanish festivals, celebratory cycles, and chivalrous activities, such as the tournament, did not originate in the peninsula but were most often imported from elsewhere. Festivities are, of course, as old as humanity itself. They are, in some ways, an aspect of that ludic drive that articulates the human need for play. At the individual, family, or community level, celebrations have played, and continue to play, a significant role in social relations, linking networks of individuals into temporary cohesive units. A birth, a coming of age, a wedding, a death, and all the high points of the life cycle call for some kind of ritual marking. Depending on wealth and social standing, these celebrations may be either exaggerated displays of one's lofty position or humble affairs.Less
This chapter presents a typology of the diversity of ludic events, their origins, and evolution in late medieval and early modern Spain. There has long been an argument that Spanish festivals, celebratory cycles, and chivalrous activities, such as the tournament, did not originate in the peninsula but were most often imported from elsewhere. Festivities are, of course, as old as humanity itself. They are, in some ways, an aspect of that ludic drive that articulates the human need for play. At the individual, family, or community level, celebrations have played, and continue to play, a significant role in social relations, linking networks of individuals into temporary cohesive units. A birth, a coming of age, a wedding, a death, and all the high points of the life cycle call for some kind of ritual marking. Depending on wealth and social standing, these celebrations may be either exaggerated displays of one's lofty position or humble affairs.
Gregory Mitchell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195367584
- eISBN:
- 9780199776917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367584.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Forensic Psychology
Much of the interest in empirical studies of judges lies in the comparison of actual to ideal behavior to reach conclusions about judicial competence. We may decompose any empirical study that ...
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Much of the interest in empirical studies of judges lies in the comparison of actual to ideal behavior to reach conclusions about judicial competence. We may decompose any empirical study that attempts to address the competence of judges or the quality of judging into three basic components: (1) the specification of a normative benchmark; (2) the conversion of the benchmark into testable form and judicial behavior into measurable units; (3) the interpretation of the results of any comparison to draw appropriate conclusions about the descriptive-normative gap. This chapter considers complications at each stage in the comparison process, with illustrations from existing studies of judicial competence and studies from psychology that examine the gap between behavior and norms of rational judgment and decision making.Less
Much of the interest in empirical studies of judges lies in the comparison of actual to ideal behavior to reach conclusions about judicial competence. We may decompose any empirical study that attempts to address the competence of judges or the quality of judging into three basic components: (1) the specification of a normative benchmark; (2) the conversion of the benchmark into testable form and judicial behavior into measurable units; (3) the interpretation of the results of any comparison to draw appropriate conclusions about the descriptive-normative gap. This chapter considers complications at each stage in the comparison process, with illustrations from existing studies of judicial competence and studies from psychology that examine the gap between behavior and norms of rational judgment and decision making.
ROBERT V. DODGE
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199857203
- eISBN:
- 9780199932597
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199857203.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter is about the prisoner's dilemma as a repeated encounter. The best strategy is defection, or non-cooperation, if a single encounter is anticipated. In the event of repeated, or iterated ...
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This chapter is about the prisoner's dilemma as a repeated encounter. The best strategy is defection, or non-cooperation, if a single encounter is anticipated. In the event of repeated, or iterated play, evidence indicates that cooperation can evolve. The introduction to this chapter provides a story published following the death of the last British survivor of the Christmas truce from World War I in 1915. Much of the chapter is based on Robert Axelrod's contests that inspired his classic book, The Evolution of Cooperation. Axelrod's first tournament involved fifteen contestants from different disciplines competing in a round-robin tournament with 200 games, competing against each opponent submitting strategies for playing the prisoner's dilemma. There was a great variety in how the games went but the winner was the one with the simplest plan, which was based on the simple strategy in tit-for-tat. This strategy worked initially then the competitor was to do whatever his opponent did on their previous move. Axelrod ran a much larger second tournament, with sixty-two entrants from six countries. The strategy of tit-for-tat again won, defeating experts from many fields. Subtopics follow the main part of the chapter, including a look at how cooperation takes hold and difficulties; robustness; noise; and cooperation examples. A supplement comes from Axelrod's book that is research on prisoner's dilemma leading to cooperation emerging in many isolated areas along the trenches in the early stages of World War One.Less
This chapter is about the prisoner's dilemma as a repeated encounter. The best strategy is defection, or non-cooperation, if a single encounter is anticipated. In the event of repeated, or iterated play, evidence indicates that cooperation can evolve. The introduction to this chapter provides a story published following the death of the last British survivor of the Christmas truce from World War I in 1915. Much of the chapter is based on Robert Axelrod's contests that inspired his classic book, The Evolution of Cooperation. Axelrod's first tournament involved fifteen contestants from different disciplines competing in a round-robin tournament with 200 games, competing against each opponent submitting strategies for playing the prisoner's dilemma. There was a great variety in how the games went but the winner was the one with the simplest plan, which was based on the simple strategy in tit-for-tat. This strategy worked initially then the competitor was to do whatever his opponent did on their previous move. Axelrod ran a much larger second tournament, with sixty-two entrants from six countries. The strategy of tit-for-tat again won, defeating experts from many fields. Subtopics follow the main part of the chapter, including a look at how cooperation takes hold and difficulties; robustness; noise; and cooperation examples. A supplement comes from Axelrod's book that is research on prisoner's dilemma leading to cooperation emerging in many isolated areas along the trenches in the early stages of World War One.
ALLEN JONES and Mark Naison
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823231027
- eISBN:
- 9780823240821
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823231027.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Allen Jones began his last year at Clark Junior High in an optimistic mood. He was in the band and orchestra, he tried out and made the school basketball team in the beginning of his ninth-grade ...
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Allen Jones began his last year at Clark Junior High in an optimistic mood. He was in the band and orchestra, he tried out and made the school basketball team in the beginning of his ninth-grade year. He started to get some serious playing experience. Nate Archibald took them to a citywide basketball tournament in the park right across the street from the Forest Projects on Caldwell Avenue and 163rd Street, where Hilton White ran a legendary basketball program. About this time, the drug trade around the Projects started to change. There was a party almost every weekend in one of the Projects around the neighborhood: in the Melrose Projects on 156th Street off Morris Avenue, the Mitchell Projects, or the Millbrook Projects. It was at one of those parties in the Millbrook Projects that he became involved in yet another incident that could have cost him his life.Less
Allen Jones began his last year at Clark Junior High in an optimistic mood. He was in the band and orchestra, he tried out and made the school basketball team in the beginning of his ninth-grade year. He started to get some serious playing experience. Nate Archibald took them to a citywide basketball tournament in the park right across the street from the Forest Projects on Caldwell Avenue and 163rd Street, where Hilton White ran a legendary basketball program. About this time, the drug trade around the Projects started to change. There was a party almost every weekend in one of the Projects around the neighborhood: in the Melrose Projects on 156th Street off Morris Avenue, the Mitchell Projects, or the Millbrook Projects. It was at one of those parties in the Millbrook Projects that he became involved in yet another incident that could have cost him his life.
Clark C. Gibson
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199278855
- eISBN:
- 9780191602863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199278857.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Initial conditions in the recipient almost always reflect tragedies of the commons, public good problems, and principal-agent problems. Two broad motives/mechanisms behind the decision on the part of ...
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Initial conditions in the recipient almost always reflect tragedies of the commons, public good problems, and principal-agent problems. Two broad motives/mechanisms behind the decision on the part of a developed country to enter a recipient country with aid are identified. The first is altruism and warm glow. The second is increased per capita GDP via growth factors including essential capital investment, overcoming market failure in the recipient countries. Using game theory, the strategic implications of this mix of initial conditions and donor motives on donor outcomes are studied. It is shown that aid dependency is a likely outcome of this mix.Less
Initial conditions in the recipient almost always reflect tragedies of the commons, public good problems, and principal-agent problems. Two broad motives/mechanisms behind the decision on the part of a developed country to enter a recipient country with aid are identified. The first is altruism and warm glow. The second is increased per capita GDP via growth factors including essential capital investment, overcoming market failure in the recipient countries. Using game theory, the strategic implications of this mix of initial conditions and donor motives on donor outcomes are studied. It is shown that aid dependency is a likely outcome of this mix.
Teofilo F. Ruiz
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691153575
- eISBN:
- 9781400842247
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691153575.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines tournaments. The origins of tournaments in Western Europe can be traced back to classical sources and to a sparse number of references to events that looked like tournaments in ...
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This chapter examines tournaments. The origins of tournaments in Western Europe can be traced back to classical sources and to a sparse number of references to events that looked like tournaments in the Central Middle Ages. While these early mentions provide interesting glimpses of the genealogy of fictitious combat, it was the twelfth century that truly saw the formal beginnings of these traditions of artificial warfare that would hold such a powerful grip on the European imagination for many centuries to come. Closely tied to courtly culture and in a symbiotic relationship with the great outburst of courtly literature that took place in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, the tournament sank deep roots in England, France, the Low Countries, and parts of Germany during the twelfth century, and then developed elaborate rules of engagement and pageantry in succeeding centuries.Less
This chapter examines tournaments. The origins of tournaments in Western Europe can be traced back to classical sources and to a sparse number of references to events that looked like tournaments in the Central Middle Ages. While these early mentions provide interesting glimpses of the genealogy of fictitious combat, it was the twelfth century that truly saw the formal beginnings of these traditions of artificial warfare that would hold such a powerful grip on the European imagination for many centuries to come. Closely tied to courtly culture and in a symbiotic relationship with the great outburst of courtly literature that took place in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, the tournament sank deep roots in England, France, the Low Countries, and parts of Germany during the twelfth century, and then developed elaborate rules of engagement and pageantry in succeeding centuries.
R. R. Davies
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199542918
- eISBN:
- 9780191715648
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199542918.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
The early education and pastimes of the nobility prepared them for war, and their understanding of past and present was framed by military considerations. It was common for great lords to serve in ...
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The early education and pastimes of the nobility prepared them for war, and their understanding of past and present was framed by military considerations. It was common for great lords to serve in numerous campaigns over several decades and to embark on crusade or participate in tournaments in times of peace. In seeking to meet their obligation to raise armies great lords looked first to their own households, retainers, and tenants, but came to act as military entrepreneurs who made use of contracts to recruit beyond these traditional sources of fighters. Assembling, arming, feeding, transporting, and paying large forces taxed the resources and skills of lordship to their limits. Fortunes could be made in war but it could also lead to ruin. Military lordship was particularly important in Wales, northern England, Scotland, and Ireland, and in the latter two countries the billeting of semi-professional mercenaries was normal.Less
The early education and pastimes of the nobility prepared them for war, and their understanding of past and present was framed by military considerations. It was common for great lords to serve in numerous campaigns over several decades and to embark on crusade or participate in tournaments in times of peace. In seeking to meet their obligation to raise armies great lords looked first to their own households, retainers, and tenants, but came to act as military entrepreneurs who made use of contracts to recruit beyond these traditional sources of fighters. Assembling, arming, feeding, transporting, and paying large forces taxed the resources and skills of lordship to their limits. Fortunes could be made in war but it could also lead to ruin. Military lordship was particularly important in Wales, northern England, Scotland, and Ireland, and in the latter two countries the billeting of semi-professional mercenaries was normal.
Gabriel Heaton
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199213115
- eISBN:
- 9780191707148
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213115.003.0003
- Subject:
- Literature, Drama, 16th-century and Renaissance Literature
This chapter is concerned with entertainments in the Elizabethan tiltyard and the opportunities such occasions provided for performers to take on chivalric personae that sent nuanced messages to the ...
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This chapter is concerned with entertainments in the Elizabethan tiltyard and the opportunities such occasions provided for performers to take on chivalric personae that sent nuanced messages to the watching Queen. It begins with Sir Henry Lee's tiltyard speeches and the beginnings of the Accession Day tournaments, and continues by examining other tournaments and their surviving texts including the 1581 Callophisus entertainment involving the Earls of Arundel and Oxford, and the 1595 Love and Self‐Love entertainment of the Earl of Essex.Less
This chapter is concerned with entertainments in the Elizabethan tiltyard and the opportunities such occasions provided for performers to take on chivalric personae that sent nuanced messages to the watching Queen. It begins with Sir Henry Lee's tiltyard speeches and the beginnings of the Accession Day tournaments, and continues by examining other tournaments and their surviving texts including the 1581 Callophisus entertainment involving the Earls of Arundel and Oxford, and the 1595 Love and Self‐Love entertainment of the Earl of Essex.
Ann Rigney
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199644018
- eISBN:
- 9780191738784
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644018.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 19th-century and Victorian Literature
Chapter 4 pursues the case of Ivanhoe, concentrating on its afterlife in the USA and critically revisiting Mark Twain’s claim that Scott somehow ‘caused’ the American Civil War. An account is offered ...
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Chapter 4 pursues the case of Ivanhoe, concentrating on its afterlife in the USA and critically revisiting Mark Twain’s claim that Scott somehow ‘caused’ the American Civil War. An account is offered of the performative reception of Scott’s work in the USA, particularly of the re-enactments of Ivanhoe in the form of tournaments in the South and other appropriations of the story in material culture. It shows how Scott’s novels were used as a narrative template to understand the divisions within American society. It argues that Scott did not cause the Civil War, but that his work helped shape its political imaginary and, as a memory site known both North and South, its subsequent remembrance. As an imaginary resource, Scott’s work was appropriated in radically opposed ways by both those advancing racism (Griffith) and those opposing it (Chesnutt)Less
Chapter 4 pursues the case of Ivanhoe, concentrating on its afterlife in the USA and critically revisiting Mark Twain’s claim that Scott somehow ‘caused’ the American Civil War. An account is offered of the performative reception of Scott’s work in the USA, particularly of the re-enactments of Ivanhoe in the form of tournaments in the South and other appropriations of the story in material culture. It shows how Scott’s novels were used as a narrative template to understand the divisions within American society. It argues that Scott did not cause the Civil War, but that his work helped shape its political imaginary and, as a memory site known both North and South, its subsequent remembrance. As an imaginary resource, Scott’s work was appropriated in radically opposed ways by both those advancing racism (Griffith) and those opposing it (Chesnutt)
Richard W. Kaeuper
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199244584
- eISBN:
- 9780191697388
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199244584.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History
This chapter explains the role of worship and violence practised by knights on the tourney field, in a raiding party, and on the battlefield. Passionate belief in tournament as the ideal sport ...
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This chapter explains the role of worship and violence practised by knights on the tourney field, in a raiding party, and on the battlefield. Passionate belief in tournament as the ideal sport unquestionably figures as one line in the creed spoken by those who worshiped at the high altar of prowess. Knighthood needs to emphasize its own internal cohesion and its own management of the highly competitive force of prowess.Less
This chapter explains the role of worship and violence practised by knights on the tourney field, in a raiding party, and on the battlefield. Passionate belief in tournament as the ideal sport unquestionably figures as one line in the creed spoken by those who worshiped at the high altar of prowess. Knighthood needs to emphasize its own internal cohesion and its own management of the highly competitive force of prowess.
Kiri Miller
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199753451
- eISBN:
- 9780199932979
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753451.003.0004
- Subject:
- Music, History, American, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This chapter addresses public gameplay performance contexts for Guitar Hero and Rock Band. What does it mean to be a live performer of a pre-recorded song? These games inspire physically virtuosic, ...
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This chapter addresses public gameplay performance contexts for Guitar Hero and Rock Band. What does it mean to be a live performer of a pre-recorded song? These games inspire physically virtuosic, visually engaging performances, staged in a variety of social contexts: players compete in game tournaments, post performances on YouTube, and form instant bands with friends at Rock Band bar nights. They also engage with the gender and sexuality norms of rock performance, sometimes turning their gameplay into over-the-top rock drag. As players and their audiences create these performances, they collaborate with game designers and recorded musicians in stitching recorded musical sound and performing bodies back together.Less
This chapter addresses public gameplay performance contexts for Guitar Hero and Rock Band. What does it mean to be a live performer of a pre-recorded song? These games inspire physically virtuosic, visually engaging performances, staged in a variety of social contexts: players compete in game tournaments, post performances on YouTube, and form instant bands with friends at Rock Band bar nights. They also engage with the gender and sexuality norms of rock performance, sometimes turning their gameplay into over-the-top rock drag. As players and their audiences create these performances, they collaborate with game designers and recorded musicians in stitching recorded musical sound and performing bodies back together.
Christopher L. Tucci, Allan Afuah, and Gianluigi Viscusi (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198816225
- eISBN:
- 9780191853562
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198816225.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Strategy
Examples of the value that can be created and captured through crowdsourcing go back to at least 1714, when the UK used crowdsourcing to solve the Longitude Problem, obtaining a solution that would ...
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Examples of the value that can be created and captured through crowdsourcing go back to at least 1714, when the UK used crowdsourcing to solve the Longitude Problem, obtaining a solution that would enable the UK to become the dominant maritime force of its time. Today, Wikipedia uses crowds to provide entries for the world’s largest and free encyclopedia. Partly fueled by the value that can be created and captured through crowdsourcing, interest in researching the phenomenon has been remarkable. For example, the Best Paper Awards in 2012 for a record-setting three journals—the Academy of Management Review, Journal of Product Innovation Management, and Academy of Management Perspectives—were about crowdsourcing. In spite of the interest in crowdsourcing—or perhaps because of it—research on the phenomenon has been conducted in different research silos within the fields of management (from strategy to finance to operations to information systems), biology, communications, computer science, economics, political science, among others. In these silos, crowdsourcing takes names such as broadcast search, innovation tournaments, crowdfunding, community innovation, distributed innovation, collective intelligence, open source, crowdpower, and even open innovation. The book aims to assemble papers from as many of these silos as possible since the ultimate potential of crowdsourcing research is likely to be attained only by bridging them. The papers provide a systematic overview of the research on crowdsourcing from different fields based on a more encompassing definition of the concept, its difference for innovation, and its value for both the private and public sectors.Less
Examples of the value that can be created and captured through crowdsourcing go back to at least 1714, when the UK used crowdsourcing to solve the Longitude Problem, obtaining a solution that would enable the UK to become the dominant maritime force of its time. Today, Wikipedia uses crowds to provide entries for the world’s largest and free encyclopedia. Partly fueled by the value that can be created and captured through crowdsourcing, interest in researching the phenomenon has been remarkable. For example, the Best Paper Awards in 2012 for a record-setting three journals—the Academy of Management Review, Journal of Product Innovation Management, and Academy of Management Perspectives—were about crowdsourcing. In spite of the interest in crowdsourcing—or perhaps because of it—research on the phenomenon has been conducted in different research silos within the fields of management (from strategy to finance to operations to information systems), biology, communications, computer science, economics, political science, among others. In these silos, crowdsourcing takes names such as broadcast search, innovation tournaments, crowdfunding, community innovation, distributed innovation, collective intelligence, open source, crowdpower, and even open innovation. The book aims to assemble papers from as many of these silos as possible since the ultimate potential of crowdsourcing research is likely to be attained only by bridging them. The papers provide a systematic overview of the research on crowdsourcing from different fields based on a more encompassing definition of the concept, its difference for innovation, and its value for both the private and public sectors.
Kurt Edward Kemper
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780252043260
- eISBN:
- 9780252052149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252043260.003.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sport and Leisure
The introduction begins with a thumbnail sketch of some of the schools that played in the 1958 NCAA College Division Basketball Championship and the varying identities with the NCAA that each ...
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The introduction begins with a thumbnail sketch of some of the schools that played in the 1958 NCAA College Division Basketball Championship and the varying identities with the NCAA that each represented. The 1958 tournament included liberal arts colleges, regional and small state schools, and historically black colleges, each of which pursued athletics differently from, and often in opposition to, the big-time commercialized model that gained the majority of media and public attention. These varying groups and their agendas ultimately created conflict within the NCAA and all of college athletics over the function of college sports within American higher education and American culture. The chapter examines the historiography of early college sports and reform efforts, showing the primacy that college football plays in existing scholarly interpretations while also noting the fairly limited examinations and scholarly depth of early college basketball. Both strains of scholarship tend to imply a certain inevitability of the varied roles of college football and college basketball, an inevitability rejected by Before March Madness.Less
The introduction begins with a thumbnail sketch of some of the schools that played in the 1958 NCAA College Division Basketball Championship and the varying identities with the NCAA that each represented. The 1958 tournament included liberal arts colleges, regional and small state schools, and historically black colleges, each of which pursued athletics differently from, and often in opposition to, the big-time commercialized model that gained the majority of media and public attention. These varying groups and their agendas ultimately created conflict within the NCAA and all of college athletics over the function of college sports within American higher education and American culture. The chapter examines the historiography of early college sports and reform efforts, showing the primacy that college football plays in existing scholarly interpretations while also noting the fairly limited examinations and scholarly depth of early college basketball. Both strains of scholarship tend to imply a certain inevitability of the varied roles of college football and college basketball, an inevitability rejected by Before March Madness.
Kurt Edward Kemper
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- May 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780252043260
- eISBN:
- 9780252052149
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5622/illinois/9780252043260.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sport and Leisure
This chapter examines the NCAA’s response to its liberal arts reformist critics, its small state school competitive equity critics, and racial activists allied with HBCs. Beginning in 1955 as a ...
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This chapter examines the NCAA’s response to its liberal arts reformist critics, its small state school competitive equity critics, and racial activists allied with HBCs. Beginning in 1955 as a result of the Crowley Committee findings, the NCAA expanded its governance structure to include the small liberal arts committee in both its leadership positions and its service committees but without attempting to restrain commercialized college athletics. It also voted to create a separate basketball tournament for its smaller-enrollment members, giving them championship access in a separate event rather than expanding their existing tournament. Creating a separate College Division also had two other benefits in that shunting the HBCs into the College Division placated the big-time segregationist Southern state schools because it precluded their ever having to play neighboring HBCs. It also created a parallel event to the NAIA’s tournament and helped stanch the membership loss of NCAA schools simply wanting access to the NAIA event. The creation of the College Division Tournament was the first step in the NCAA’s campaign to confront and marginalize the NAIA once and for all, isolating it from other athletic-related associations, intimidating schools and other organizations from working with the NAIA, and undermining NAIA events by flooding NAIA media markets with NCAA televised offerings.Less
This chapter examines the NCAA’s response to its liberal arts reformist critics, its small state school competitive equity critics, and racial activists allied with HBCs. Beginning in 1955 as a result of the Crowley Committee findings, the NCAA expanded its governance structure to include the small liberal arts committee in both its leadership positions and its service committees but without attempting to restrain commercialized college athletics. It also voted to create a separate basketball tournament for its smaller-enrollment members, giving them championship access in a separate event rather than expanding their existing tournament. Creating a separate College Division also had two other benefits in that shunting the HBCs into the College Division placated the big-time segregationist Southern state schools because it precluded their ever having to play neighboring HBCs. It also created a parallel event to the NAIA’s tournament and helped stanch the membership loss of NCAA schools simply wanting access to the NAIA event. The creation of the College Division Tournament was the first step in the NCAA’s campaign to confront and marginalize the NAIA once and for all, isolating it from other athletic-related associations, intimidating schools and other organizations from working with the NAIA, and undermining NAIA events by flooding NAIA media markets with NCAA televised offerings.
J. Samuel Walker
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- July 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780807835036
- eISBN:
- 9781469602578
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/9780807869123_walker.8
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This chapter shows how the ACC had continued the Southern Conference's tradition of holding a postseason tournament to determine the league champion. The ACC's bylaws specified that the tournament ...
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This chapter shows how the ACC had continued the Southern Conference's tradition of holding a postseason tournament to determine the league champion. The ACC's bylaws specified that the tournament champion would “be nominated for the NCAA tournament”; they did not officially designate the team that swept the ACC Tournament as the “conference champion” until 1961. The tournament winner, however, was regarded as the ACC champion, even without the formal declaration, from the time the league was established. The tournament was played at Reynolds Coliseum from 1954 through 1966, and although it was a well-attended event from the outset, it was not a complete sellout before 1965. The first tournament in 1954 drew a total attendance of 39,200 for four sessions and only the semifinals attracted a capacity crowd.Less
This chapter shows how the ACC had continued the Southern Conference's tradition of holding a postseason tournament to determine the league champion. The ACC's bylaws specified that the tournament champion would “be nominated for the NCAA tournament”; they did not officially designate the team that swept the ACC Tournament as the “conference champion” until 1961. The tournament winner, however, was regarded as the ACC champion, even without the formal declaration, from the time the league was established. The tournament was played at Reynolds Coliseum from 1954 through 1966, and although it was a well-attended event from the outset, it was not a complete sellout before 1965. The first tournament in 1954 drew a total attendance of 39,200 for four sessions and only the semifinals attracted a capacity crowd.
Hilary Levey Friedman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780520276758
- eISBN:
- 9780520956698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520276758.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Culture
This chapter examines competitive chess, soccer, and dance to describe the contemporary structure of competitive children's activities. Chess is an inherently competitive event as it pits one player ...
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This chapter examines competitive chess, soccer, and dance to describe the contemporary structure of competitive children's activities. Chess is an inherently competitive event as it pits one player in a contest against another, producing a winner and a loser if the game does not result in a draw. The world of children's competitive chess magnifies the intensity of this inherent rivalry and formalizes it into rankings and ratings at regional and national tournaments. Furthermore, soccer competition is particularly fierce when a state cup tournament hangs in the balance. Meanwhile, competitive dance is a for-profit competition, which incorporates a variety of dance styles such as jazz, tap, and lyrical/contemporary.Less
This chapter examines competitive chess, soccer, and dance to describe the contemporary structure of competitive children's activities. Chess is an inherently competitive event as it pits one player in a contest against another, producing a winner and a loser if the game does not result in a draw. The world of children's competitive chess magnifies the intensity of this inherent rivalry and formalizes it into rankings and ratings at regional and national tournaments. Furthermore, soccer competition is particularly fierce when a state cup tournament hangs in the balance. Meanwhile, competitive dance is a for-profit competition, which incorporates a variety of dance styles such as jazz, tap, and lyrical/contemporary.
J. Samuel Walker and Randy Roberts
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469630236
- eISBN:
- 9781469630250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469630236.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
In 1974 only twenty-five teams qualified for the NCAA tournament, and only one team from the major conferences. Most of the conferences chose their champions based on conference standing. And ...
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In 1974 only twenty-five teams qualified for the NCAA tournament, and only one team from the major conferences. Most of the conferences chose their champions based on conference standing. And independent programs gained admission into the tournament based on their season records. But there was still intense drama. Indiana University, coached by Robert “Bobby” Knight, and the University of Michigan tied for the Big 10 title and had to have a play-off to decide who would receive the NCAA invitation. But the most drama was in the ACC, where the ACC tournament decided who would go to the NCAA tournament.Less
In 1974 only twenty-five teams qualified for the NCAA tournament, and only one team from the major conferences. Most of the conferences chose their champions based on conference standing. And independent programs gained admission into the tournament based on their season records. But there was still intense drama. Indiana University, coached by Robert “Bobby” Knight, and the University of Michigan tied for the Big 10 title and had to have a play-off to decide who would receive the NCAA invitation. But the most drama was in the ACC, where the ACC tournament decided who would go to the NCAA tournament.
