Bernard Gert, Charles M. Culver, and K. Danner Clouser
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195159066
- eISBN:
- 9780199786466
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195159063.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter shows the importance of recognizing the probabilistic nature of medical diagnosis and treatment. It discusses the possibly serious effects of physicians not understanding Bayes theorem, ...
More
This chapter shows the importance of recognizing the probabilistic nature of medical diagnosis and treatment. It discusses the possibly serious effects of physicians not understanding Bayes theorem, and hence, not appreciating the importance of knowing the prevalence of a disorder in the population to be treated or screened. It shows the importance of doctors knowing about volume-outcome studies, geographical variation studies, and practice guidelines.Less
This chapter shows the importance of recognizing the probabilistic nature of medical diagnosis and treatment. It discusses the possibly serious effects of physicians not understanding Bayes theorem, and hence, not appreciating the importance of knowing the prevalence of a disorder in the population to be treated or screened. It shows the importance of doctors knowing about volume-outcome studies, geographical variation studies, and practice guidelines.
C. B. Martin
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199234103
- eISBN:
- 9780191715570
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234103.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter begins with a discussion of the private world problem, and argues that with or without sensations, the spectre of the ‘private world’ arises equally, so sensations are not the problem if ...
More
This chapter begins with a discussion of the private world problem, and argues that with or without sensations, the spectre of the ‘private world’ arises equally, so sensations are not the problem if there is a ‘private world problem’. It is also argued that the role of knowledge of behaviour (or what a sensation is ‘apt to cause’) and/or physical circumstances (or that by which the sensation is ‘apt to be caused’) needs better understanding. The rejection of analogical ways of thinking about the experiences of others and the complementary fixation on public, observable, shared behaviour and circumstances leads — when carried to its fair conclusion — to a second joke, which is explained in the chapter.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the private world problem, and argues that with or without sensations, the spectre of the ‘private world’ arises equally, so sensations are not the problem if there is a ‘private world problem’. It is also argued that the role of knowledge of behaviour (or what a sensation is ‘apt to cause’) and/or physical circumstances (or that by which the sensation is ‘apt to be caused’) needs better understanding. The rejection of analogical ways of thinking about the experiences of others and the complementary fixation on public, observable, shared behaviour and circumstances leads — when carried to its fair conclusion — to a second joke, which is explained in the chapter.
Allen Buchanan
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780198295358
- eISBN:
- 9780191600982
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198295359.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This second part of the book turns to an examination of the conditions under which it is morally justifiable to exercise political power to enforce international law in the pursuit of justice. Ch. 5 ...
More
This second part of the book turns to an examination of the conditions under which it is morally justifiable to exercise political power to enforce international law in the pursuit of justice. Ch. 5 develops a justice‐based conception of political legitimacy, where “political legitimacy” is defined as follows: An entity has political legitimacy if and only if it is morally justified in exercising political power, where the exercise of political power may, in turn, be defined as the (credible) attempt to achieve supremacy in the making, application, and enforcement of laws within a jurisdiction. It is argued that an entity that exercises political power is morally justified in doing so only if it meets a minimal standard of justice, understood as the protection of basic human rights. The conception of political legitimacy offered is meant to be perfectly general, and applies to any entity that wields political power, whether at the state, regional, or international level; it is used again in Chs 6–8. The eight sections of the chapter are: I. Political Legitimacy and the Morality of Political Power; The Irrelevance of the Idea that We Owe Compliance to the Government; III. Explaining the Preoccupation with the Government's Right to be Obeyed; IV. Toward a Theory of Political Legitimacy; V. Why Should Some Persons Rather than Others Wield Political Power?; VI. Democracy and Mutual Obligations among Citizens; and VIII. Conclusions.Less
This second part of the book turns to an examination of the conditions under which it is morally justifiable to exercise political power to enforce international law in the pursuit of justice. Ch. 5 develops a justice‐based conception of political legitimacy, where “political legitimacy” is defined as follows: An entity has political legitimacy if and only if it is morally justified in exercising political power, where the exercise of political power may, in turn, be defined as the (credible) attempt to achieve supremacy in the making, application, and enforcement of laws within a jurisdiction. It is argued that an entity that exercises political power is morally justified in doing so only if it meets a minimal standard of justice, understood as the protection of basic human rights. The conception of political legitimacy offered is meant to be perfectly general, and applies to any entity that wields political power, whether at the state, regional, or international level; it is used again in Chs 6–8. The eight sections of the chapter are: I. Political Legitimacy and the Morality of Political Power; The Irrelevance of the Idea that We Owe Compliance to the Government; III. Explaining the Preoccupation with the Government's Right to be Obeyed; IV. Toward a Theory of Political Legitimacy; V. Why Should Some Persons Rather than Others Wield Political Power?; VI. Democracy and Mutual Obligations among Citizens; and VIII. Conclusions.
Barbara Goff and Michael Simpson
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199217182
- eISBN:
- 9780191712388
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217182.003.0003
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter reads Ola Rotimi's The Gods are Not to Blame as an allegory of colonization and decolonization and revises the established reading of the play as a representation of the Nigerian Civil ...
More
This chapter reads Ola Rotimi's The Gods are Not to Blame as an allegory of colonization and decolonization and revises the established reading of the play as a representation of the Nigerian Civil War. The protagonist's patricide is understood as the slaying of the colonial father at the moment of independence, and the ensuing incest is the intimate embrace between the hero of national liberation and what the despatched colonizer leaves behind, namely his culture. This relationship is incestuous because the liberating hero is already a partial product of colonial culture. Political decolonization is thus staged as the easy part, while cultural decolonization is dramatized as impossible because the incestuous embrace produces issue. This issue is not only the children in the play but also the play itself. As such, the play is a product of an indigenous and a colonial culture. Ethnic aggression, as both colonization and civil war, is thus characterised as fighting oneself.Less
This chapter reads Ola Rotimi's The Gods are Not to Blame as an allegory of colonization and decolonization and revises the established reading of the play as a representation of the Nigerian Civil War. The protagonist's patricide is understood as the slaying of the colonial father at the moment of independence, and the ensuing incest is the intimate embrace between the hero of national liberation and what the despatched colonizer leaves behind, namely his culture. This relationship is incestuous because the liberating hero is already a partial product of colonial culture. Political decolonization is thus staged as the easy part, while cultural decolonization is dramatized as impossible because the incestuous embrace produces issue. This issue is not only the children in the play but also the play itself. As such, the play is a product of an indigenous and a colonial culture. Ethnic aggression, as both colonization and civil war, is thus characterised as fighting oneself.
Allan Gotthelf
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199287956
- eISBN:
- 9780191738296
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199287956.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Starting from the premise that Aristotelian explanation proceeds via the concepts of natures and potentials (and not, say, laws), this chapter argues that for Aristotle the generation of a living ...
More
Starting from the premise that Aristotelian explanation proceeds via the concepts of natures and potentials (and not, say, laws), this chapter argues that for Aristotle the generation of a living organism is not the actualization of the natures and potentials of the materials from which organisms develop, but rather the actualization of a primitive, irreducible potential to produce out of the appropriate materials an organism of a certain form. Each of the major texts in which Aristotle defends his natural teleology is shown to argue for or presuppose that material causes are insufficient to produce such an end. Aristotle's teleology is thus is an empirical thesis and not an a priori one brought to nature. A Postscript articulates various aspects of this view more precisely, showing that a part is for the sake of something only if it has come to be for the sake of something.Less
Starting from the premise that Aristotelian explanation proceeds via the concepts of natures and potentials (and not, say, laws), this chapter argues that for Aristotle the generation of a living organism is not the actualization of the natures and potentials of the materials from which organisms develop, but rather the actualization of a primitive, irreducible potential to produce out of the appropriate materials an organism of a certain form. Each of the major texts in which Aristotle defends his natural teleology is shown to argue for or presuppose that material causes are insufficient to produce such an end. Aristotle's teleology is thus is an empirical thesis and not an a priori one brought to nature. A Postscript articulates various aspects of this view more precisely, showing that a part is for the sake of something only if it has come to be for the sake of something.
Lewis V. Baldwin
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195380316
- eISBN:
- 9780199869299
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380316.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The ministry and mission of the Christian Church since the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., is examined in this chapter. Topics explored include the black church’s shift from protest to ...
More
The ministry and mission of the Christian Church since the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., is examined in this chapter. Topics explored include the black church’s shift from protest to politics, the public resurgence and politicization of the white church, the rise of the megachurch phenomenon, and the retreat from King’s prophetic model of the church by major black and white church leaders. King’s prophetic model of the church is employed in a critique of the entrepreneurial Christianity and prosperity gospel of the megachurch phenomenon. The chapter emphatically concludes that King’s ecclesial model provides the best possibilities for the renewal and revitalization of the Christian church in the twenty-first century.Less
The ministry and mission of the Christian Church since the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., is examined in this chapter. Topics explored include the black church’s shift from protest to politics, the public resurgence and politicization of the white church, the rise of the megachurch phenomenon, and the retreat from King’s prophetic model of the church by major black and white church leaders. King’s prophetic model of the church is employed in a critique of the entrepreneurial Christianity and prosperity gospel of the megachurch phenomenon. The chapter emphatically concludes that King’s ecclesial model provides the best possibilities for the renewal and revitalization of the Christian church in the twenty-first century.
C. Stephen Evans
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199272174
- eISBN:
- 9780191602061
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199272174.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Philosophy of Religion
Unlike Fear and Trembling, Kierkegaard affixes his name to Concluding Unscientific Postscript, as the ‘editor’, thereby signalling his close affinity to the position outlined by the book’s pseudonym ...
More
Unlike Fear and Trembling, Kierkegaard affixes his name to Concluding Unscientific Postscript, as the ‘editor’, thereby signalling his close affinity to the position outlined by the book’s pseudonym Johannes Climacus. Kierkegaard himself, in The Point of View for My Work as an Author, tells us that he placed his name on the title page as a signal of the similarity of Climacus’s views to his own. Indeed, Climacus provides a formal structure that can be used to illuminate what Kierkegaard says in his own voice in Works of Love and elsewhere. From Climacus in Concluding Unscientific Postscript – and from Kierkegaard himself in Purity of Heart Is to Will One Thing – we have a conception of the ethical life as a life that involves a relationship with God. This knowledge of God, however, is not rooted in God’s revelation in history but is, instead, rooted in the individual’s own conscience.Less
Unlike Fear and Trembling, Kierkegaard affixes his name to Concluding Unscientific Postscript, as the ‘editor’, thereby signalling his close affinity to the position outlined by the book’s pseudonym Johannes Climacus. Kierkegaard himself, in The Point of View for My Work as an Author, tells us that he placed his name on the title page as a signal of the similarity of Climacus’s views to his own. Indeed, Climacus provides a formal structure that can be used to illuminate what Kierkegaard says in his own voice in Works of Love and elsewhere. From Climacus in Concluding Unscientific Postscript – and from Kierkegaard himself in Purity of Heart Is to Will One Thing – we have a conception of the ethical life as a life that involves a relationship with God. This knowledge of God, however, is not rooted in God’s revelation in history but is, instead, rooted in the individual’s own conscience.
Daphna Erdinast-Vulcan
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198117858
- eISBN:
- 9780191671081
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198117858.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism, European Literature
As we attempt to understand the notion of ‘life as a text’ through examining what Stein referred to as ‘how to be’ in relation to the role of art in this query, the relation between life and art is ...
More
As we attempt to understand the notion of ‘life as a text’ through examining what Stein referred to as ‘how to be’ in relation to the role of art in this query, the relation between life and art is reversed since, in contrast with the then prototext of myth as an alternative world view and manner of behaviour, the prototext in the late phase involves ideas of romance, fictionality, and illusion. The post-modernist conception of ‘textuality’, as used in the context of the latter phase, makes Nietzsche’s scepticism its reference, as well as the notion of ‘the will of illusion’. This chapter looks into the viewpoint of both Vaihinger and Nietzsche in analysing the ‘textual’ stage in the evolution and developments in Conrad’S writings.Less
As we attempt to understand the notion of ‘life as a text’ through examining what Stein referred to as ‘how to be’ in relation to the role of art in this query, the relation between life and art is reversed since, in contrast with the then prototext of myth as an alternative world view and manner of behaviour, the prototext in the late phase involves ideas of romance, fictionality, and illusion. The post-modernist conception of ‘textuality’, as used in the context of the latter phase, makes Nietzsche’s scepticism its reference, as well as the notion of ‘the will of illusion’. This chapter looks into the viewpoint of both Vaihinger and Nietzsche in analysing the ‘textual’ stage in the evolution and developments in Conrad’S writings.
Giacinto della Cananea
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199589104
- eISBN:
- 9780191595455
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199589104.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Public International Law
Due to globalization, States are increasingly affected by external factors, whilst at the same time influencing the behaviour of individuals and firms, including foreign investors. Their decisions ...
More
Due to globalization, States are increasingly affected by external factors, whilst at the same time influencing the behaviour of individuals and firms, including foreign investors. Their decisions produce binding effects, for example, when an authorization is issued or refused. The question thus arises whether procedural safeguards aiming at achieving due process of law may be regarded as minimum standards that must be observed. This chapter first looks at the history of ideas and argues that the works of Montesquieu, Smith, and Tocqueville show that the idea of general principles of law is not necessarily in contrast with the recognition of particularities. Then, it observes that, as far as administrative adjudication is concerned, some common standards emerged within the OECD, both as a result of common developments and as a consequence of the action of multilateral institutions. It suggests, therefore, that an ‘echelle des garantie’ may be identified.Less
Due to globalization, States are increasingly affected by external factors, whilst at the same time influencing the behaviour of individuals and firms, including foreign investors. Their decisions produce binding effects, for example, when an authorization is issued or refused. The question thus arises whether procedural safeguards aiming at achieving due process of law may be regarded as minimum standards that must be observed. This chapter first looks at the history of ideas and argues that the works of Montesquieu, Smith, and Tocqueville show that the idea of general principles of law is not necessarily in contrast with the recognition of particularities. Then, it observes that, as far as administrative adjudication is concerned, some common standards emerged within the OECD, both as a result of common developments and as a consequence of the action of multilateral institutions. It suggests, therefore, that an ‘echelle des garantie’ may be identified.
David Hodgson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199845309
- eISBN:
- 9780199932269
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199845309.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, General
In Chapter 6, I consider in more detail how the grasp of gestalts contributes to reasonable decision-making, in particular (1) by non-human animals that have conscious experiences somewhat like ours, ...
More
In Chapter 6, I consider in more detail how the grasp of gestalts contributes to reasonable decision-making, in particular (1) by non-human animals that have conscious experiences somewhat like ours, (2) in making aesthetic judgments, and (3) in plausible reasoning generally. My conclusion is that indeed our reasonable decision-making utilises conscious experiences in which we grasp and respond to whole feature-rich gestalts in ways that are not determined by laws or rules.Less
In Chapter 6, I consider in more detail how the grasp of gestalts contributes to reasonable decision-making, in particular (1) by non-human animals that have conscious experiences somewhat like ours, (2) in making aesthetic judgments, and (3) in plausible reasoning generally. My conclusion is that indeed our reasonable decision-making utilises conscious experiences in which we grasp and respond to whole feature-rich gestalts in ways that are not determined by laws or rules.
Maria Dimova‐Cookson (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199271665
- eISBN:
- 9780191709364
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271665.003.0012
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter links the problems posed by value pluralism with those posed by moral conflict and aims to apply the solutions T. H. Green offers to the latter in the case of the former. The argument is ...
More
This chapter links the problems posed by value pluralism with those posed by moral conflict and aims to apply the solutions T. H. Green offers to the latter in the case of the former. The argument is that Green's analysis of moral action yields useful strategies for resolving moral conflicts and these strategies can in turn be applied in tackling the tensions arising when living in a value pluralist social environment. The British idealist distinguishes between an ‘epistemological’ aspect (knowledge of the right thing to do) and a ‘volitional’ aspect (commitment to do the right thing) of moral action, where the ‘volitional’ aspect plays a crucial role in resolving moral conflicts. It is this aspect of moral action that contemporary liberals like Rawls and Nagel fail to theorise and as a result lose crucial resources for easing the strains of living in a pluralist society.Less
This chapter links the problems posed by value pluralism with those posed by moral conflict and aims to apply the solutions T. H. Green offers to the latter in the case of the former. The argument is that Green's analysis of moral action yields useful strategies for resolving moral conflicts and these strategies can in turn be applied in tackling the tensions arising when living in a value pluralist social environment. The British idealist distinguishes between an ‘epistemological’ aspect (knowledge of the right thing to do) and a ‘volitional’ aspect (commitment to do the right thing) of moral action, where the ‘volitional’ aspect plays a crucial role in resolving moral conflicts. It is this aspect of moral action that contemporary liberals like Rawls and Nagel fail to theorise and as a result lose crucial resources for easing the strains of living in a pluralist society.
Julia L. Mickenberg
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195152807
- eISBN:
- 9780199788903
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152807.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
The Council on Interracial Books for Children (CIBC) was founded in the mid-1960s by a group of Old Left activists. The Council, whose members helped to make children's literature more genuinely ...
More
The Council on Interracial Books for Children (CIBC) was founded in the mid-1960s by a group of Old Left activists. The Council, whose members helped to make children's literature more genuinely representative of American life and cultural diversity, also helped to link the Old Left and the New Left, or the radical generations of the 1930s and the 1960s. Linking undertakings like Scholastic's Firebird Books program (a project of Lilian Moore, a founder of the CIBC) which highlighted the contributions of racial minorities to American life with the popular book, record, and television special, Free to Be You and Me, which challenged gender stereotyping the epilogue focuses on the new terrain of children's books in the 1960s, 1970s, and beyond. The work of left-wingers in the children's book field throughout the most repressive years of the Cold War points to the counter-hegemonic impulses that may thrive even during periods that seem to foreclose dissent.Less
The Council on Interracial Books for Children (CIBC) was founded in the mid-1960s by a group of Old Left activists. The Council, whose members helped to make children's literature more genuinely representative of American life and cultural diversity, also helped to link the Old Left and the New Left, or the radical generations of the 1930s and the 1960s. Linking undertakings like Scholastic's Firebird Books program (a project of Lilian Moore, a founder of the CIBC) which highlighted the contributions of racial minorities to American life with the popular book, record, and television special, Free to Be You and Me, which challenged gender stereotyping the epilogue focuses on the new terrain of children's books in the 1960s, 1970s, and beyond. The work of left-wingers in the children's book field throughout the most repressive years of the Cold War points to the counter-hegemonic impulses that may thrive even during periods that seem to foreclose dissent.
Jody Azzouni
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195159882
- eISBN:
- 9780199834990
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195159888.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Logic/Philosophy of Mathematics
This chapter refutes the two possible arguments for Quine’s criterion for what a discourse is committed to: (1) the triviality thesis, that “there is” as used in ordinary language indicates ...
More
This chapter refutes the two possible arguments for Quine’s criterion for what a discourse is committed to: (1) the triviality thesis, that “there is” as used in ordinary language indicates ontological commitment, and this idiom is straightforwardly regimented by the objectual existential quantifier, (2) that the semantics of objectual quantification presupposes ontological commitment. Seven strategies for supporting the triviality thesis are reviewed, including paraphrase in ordinary language and the pretense program.Less
This chapter refutes the two possible arguments for Quine’s criterion for what a discourse is committed to: (1) the triviality thesis, that “there is” as used in ordinary language indicates ontological commitment, and this idiom is straightforwardly regimented by the objectual existential quantifier, (2) that the semantics of objectual quantification presupposes ontological commitment. Seven strategies for supporting the triviality thesis are reviewed, including paraphrase in ordinary language and the pretense program.
Susan Strange
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781784992651
- eISBN:
- 9781526104168
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784992651.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
If we look beyond the literature that deals specifically with money and finance, we find a much wider range of interpretations of the causes of our present troubles. To underline the point that ...
More
If we look beyond the literature that deals specifically with money and finance, we find a much wider range of interpretations of the causes of our present troubles. To underline the point that decisions in international money and finance have generally been accorded too limited a place in our understanding, it may be useful to attempt a sort of plain person’s guide to the full range of contending interpretations of the events of recent years. This is the more necessary because many people deeply concerned with our predicament have neither the time nor the patience to go through them all at length, and also because people tend to read the literature of their own profession or field of interest and that of their own political persuasion. A guide that takes in as wide range of prejudices and perceptions as possible may therefore be useful. The interpretations that tend to dismiss the monetary and financial aspects of world economic disorder as unimportant seem to fall into two groups: those that put the main stress and blame for disorder on weaknesses in trade policies, and those which avoid putting the blame anywhere in particular by offering one or other form of determinist versions of recent economic history.Less
If we look beyond the literature that deals specifically with money and finance, we find a much wider range of interpretations of the causes of our present troubles. To underline the point that decisions in international money and finance have generally been accorded too limited a place in our understanding, it may be useful to attempt a sort of plain person’s guide to the full range of contending interpretations of the events of recent years. This is the more necessary because many people deeply concerned with our predicament have neither the time nor the patience to go through them all at length, and also because people tend to read the literature of their own profession or field of interest and that of their own political persuasion. A guide that takes in as wide range of prejudices and perceptions as possible may therefore be useful. The interpretations that tend to dismiss the monetary and financial aspects of world economic disorder as unimportant seem to fall into two groups: those that put the main stress and blame for disorder on weaknesses in trade policies, and those which avoid putting the blame anywhere in particular by offering one or other form of determinist versions of recent economic history.
Michael Nelson
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199662951
- eISBN:
- 9780191745195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662951.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Velleman defends a position intermediate between moral rationalism and arationalism. Like the moral rationalist, he maintains that only irrational agents act immorally. Like the arationalist, he ...
More
Velleman defends a position intermediate between moral rationalism and arationalism. Like the moral rationalist, he maintains that only irrational agents act immorally. Like the arationalist, he maintains that some immoral acts are not irrational; immorality is not always contrary to the dictates of practical reason. Velleman motivates his arationalism by considering “hard cases”‘ of agents allegedly lacking reason to be moral. The chapter defends an orthodox Kantian view, arguing that Velleman misdescribes the reasons the hard cases have. It is argued that every autonomous agent has reason to be moral. This follows from Velleman's conception of practical reason as having the aim of self-understanding. This is because there are constraints on the explanations an autonomous agent can employ to make sense of her behavior. Only when an agent acts from considerations that can be willed as universal law can those considerations render the behavior intelligible while being compatible with the agent being self-determining in acting as she did. The chapter concludes by briefly discussing the problem of conflicting requirements and Velleman's argument against the claim that morality is self-imposed.Less
Velleman defends a position intermediate between moral rationalism and arationalism. Like the moral rationalist, he maintains that only irrational agents act immorally. Like the arationalist, he maintains that some immoral acts are not irrational; immorality is not always contrary to the dictates of practical reason. Velleman motivates his arationalism by considering “hard cases”‘ of agents allegedly lacking reason to be moral. The chapter defends an orthodox Kantian view, arguing that Velleman misdescribes the reasons the hard cases have. It is argued that every autonomous agent has reason to be moral. This follows from Velleman's conception of practical reason as having the aim of self-understanding. This is because there are constraints on the explanations an autonomous agent can employ to make sense of her behavior. Only when an agent acts from considerations that can be willed as universal law can those considerations render the behavior intelligible while being compatible with the agent being self-determining in acting as she did. The chapter concludes by briefly discussing the problem of conflicting requirements and Velleman's argument against the claim that morality is self-imposed.
C. W. A. Whitaker
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199254194
- eISBN:
- 9780191598654
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199254192.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
The task of classifying contradictory pairs continues in the chapters that follow, but no new exceptions to RCP are found. Here, assertions are examined and their contradictory pairs set out, ...
More
The task of classifying contradictory pairs continues in the chapters that follow, but no new exceptions to RCP are found. Here, assertions are examined and their contradictory pairs set out, beginning with the most basic, in which ’is’ is added to a name. Next the role of the verb ’to be’ as an ’additional predicate’ is seen, in sentences such as ’man is just’, and finally assertions are considered in which there is no ’to be’, and a verb is simply added to a name. Contradictory pairs are examined which involve the use of negative subjects as well as negative predicates, universally and non‐universally. We see here a careful discussion of the different ways in which negation can be applied in a sentence, and guidance on how to tell which assertions are the contradictories of which others.Less
The task of classifying contradictory pairs continues in the chapters that follow, but no new exceptions to RCP are found. Here, assertions are examined and their contradictory pairs set out, beginning with the most basic, in which ’is’ is added to a name. Next the role of the verb ’to be’ as an ’additional predicate’ is seen, in sentences such as ’man is just’, and finally assertions are considered in which there is no ’to be’, and a verb is simply added to a name. Contradictory pairs are examined which involve the use of negative subjects as well as negative predicates, universally and non‐universally. We see here a careful discussion of the different ways in which negation can be applied in a sentence, and guidance on how to tell which assertions are the contradictories of which others.
Mia de Kuijper
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195171631
- eISBN:
- 9780199871353
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171631.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Chapter 1 introduces Profit Power—the ability to retain your own profitability and extract returns from others; and use the leverage that derives from it to orchestrate business relationships and to ...
More
Chapter 1 introduces Profit Power—the ability to retain your own profitability and extract returns from others; and use the leverage that derives from it to orchestrate business relationships and to win over competitors and customers—and asserts that profit power is the key to achieving extraordinary returns. Being best is not good enough. The sources of profit power are called power nodes. This chapter provides concrete examples of how power nodes work to produce extraordinary returns.Less
Chapter 1 introduces Profit Power—the ability to retain your own profitability and extract returns from others; and use the leverage that derives from it to orchestrate business relationships and to win over competitors and customers—and asserts that profit power is the key to achieving extraordinary returns. Being best is not good enough. The sources of profit power are called power nodes. This chapter provides concrete examples of how power nodes work to produce extraordinary returns.
Joana Mendes
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199599769
- eISBN:
- 9780191729195
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199599769.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
The book is a critical legal analysis of the current scope of participation rights in EU law, embedded in the political and institutional contexts of European integration. Participation has featured ...
More
The book is a critical legal analysis of the current scope of participation rights in EU law, embedded in the political and institutional contexts of European integration. Participation has featured prominently in recent institutional and political developments that have been shaping the EU's constitutional framework — most intensely in the follow up of the Commission's White Paper on Governance. Yet, little attention has been paid to participation rights as a means of ensuring the procedural protection of persons affected by EU regulation in its diverse forms. Both the EU legislator and the EU Courts have largely ignored this dimension of the rule of law. This book shows why the current judicial and legislative conceptions are inadequate to ensure the legal protection of rights and interests affected by EU regulation. It defends that current conceptions reflect an excessively formalistic approach to participation rights — premised on the right to be heard in individual procedures — as well as a restrictive view regarding the relationships between the citizens and the administration. The book combines a conceptual analysis with an empirical scrutiny of three EU policy fields — food, state aid and financial services — and assesses the scope of participation rights in EU law against their rationales and underlying legal values. It makes a case for the extension of participation rights to new situations and new types of procedures, in particular those that would generally fall within the category of rulemaking. It thereby brings distinct normative insights into a crucial theme of EU administrative law.Less
The book is a critical legal analysis of the current scope of participation rights in EU law, embedded in the political and institutional contexts of European integration. Participation has featured prominently in recent institutional and political developments that have been shaping the EU's constitutional framework — most intensely in the follow up of the Commission's White Paper on Governance. Yet, little attention has been paid to participation rights as a means of ensuring the procedural protection of persons affected by EU regulation in its diverse forms. Both the EU legislator and the EU Courts have largely ignored this dimension of the rule of law. This book shows why the current judicial and legislative conceptions are inadequate to ensure the legal protection of rights and interests affected by EU regulation. It defends that current conceptions reflect an excessively formalistic approach to participation rights — premised on the right to be heard in individual procedures — as well as a restrictive view regarding the relationships between the citizens and the administration. The book combines a conceptual analysis with an empirical scrutiny of three EU policy fields — food, state aid and financial services — and assesses the scope of participation rights in EU law against their rationales and underlying legal values. It makes a case for the extension of participation rights to new situations and new types of procedures, in particular those that would generally fall within the category of rulemaking. It thereby brings distinct normative insights into a crucial theme of EU administrative law.
Susan Strange
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781784992651
- eISBN:
- 9781526104168
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784992651.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
We have seen that increased uncertainty has produced a marked hypertrophy of financial markets and financial dealing, much of it speculative in character. It has also increased the inequality in ...
More
We have seen that increased uncertainty has produced a marked hypertrophy of financial markets and financial dealing, much of it speculative in character. It has also increased the inequality in competition between large enterprises and small ones. And it has altered the balance – so vital to any stable market system – between authority and market, with the result that authority has been undermined and markets made more volatile. Yet these consequences were masked for too long by some important misperceptions, mostly promulgated by academics, about what was really going on and what consequences followed. Some of those misperceptions have been shown up. Other persist. But the general effect has been gradually to extend the area of significant ignorance – significant, that is, from the point of view of political control and supervision of the economic and financial system. That control and supervision requires knowlege, and as change accelerates and the markets and national monetary systems become more integrated into a global system, the nature of the required knowledge increases and changes. It is in the light of these broad conclusions that we have to review and weigh the various remedies and reform plans that have been put forward to bring the system under better control.Less
We have seen that increased uncertainty has produced a marked hypertrophy of financial markets and financial dealing, much of it speculative in character. It has also increased the inequality in competition between large enterprises and small ones. And it has altered the balance – so vital to any stable market system – between authority and market, with the result that authority has been undermined and markets made more volatile. Yet these consequences were masked for too long by some important misperceptions, mostly promulgated by academics, about what was really going on and what consequences followed. Some of those misperceptions have been shown up. Other persist. But the general effect has been gradually to extend the area of significant ignorance – significant, that is, from the point of view of political control and supervision of the economic and financial system. That control and supervision requires knowlege, and as change accelerates and the markets and national monetary systems become more integrated into a global system, the nature of the required knowledge increases and changes. It is in the light of these broad conclusions that we have to review and weigh the various remedies and reform plans that have been put forward to bring the system under better control.
Hans Kelsen
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198252177
- eISBN:
- 9780191681363
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198252177.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
For every conditional norm, there is a statement about the occurrence of the act of which the conditional norm is the meaning, such as ‘God commanded that if someone makes a promise he is to keep it’ ...
More
For every conditional norm, there is a statement about the occurrence of the act of which the conditional norm is the meaning, such as ‘God commanded that if someone makes a promise he is to keep it’ or ‘The legislator has commanded that if someone commits theft he is to be punished’. These statements are true even if no one makes a promise or commits theft. For it is not the act of which the norm is the meaning which is subject to a condition, but the meaning of the act: the ought-to-keep-promises, the ought-to-be-punished.Less
For every conditional norm, there is a statement about the occurrence of the act of which the conditional norm is the meaning, such as ‘God commanded that if someone makes a promise he is to keep it’ or ‘The legislator has commanded that if someone commits theft he is to be punished’. These statements are true even if no one makes a promise or commits theft. For it is not the act of which the norm is the meaning which is subject to a condition, but the meaning of the act: the ought-to-keep-promises, the ought-to-be-punished.
