John R Curran
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199254200
- eISBN:
- 9780191715150
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199254200.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Religions
The critical century between the arrival of Constantine and the advance of Alaric in the early 5th century witnessed dramatic changes in the city of Rome. This book breaks away from the usual notions ...
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The critical century between the arrival of Constantine and the advance of Alaric in the early 5th century witnessed dramatic changes in the city of Rome. This book breaks away from the usual notions of religious conflict between Christians and pagans, to focus on a number of approaches to the Christianization of Rome. The author surveys the laws and political considerations which governed the building policy of Constantine and his successors, the effect of papal building and commemorative constructions on Roman topography, the continuing ambivalence of the Roman festal calendar, and the conflict between Christians over asceticism and ‘real’ Christianity. Thus using analytical, literary, and legal evidence, he explains the way in which the landscape, civic life, and moral values of Rome were transformed by complex and sometimes paradoxical forces, laying the foundation for the capital of medieval Christendom. Through a study of Rome as a city, the author explores the rise of Christianity and the decline of paganism in the later Roman Empire.Less
The critical century between the arrival of Constantine and the advance of Alaric in the early 5th century witnessed dramatic changes in the city of Rome. This book breaks away from the usual notions of religious conflict between Christians and pagans, to focus on a number of approaches to the Christianization of Rome. The author surveys the laws and political considerations which governed the building policy of Constantine and his successors, the effect of papal building and commemorative constructions on Roman topography, the continuing ambivalence of the Roman festal calendar, and the conflict between Christians over asceticism and ‘real’ Christianity. Thus using analytical, literary, and legal evidence, he explains the way in which the landscape, civic life, and moral values of Rome were transformed by complex and sometimes paradoxical forces, laying the foundation for the capital of medieval Christendom. Through a study of Rome as a city, the author explores the rise of Christianity and the decline of paganism in the later Roman Empire.
David J. Collins
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195329537
- eISBN:
- 9780199870134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195329537.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
A common kind of revision humanists made to older narratives, regardless of the type of saint being portrayed, was to the geographical and cultural setting. Often they inserted excurses of ...
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A common kind of revision humanists made to older narratives, regardless of the type of saint being portrayed, was to the geographical and cultural setting. Often they inserted excurses of descriptive geography and historical chronicle not before associated with the given saints. Chapter three investigates how and why humanist authors amended the lives in these novel and sometimes tendentious ways. The chapter associates such chorographical changes with the Germania illustrata project, a wider movement among German humanists to investigate, construct, and glorify an ancient and medieval past that was truly German.Less
A common kind of revision humanists made to older narratives, regardless of the type of saint being portrayed, was to the geographical and cultural setting. Often they inserted excurses of descriptive geography and historical chronicle not before associated with the given saints. Chapter three investigates how and why humanist authors amended the lives in these novel and sometimes tendentious ways. The chapter associates such chorographical changes with the Germania illustrata project, a wider movement among German humanists to investigate, construct, and glorify an ancient and medieval past that was truly German.
Alfred Michael Hirt
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572878
- eISBN:
- 9780191721885
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572878.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter discusses the geology and topography of marble outcrops and ore deposits which very much dictates the technology employed and the scale of extractive operations. These restrictions ...
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This chapter discusses the geology and topography of marble outcrops and ore deposits which very much dictates the technology employed and the scale of extractive operations. These restrictions significantly influence the organizational structures and, together with the geographical location, determine the organizational challenges faced by the heads of these extractive operations. Moreover, the geology and topography of a mining or quarrying district also determine the spatial arrangement of operative (work procedures) and directive processes (planning and controlling of assets and goals, direction of human resources etc.). This is exemplified by the topographical layout of building structures, transport facilities, and extractive locations, or rather: their archaeological remains, within imperial districts such as the quarries in the Eastern Egyptian Desert or in mining areas such as Dolaucothi or Roflia Montan∏.Less
This chapter discusses the geology and topography of marble outcrops and ore deposits which very much dictates the technology employed and the scale of extractive operations. These restrictions significantly influence the organizational structures and, together with the geographical location, determine the organizational challenges faced by the heads of these extractive operations. Moreover, the geology and topography of a mining or quarrying district also determine the spatial arrangement of operative (work procedures) and directive processes (planning and controlling of assets and goals, direction of human resources etc.). This is exemplified by the topographical layout of building structures, transport facilities, and extractive locations, or rather: their archaeological remains, within imperial districts such as the quarries in the Eastern Egyptian Desert or in mining areas such as Dolaucothi or Roflia Montan∏.
S. D. KRYZHITSKIY
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264041
- eISBN:
- 9780191734311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264041.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
In the 1790s, the location of Olbia was established, and since 1901 systematic excavations have been made by three successive generations of scholars. The first of these scholars was Pharmakovskiy ...
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In the 1790s, the location of Olbia was established, and since 1901 systematic excavations have been made by three successive generations of scholars. The first of these scholars was Pharmakovskiy and his school in 1901–1926. The second scholars to make excavations in Olbia were under the leadership of Slavin, Levi and Karasev. The third generation who took over the excavations from 1972 was headed by Kryzhitskiy from 1972–1995 and Krapivina from 1995. This chapter focuses on the contributions made by the third generation of scholars that made excavations in the Olbia region. The excavations made in this period were governed by three aims: the study of the historico-archaelogical stratigraphy and topography of cultural levels in the various parts of the city including the underwater area beneath the Bug estuary; an emphasis on the least-studied phases of the city's existence, particularly the cultural levels of the archaic period and the early centuries AD; and the rescue and conservation of the coastal portion of the city. The excavations generated important results such as the discovery of the temenos wall, altars, the temple of Apollo Ietros, Hellenistic period citadels and dwellings, and defensive walls belonging to the fifth century. In addition to these excavations and discoveries, the teams headed by Kryzhitskiy and Krapivina made extensive studies on the lower Bug estuary and Olbia's chora.Less
In the 1790s, the location of Olbia was established, and since 1901 systematic excavations have been made by three successive generations of scholars. The first of these scholars was Pharmakovskiy and his school in 1901–1926. The second scholars to make excavations in Olbia were under the leadership of Slavin, Levi and Karasev. The third generation who took over the excavations from 1972 was headed by Kryzhitskiy from 1972–1995 and Krapivina from 1995. This chapter focuses on the contributions made by the third generation of scholars that made excavations in the Olbia region. The excavations made in this period were governed by three aims: the study of the historico-archaelogical stratigraphy and topography of cultural levels in the various parts of the city including the underwater area beneath the Bug estuary; an emphasis on the least-studied phases of the city's existence, particularly the cultural levels of the archaic period and the early centuries AD; and the rescue and conservation of the coastal portion of the city. The excavations generated important results such as the discovery of the temenos wall, altars, the temple of Apollo Ietros, Hellenistic period citadels and dwellings, and defensive walls belonging to the fifth century. In addition to these excavations and discoveries, the teams headed by Kryzhitskiy and Krapivina made extensive studies on the lower Bug estuary and Olbia's chora.
Fergus Millar
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199262120
- eISBN:
- 9780191718533
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199262120.003.0006
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter explores in detail the role of the Flavian victory in Judaea in the physical transformation of the city of Rome. The triumph of Vespasian and Titus ex Iudaeis in June 71 CE was an event ...
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This chapter explores in detail the role of the Flavian victory in Judaea in the physical transformation of the city of Rome. The triumph of Vespasian and Titus ex Iudaeis in June 71 CE was an event made more memorable by Josephus’ lavish description of it. The defeat of the Jews and the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple were enshrined in the very fabric of the urban centre and hence in Roman public memory, reminding the inhabitants of the city of the decisive role played by Vespasian and Titus in that victory. The triumphal arches to Titus (erected in 81 and after his death), the Flavian Amphitheatre (inaugurated in 80), and the Temple of Peace (dedicated in 75) were all related to the Flavian victory in Judaea and helped give the dynasty a lasting legitimacy.Less
This chapter explores in detail the role of the Flavian victory in Judaea in the physical transformation of the city of Rome. The triumph of Vespasian and Titus ex Iudaeis in June 71 CE was an event made more memorable by Josephus’ lavish description of it. The defeat of the Jews and the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple were enshrined in the very fabric of the urban centre and hence in Roman public memory, reminding the inhabitants of the city of the decisive role played by Vespasian and Titus in that victory. The triumphal arches to Titus (erected in 81 and after his death), the Flavian Amphitheatre (inaugurated in 80), and the Temple of Peace (dedicated in 75) were all related to the Flavian victory in Judaea and helped give the dynasty a lasting legitimacy.
Robert Sallares
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199248506
- eISBN:
- 9780191714634
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248506.003.0008
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter reviews the history of the city of Rome in relation to malaria, starting with the sack of Rome by the Gauls c.386 BC. Emphasis is placed on the importance of a detailed study of the ...
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This chapter reviews the history of the city of Rome in relation to malaria, starting with the sack of Rome by the Gauls c.386 BC. Emphasis is placed on the importance of a detailed study of the topography of the city of Rome. The hills of Rome were much healthier than the intervening valleys and the areas adjoining the river Tiber (since mosquitoes rarely fly up hills) as described by Doni, who wrote a pioneering work on the medical geography of the area around Rome in the 17th century. The reasons for the absence of malaria from the Jewish Ghetto of Rome are discussed. The phenomenon in Rome of mixed infections of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae also receives attention. Important ancient evidence for malaria in the city of Rome provided by Asclepiades of Bithynia and Galen, and mediaeval accounts of malaria epidemics in Rome, are discussed.Less
This chapter reviews the history of the city of Rome in relation to malaria, starting with the sack of Rome by the Gauls c.386 BC. Emphasis is placed on the importance of a detailed study of the topography of the city of Rome. The hills of Rome were much healthier than the intervening valleys and the areas adjoining the river Tiber (since mosquitoes rarely fly up hills) as described by Doni, who wrote a pioneering work on the medical geography of the area around Rome in the 17th century. The reasons for the absence of malaria from the Jewish Ghetto of Rome are discussed. The phenomenon in Rome of mixed infections of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae also receives attention. Important ancient evidence for malaria in the city of Rome provided by Asclepiades of Bithynia and Galen, and mediaeval accounts of malaria epidemics in Rome, are discussed.
Nicholas Hope
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198269946
- eISBN:
- 9780191600647
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198269943.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
Describes a new eye, ecclesiastical topography, for the larger whole (1760–1840). These first modern surveys of parishes and established churches introduced semi‐accurate statistics (see Ch. 8). ...
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Describes a new eye, ecclesiastical topography, for the larger whole (1760–1840). These first modern surveys of parishes and established churches introduced semi‐accurate statistics (see Ch. 8). Here, once again anomaly stood in the way, particularly in Protestant Germany, which remained part of the old Catholic Empire. It collapsed first in 1806.Less
Describes a new eye, ecclesiastical topography, for the larger whole (1760–1840). These first modern surveys of parishes and established churches introduced semi‐accurate statistics (see Ch. 8). Here, once again anomaly stood in the way, particularly in Protestant Germany, which remained part of the old Catholic Empire. It collapsed first in 1806.
Kory Olson
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781786940964
- eISBN:
- 9781789629033
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781786940964.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter examines the century-long evolution of the Dépôt de la Guerre’s Carte d’état-major and subsequent Service géographique’s Carte de France. I focus more specifically on the army’s 1906 ...
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This chapter examines the century-long evolution of the Dépôt de la Guerre’s Carte d’état-major and subsequent Service géographique’s Carte de France. I focus more specifically on the army’s 1906 ‘Paris’ sheet (feuille XXIII_14), which documented the capital city within the greater Seine department. As the Dépôt de la Guerre became the Service géographique de l’armée, it decided to abandon the outdated état-major map for a new Carte de France. The Service géographique needed not only to portray the nation accurately, but do so in a manner that most citizens could understand. So even simple choices such as font and colour had significant impact on how people viewed and understood the national terrain. This Paris sheet was not only one of the best-recognized sheets from the series, it also presented the army’s, and by default the government’s, comprehensive view of the growing capital city, Feuille XXIII_14 served as part of the larger introduction to the nation of the new modified état-major that the Service géographique would be user-friendly and commercially viable. No longer portrayed by Alphand’s 1889 ‘Opérations des voiries’ as the isolated bourgeois ‘island,’ greater Paris has now breached the wall, fills the Seine department, and overflows into surrounding department.Less
This chapter examines the century-long evolution of the Dépôt de la Guerre’s Carte d’état-major and subsequent Service géographique’s Carte de France. I focus more specifically on the army’s 1906 ‘Paris’ sheet (feuille XXIII_14), which documented the capital city within the greater Seine department. As the Dépôt de la Guerre became the Service géographique de l’armée, it decided to abandon the outdated état-major map for a new Carte de France. The Service géographique needed not only to portray the nation accurately, but do so in a manner that most citizens could understand. So even simple choices such as font and colour had significant impact on how people viewed and understood the national terrain. This Paris sheet was not only one of the best-recognized sheets from the series, it also presented the army’s, and by default the government’s, comprehensive view of the growing capital city, Feuille XXIII_14 served as part of the larger introduction to the nation of the new modified état-major that the Service géographique would be user-friendly and commercially viable. No longer portrayed by Alphand’s 1889 ‘Opérations des voiries’ as the isolated bourgeois ‘island,’ greater Paris has now breached the wall, fills the Seine department, and overflows into surrounding department.
Joseph Scholten
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520201873
- eISBN:
- 9780520916746
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520201873.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical
Between 279 and 229 bc, the Aitolian koinon, a federation of mountain cantons in west central Greece, expanded to incorporate many of the neighboring lands and peoples lying between the Adriatic and ...
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Between 279 and 229 bc, the Aitolian koinon, a federation of mountain cantons in west central Greece, expanded to incorporate many of the neighboring lands and peoples lying between the Adriatic and Aegean Seas. This new political configuration contributed to the development of modern systems of federal democracy based on proportional representation. Despite these institutional advances, the Aitolians and their polity are reviled in the ancient historical tradition, which views them as backward, semi-barbarous brigands. This book examines the political history of the Aitolian koinon in its era of expansion. It presents a chronological reconstruction of the koinon's course of expansion, synthesizing a number of recent studies covering Aitolian topography, epigraphy, and institutional development that help to compensate for deficiencies in the ancient narrative record. The study asks how a people and a polity so detested by their contemporaries succeeded in making such fundamental contributions to their regional political culture. The author's investigation charts a middle course that neither whitewashes the Aitolians nor credulously accepts the biased ancient tradition. This balanced approach provides a fresh perspective on the Aitolians and their koinon, discussing the history of the ancient Aegean Greek world and the political, economic, and social history of the Hellenistic Era.Less
Between 279 and 229 bc, the Aitolian koinon, a federation of mountain cantons in west central Greece, expanded to incorporate many of the neighboring lands and peoples lying between the Adriatic and Aegean Seas. This new political configuration contributed to the development of modern systems of federal democracy based on proportional representation. Despite these institutional advances, the Aitolians and their polity are reviled in the ancient historical tradition, which views them as backward, semi-barbarous brigands. This book examines the political history of the Aitolian koinon in its era of expansion. It presents a chronological reconstruction of the koinon's course of expansion, synthesizing a number of recent studies covering Aitolian topography, epigraphy, and institutional development that help to compensate for deficiencies in the ancient narrative record. The study asks how a people and a polity so detested by their contemporaries succeeded in making such fundamental contributions to their regional political culture. The author's investigation charts a middle course that neither whitewashes the Aitolians nor credulously accepts the biased ancient tradition. This balanced approach provides a fresh perspective on the Aitolians and their koinon, discussing the history of the ancient Aegean Greek world and the political, economic, and social history of the Hellenistic Era.
Naomi E. Chayen, John R. Helliwell, and Edward H. Snell
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199213252
- eISBN:
- 9780191707575
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213252.003.0011
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography
Mosaicity, topography, and reciprocal‐space mapping are all techniques to probe the physical characteristics of the crystals through their interaction with X‐rays. The techniques described are ...
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Mosaicity, topography, and reciprocal‐space mapping are all techniques to probe the physical characteristics of the crystals through their interaction with X‐rays. The techniques described are complementary. In terms of structural crystallography, i.e. solving and understanding the structure of a macromolecule of interest, having a high‐quality crystal is clearly desirable. The techniques described here are not part of routine data collection. Of the techniques described, mosaicity measurements can be performed relatively easily and are the most immediately useful. The quality of the data can be optimized by matching the oscillation range to the mosaicity. The background noise in an oscillation image builds up throughout the oscillation range but the reflection is only recorded over a finite angle. In the future “ideal” data collection may be possible by continuous rotation with real‐time detector readout offering effectively infinitely fine slicing.Less
Mosaicity, topography, and reciprocal‐space mapping are all techniques to probe the physical characteristics of the crystals through their interaction with X‐rays. The techniques described are complementary. In terms of structural crystallography, i.e. solving and understanding the structure of a macromolecule of interest, having a high‐quality crystal is clearly desirable. The techniques described here are not part of routine data collection. Of the techniques described, mosaicity measurements can be performed relatively easily and are the most immediately useful. The quality of the data can be optimized by matching the oscillation range to the mosaicity. The background noise in an oscillation image builds up throughout the oscillation range but the reflection is only recorded over a finite angle. In the future “ideal” data collection may be possible by continuous rotation with real‐time detector readout offering effectively infinitely fine slicing.
Stephen Rippon
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199203826
- eISBN:
- 9780191708282
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203826.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter examines the landscape of Somerset, which lies at the south‐western limit of landscapes that in the medieval period were characterized by villages and open fields. The topographical ...
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This chapter examines the landscape of Somerset, which lies at the south‐western limit of landscapes that in the medieval period were characterized by villages and open fields. The topographical regions within the county are introduced, followed by a characterization of the historic landscape (the present patterns of fields, roads, settlements, land‐uses, etc.). Possible explanations for the regional variation in landscape character within Somerset are reviewed. There is now considerable evidence for villages and common fields existed by the tenth century though only to the east of the Blackdown and Quantock Hills.Less
This chapter examines the landscape of Somerset, which lies at the south‐western limit of landscapes that in the medieval period were characterized by villages and open fields. The topographical regions within the county are introduced, followed by a characterization of the historic landscape (the present patterns of fields, roads, settlements, land‐uses, etc.). Possible explanations for the regional variation in landscape character within Somerset are reviewed. There is now considerable evidence for villages and common fields existed by the tenth century though only to the east of the Blackdown and Quantock Hills.
Sara Mills
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719053351
- eISBN:
- 9781781702284
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719053351.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This book is an analysis of the complex links between social relations—including notions of class, nationality and gender—and spatial relations, landscape, architecture and topography—in ...
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This book is an analysis of the complex links between social relations—including notions of class, nationality and gender—and spatial relations, landscape, architecture and topography—in post-colonial contexts. Arguing against the psychoanalytic focus of much current post-colonial theory, it aims to set out in a new direction, drawing on a wide range of literary and non-literary texts to develop a more materialist approach. The book foregrounds gender in this field where it has often been marginalised by the critical orthodoxies, demonstrating its importance not only in spatial theorising in general, but in the post-colonial theorising of space in particular. Concentrating on the period of ‘high’ British colonialism at the close of the nineteenth century, it examines a range of colonial contexts, such as India, Africa, America, Canada, Australia and Britain, illustrating how relations must be analysed for the way in which different colonial contexts define and constitute each other.Less
This book is an analysis of the complex links between social relations—including notions of class, nationality and gender—and spatial relations, landscape, architecture and topography—in post-colonial contexts. Arguing against the psychoanalytic focus of much current post-colonial theory, it aims to set out in a new direction, drawing on a wide range of literary and non-literary texts to develop a more materialist approach. The book foregrounds gender in this field where it has often been marginalised by the critical orthodoxies, demonstrating its importance not only in spatial theorising in general, but in the post-colonial theorising of space in particular. Concentrating on the period of ‘high’ British colonialism at the close of the nineteenth century, it examines a range of colonial contexts, such as India, Africa, America, Canada, Australia and Britain, illustrating how relations must be analysed for the way in which different colonial contexts define and constitute each other.
Michael S. A. Graziano
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195326703
- eISBN:
- 9780199864867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326703.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
This introductory chapter begins with a backstory on the experiments that led to the proposition of two principles to explain the basic properties of motor cortex. One principle concerned the ...
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This introductory chapter begins with a backstory on the experiments that led to the proposition of two principles to explain the basic properties of motor cortex. One principle concerned the topographic layout of motor cortex, and the other concerned the neuronal mechanism by which motor cortex caused movement. A theoretical framework for understanding at least the outlines of motor cortex is described. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.Less
This introductory chapter begins with a backstory on the experiments that led to the proposition of two principles to explain the basic properties of motor cortex. One principle concerned the topographic layout of motor cortex, and the other concerned the neuronal mechanism by which motor cortex caused movement. A theoretical framework for understanding at least the outlines of motor cortex is described. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Michael S. A. Graziano
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195326703
- eISBN:
- 9780199864867
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326703.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
The classical description of motor cortex as a map of the body is inaccurate, this chapter states. The map is blurred, overlapping, and partially repeated in ways that are difficult to pin down. The ...
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The classical description of motor cortex as a map of the body is inaccurate, this chapter states. The map is blurred, overlapping, and partially repeated in ways that are difficult to pin down. The common modern description of motor cortex as a mosaic of separate areas with different functions is, first, an oversimplification of a blurred and subtle pattern, and second, merely a description without an underlying explanation. This chapter presents a model that reduces the movement repertoire onto the cortical sheet, which appears finally to provide a working explanation of the layout of motor cortex. The model was based on three types of movement dimension: somatotopic, ethological action category, and spatial.Less
The classical description of motor cortex as a map of the body is inaccurate, this chapter states. The map is blurred, overlapping, and partially repeated in ways that are difficult to pin down. The common modern description of motor cortex as a mosaic of separate areas with different functions is, first, an oversimplification of a blurred and subtle pattern, and second, merely a description without an underlying explanation. This chapter presents a model that reduces the movement repertoire onto the cortical sheet, which appears finally to provide a working explanation of the layout of motor cortex. The model was based on three types of movement dimension: somatotopic, ethological action category, and spatial.
Daniela Sandler
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501703164
- eISBN:
- 9781501706271
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501703164.001.0001
- Subject:
- Architecture, Architectural History
In Berlin, decrepit structures do not always denote urban blight. Decayed buildings are incorporated into everyday life as residences, exhibition spaces, shops, offices, and as leisure space. As ...
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In Berlin, decrepit structures do not always denote urban blight. Decayed buildings are incorporated into everyday life as residences, exhibition spaces, shops, offices, and as leisure space. As nodes of public dialogue, they serve as platforms for dissenting views about the future and past of Berlin. This book introduces the concept of counter-preservation as a way to understand this intentional appropriation of decrepitude. The embrace of decay is a sign of Berlin's iconoclastic rebelliousness, but it has also been incorporated into the mainstream economy of tourism and development as part of the city's countercultural cachet. It presents the possibilities and shortcomings of counter-preservation as a dynamic force in Berlin and as a potential concept for other cities. Counter-preservation is part of Berlin's fabric: in the city's famed Hausprojekte (living projects) such as the Køpi, Tuntenhaus, and KA 86; in cultural centers such as the Haus Schwarzenberg, the Schokoladen, and the legendary, now defunct Tacheles; in memorials and museums; and even in commerce and residences. The appropriation of ruins is a way of carving out affordable spaces for housing, work, and cultural activities. It is also a visual statement against gentrification, and a complex representation of history, with the marks of different periods—the nineteenth century, World War II, postwar division, unification—on display for all to see. Counter-preservation exemplifies an everyday urbanism in which citizens shape private and public spaces with their own hands, but it also influences more formal designs, such as the Topography of Terror, the Berlin Wall Memorial, and Daniel Libeskind's unbuilt redevelopment proposal for a site peppered with ruins of Nazi barracks. By featuring these examples, the book questions conventional notions of architectural authorship and points toward the value of participatory environments.Less
In Berlin, decrepit structures do not always denote urban blight. Decayed buildings are incorporated into everyday life as residences, exhibition spaces, shops, offices, and as leisure space. As nodes of public dialogue, they serve as platforms for dissenting views about the future and past of Berlin. This book introduces the concept of counter-preservation as a way to understand this intentional appropriation of decrepitude. The embrace of decay is a sign of Berlin's iconoclastic rebelliousness, but it has also been incorporated into the mainstream economy of tourism and development as part of the city's countercultural cachet. It presents the possibilities and shortcomings of counter-preservation as a dynamic force in Berlin and as a potential concept for other cities. Counter-preservation is part of Berlin's fabric: in the city's famed Hausprojekte (living projects) such as the Køpi, Tuntenhaus, and KA 86; in cultural centers such as the Haus Schwarzenberg, the Schokoladen, and the legendary, now defunct Tacheles; in memorials and museums; and even in commerce and residences. The appropriation of ruins is a way of carving out affordable spaces for housing, work, and cultural activities. It is also a visual statement against gentrification, and a complex representation of history, with the marks of different periods—the nineteenth century, World War II, postwar division, unification—on display for all to see. Counter-preservation exemplifies an everyday urbanism in which citizens shape private and public spaces with their own hands, but it also influences more formal designs, such as the Topography of Terror, the Berlin Wall Memorial, and Daniel Libeskind's unbuilt redevelopment proposal for a site peppered with ruins of Nazi barracks. By featuring these examples, the book questions conventional notions of architectural authorship and points toward the value of participatory environments.
C. Mathew Mate
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198526780
- eISBN:
- 9780191712098
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198526780.003.0002
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
When two surfaces are brought into contact, they first touch where the summits of the surface asperities make contact. Consequently, surface roughness or topography strongly influences those physical ...
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When two surfaces are brought into contact, they first touch where the summits of the surface asperities make contact. Consequently, surface roughness or topography strongly influences those physical phenomena associated with contact: friction, adhesion, and wear. This chapter discusses techniques for measuring the roughness of surfaces and the parameters frequently used to characterize this roughness. As atomic force microscopy (AFM) is currently the predominate tool for characterizing roughness at the small scale, this technique is discussed in some length. Also, examples are given for determining the roughness parameters: the standard deviation of surface heights, the mean radius of curvature of asperity summits, waviness, and the average and r.m.s. of surface heights.Less
When two surfaces are brought into contact, they first touch where the summits of the surface asperities make contact. Consequently, surface roughness or topography strongly influences those physical phenomena associated with contact: friction, adhesion, and wear. This chapter discusses techniques for measuring the roughness of surfaces and the parameters frequently used to characterize this roughness. As atomic force microscopy (AFM) is currently the predominate tool for characterizing roughness at the small scale, this technique is discussed in some length. Also, examples are given for determining the roughness parameters: the standard deviation of surface heights, the mean radius of curvature of asperity summits, waviness, and the average and r.m.s. of surface heights.
Jon Hegglund
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199796106
- eISBN:
- 9780199932771
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199796106.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism, World Literature
This chapter examines Joyce's Ulysses, as an object generated out of imperial cartographies of the internal colony of Ireland. It begins with a critical examination of the nineteenth-century Ordnance ...
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This chapter examines Joyce's Ulysses, as an object generated out of imperial cartographies of the internal colony of Ireland. It begins with a critical examination of the nineteenth-century Ordnance Survey of Ireland undertaken by the British military, the first comprehensive cartographic survey of a colonial territory. Moving to Joyce's novel, the chapter shows how Ulysses uses the imperial map of a bounded, objectified colony to emphasize the tensions between the map as a tool of imperial possession and the map as a canvas for the creation of an emergent communal identity. Ultimately, Joyce creates a world that is anti-topographical, subverting the mimeticism of the novel's early chapters with a formalism that denies the possibility of his novel having any kind of stable spatial ground. Such anti-representational formalism extends to the political vision of the novel, which is not necessary nationalist (as some recent critics have argued) but radically anti-national in its suspicion of any static spatial representation of culture.Less
This chapter examines Joyce's Ulysses, as an object generated out of imperial cartographies of the internal colony of Ireland. It begins with a critical examination of the nineteenth-century Ordnance Survey of Ireland undertaken by the British military, the first comprehensive cartographic survey of a colonial territory. Moving to Joyce's novel, the chapter shows how Ulysses uses the imperial map of a bounded, objectified colony to emphasize the tensions between the map as a tool of imperial possession and the map as a canvas for the creation of an emergent communal identity. Ultimately, Joyce creates a world that is anti-topographical, subverting the mimeticism of the novel's early chapters with a formalism that denies the possibility of his novel having any kind of stable spatial ground. Such anti-representational formalism extends to the political vision of the novel, which is not necessary nationalist (as some recent critics have argued) but radically anti-national in its suspicion of any static spatial representation of culture.
Grady L. Webster and Robert M. Rhode
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520098305
- eISBN:
- 9780520915930
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520098305.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Plant Sciences and Forestry
This chapter discusses the climate and topography of the Maquipucuna region. The climate of the region is equatorial and wet, with an annual rainfall of 3,230mm at an elevation of 1,630m. Because of ...
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This chapter discusses the climate and topography of the Maquipucuna region. The climate of the region is equatorial and wet, with an annual rainfall of 3,230mm at an elevation of 1,630m. Because of the considerable elevational range in the reserve, the mean annual temperature varies from about 18° C near 1,200m to c. 10°C near the top of Cerro Montecristi. The topography of the Cerro Sosa, which occupies most of the reserve, is steep and dissected, although the main ridge slopes more gradually from the northwestern end at c. 1,700m elevation to the southeastern end in the vicinity of Cerro Montecristi (nearly 2,800 m).Less
This chapter discusses the climate and topography of the Maquipucuna region. The climate of the region is equatorial and wet, with an annual rainfall of 3,230mm at an elevation of 1,630m. Because of the considerable elevational range in the reserve, the mean annual temperature varies from about 18° C near 1,200m to c. 10°C near the top of Cerro Montecristi. The topography of the Cerro Sosa, which occupies most of the reserve, is steep and dissected, although the main ridge slopes more gradually from the northwestern end at c. 1,700m elevation to the southeastern end in the vicinity of Cerro Montecristi (nearly 2,800 m).
ANDRÉ AUTHIER
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198528920
- eISBN:
- 9780191713125
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528920.003.0017
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This chapter describes the various techniques for obtaining X-ray topographs: single-crystal reflection topography (Berg-Barrett), single crystal transmission topography (Lang, section and projection ...
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This chapter describes the various techniques for obtaining X-ray topographs: single-crystal reflection topography (Berg-Barrett), single crystal transmission topography (Lang, section and projection topographs, synchrotron white beam topographs), and double or multiple-crystal topography (plane-wave, synchrotron topography, high-resolution). The formation of the images of the different types of individual defects and their contrast are discussed for the different experimental settings: dislocations, stacking faults, planar defects, and twins. It is shown how long range strains and lattice parameter variations can be mapped. Equal-strain and equal lattice parameter contours are described. Many examples of the use of topography for the characterization of materials are given.Less
This chapter describes the various techniques for obtaining X-ray topographs: single-crystal reflection topography (Berg-Barrett), single crystal transmission topography (Lang, section and projection topographs, synchrotron white beam topographs), and double or multiple-crystal topography (plane-wave, synchrotron topography, high-resolution). The formation of the images of the different types of individual defects and their contrast are discussed for the different experimental settings: dislocations, stacking faults, planar defects, and twins. It is shown how long range strains and lattice parameter variations can be mapped. Equal-strain and equal lattice parameter contours are described. Many examples of the use of topography for the characterization of materials are given.
Katy Layton-Jones
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780719099694
- eISBN:
- 9781526104038
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719099694.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Drawing on images that shaped the popular perception of British towns between 1780 and 1880, Beyond the Metropolis challenges enduring misconceptions about urbanization, its representation, and ...
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Drawing on images that shaped the popular perception of British towns between 1780 and 1880, Beyond the Metropolis challenges enduring misconceptions about urbanization, its representation, and interpretation throughout the long nineteenth century. Over the past century, historical reality has merged seamlessly with mythology, literature, and caricature, to create a dramatic, but utterly misleading representation of our urban past. Dark satanic mills, cobbled streets, and cholera have become common shorthand for the nineteenth-century British town. Yet, there is little to suggest that the Urban Renaissance identified by Peter Borsay ended in 1770, or that every town in Britain experienced the same topographical consequences of expansion. Using engaging and diverse evidence, including souvenirs, pocket panoramas, and ceramics, this book investigates the relationship between pictorial convention, visual innovation, and urban identity. In contrast to myriad publications that address London exclusively, it examines images that reflect the growing political, social, and cultural significance of British provincial towns in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. Covering locations from Bristol to Leeds, Glasgow to Birmingham, and Manchester to Swansea, it reveals a complex and compelling new narrative of British urbanisation. Subjects that currently enjoy the attention of historians, planners, and politicians alike, including public space, popular protest, civic identity, and residential development, are approached from unfamiliar vantage points provided by hitherto under-researched sources. The result is a timely and persuasive re-evaluation of the British city, its changing form, representation, and impact.Less
Drawing on images that shaped the popular perception of British towns between 1780 and 1880, Beyond the Metropolis challenges enduring misconceptions about urbanization, its representation, and interpretation throughout the long nineteenth century. Over the past century, historical reality has merged seamlessly with mythology, literature, and caricature, to create a dramatic, but utterly misleading representation of our urban past. Dark satanic mills, cobbled streets, and cholera have become common shorthand for the nineteenth-century British town. Yet, there is little to suggest that the Urban Renaissance identified by Peter Borsay ended in 1770, or that every town in Britain experienced the same topographical consequences of expansion. Using engaging and diverse evidence, including souvenirs, pocket panoramas, and ceramics, this book investigates the relationship between pictorial convention, visual innovation, and urban identity. In contrast to myriad publications that address London exclusively, it examines images that reflect the growing political, social, and cultural significance of British provincial towns in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. Covering locations from Bristol to Leeds, Glasgow to Birmingham, and Manchester to Swansea, it reveals a complex and compelling new narrative of British urbanisation. Subjects that currently enjoy the attention of historians, planners, and politicians alike, including public space, popular protest, civic identity, and residential development, are approached from unfamiliar vantage points provided by hitherto under-researched sources. The result is a timely and persuasive re-evaluation of the British city, its changing form, representation, and impact.
