Search Results

Staccato

Heinrich Schenker

in The Art of Performance

This brief chapter describes the physical means of shortening notes in a manner appropriate to the desired effect.

Aerodynamics

John J. Videler

in Avian Flight

Main forces on a flying bird are lift, weight, thrust, and drag. Quantitative visualization of the flow shows how these forces result from the interactions between bird and air. Conventional flow ... More

Main forces on a flying bird are lift, weight, thrust, and drag. Quantitative visualization of the flow shows how these forces result from the interactions between bird and air. Conventional flow around cambered arm wings with rounded leading edges and sharp trailing edges is attached and deflected downwards behind the wings. A starting vortex needs to be shed before the full lift force is produced. Hand wings with sharp leading edges are flat and often used in swept back position to induce leading edge vortices (LEVs) above the wing. LEVs produce lift and drag instantaneously. The aerodynamics of flapping flight is more complex than that of gliding flight because thrust needs to be generated as well as lift. Birds most probably use combined effects of attached and LEV flow to accelerate air downwards and backwards. Most tails operate as delta wings when spread. LEVs are probably the main aerodynamic mechanism.Less

Basic concepts I: common law statutes; the enactment; legal meaning; factual outline and legal thrust; implied ancillary rules

F. A. R. Bennion

in Understanding Common Law Legislation: Drafting and Interpretation

This chapter explains the concept common law statutes, stressing that the laws governing common law countries are now mostly enactments of a democratic parliament, mediated by common law rules of ... More

This chapter explains the concept common law statutes, stressing that the laws governing common law countries are now mostly enactments of a democratic parliament, mediated by common law rules of interpretation. The basic unit of legislation is the enactment, consisting of a distinct proposition of law. It needs an informed construction, which is explained. Legislation is what the legislator says it is; while the legal meaning of legislation, that is the one corresponding to the legislator's intention, is what the court says it is. The chapter explains in detail the importance of the legal meaning. The usual effect of an enactment is that, when the facts fall within an indicated area called the factual outline, specified consequences called the legal thrust ensue. Elements in the legal thrust may be left unexpressed by the drafter. These implied ancillary rules are to be treated as imported.Less

Linguistic canons and interpretative technique

F. A. R. Bennion

in Understanding Common Law Legislation: Drafting and Interpretation

A linguistic canon reflects the nature and use of non-legal language. An Act is read as a whole. Except in a consolidation Act, different words are given different meanings and the same words the ... More

A linguistic canon reflects the nature and use of non-legal language. An Act is read as a whole. Except in a consolidation Act, different words are given different meanings and the same words the same meaning. If there is no sensible meaning, the word will be disregarded. Latin maxims include: noscitur a sociis (it is recognised by its associates), ejusdem generis (of the same kind or nature), reddendo singula singulis (render each to each), expressum facit cessare tacitum (express words end implication), and expressio unius est exclusio alterius (to express one thing is to exclude another). The enactment's factual outline and legal thrust should be identified. When the facts fall within the factual outline, the legal thrust ensues. Then each relevant interpretative factor should be identified. Where these do not all point one way, the weights of the relevant factors should be assessed and which of the opposing constructions they indicate on balance should be determined.Less

Techniques of law management

F. A. R. Bennion

in Understanding Common Law Legislation: Drafting and Interpretation

Officials and lawyers need to be taught and use certain techniques of dealing with legislation, i.e., ‘law handling’ or ‘law management’. Ability effectively to manage the relevant law is central to ... More

Officials and lawyers need to be taught and use certain techniques of dealing with legislation, i.e., ‘law handling’ or ‘law management’. Ability effectively to manage the relevant law is central to any lawyer's or law student's functioning. The techniques are needed for both solving and avoiding problems, since each depends on exposing the legal thrust applicable to the factual situation. Law management is the general skill, applied in the context of particular facts (whether actual or hypothetical) and supplemented where necessary by detailed knowledge of the particular area of law in question in a case, of identifying the legal issues involved, formulating the relevant legal rule(s) and, by intellectual manipulation of the materials (witness statements, case reports, legislative enactments, etc.), reaching the legal resultant (or arguable legal resultant) of applying the rule(s) to the facts. This needs to be accompanied by the working out and formulation of explanations and arguments.Less

Taylor’s The History of Cardenio in Wellington

David Lawrence

in The Quest for Cardenio: Shakespeare, Fletcher, Cervantes, and the Lost Play

This chapter discusses the May 2009 performance of Gary Taylor’s adaptation of Double Falsehood as The History of Cardenio, directed by David Carnegie and Lori Leigh in Wellington, New Zealand. It is ... More

This chapter discusses the May 2009 performance of Gary Taylor’s adaptation of Double Falsehood as The History of Cardenio, directed by David Carnegie and Lori Leigh in Wellington, New Zealand. It is a critical review looking at how the production realized the requirements of the text, with primary focus on the performances of the actors playing the two central couples in the play, but also considering the staging, design, costuming, and audiences’ reception of the production.Less

Rocket Trajectories

John E. Prussing

in Optimal Spacecraft Trajectories

rocket trajectories, including equations of motion are treated. High- and low-thrust engines are analysed, including constant-specific-impulse and variable-specific-impulse engines. The equation of ... More

rocket trajectories, including equations of motion are treated. High- and low-thrust engines are analysed, including constant-specific-impulse and variable-specific-impulse engines. The equation of motion of a spacecraft which is thrusting in a gravitational field determines its trajectory.Less

Avian Aerodynamics

Helmut Satz

in The Rules of the Flock: Self-Organization and Swarm Structure in Animal Societies

A bird in flight experiences four forces: wing flapping brings a forward thrust and an upward lift, while air resistance creates a drag and the weight of the bird a downward pull. In addition, the ... More

A bird in flight experiences four forces: wing flapping brings a forward thrust and an upward lift, while air resistance creates a drag and the weight of the bird a downward pull. In addition, the flow of air over the wings creates an upward pressure. A third source of motion arises from a coordination of wing flapping between adjacent birds, as discussed in the previous chapter.Less

Under the Cuban Flag Notions of Indigeneity at the End of the Nineteenth Century

Peter Hume

in Displacements and Transformations in Caribbean Cultures

This chapter discusses how narratives of national sovereignty, personal freedom, and pro-indigenous movements were appropriated and deployed, for the benefit of the U.S. imperialist thrust and ... More

This chapter discusses how narratives of national sovereignty, personal freedom, and pro-indigenous movements were appropriated and deployed, for the benefit of the U.S. imperialist thrust and assurance of strategic positioning on the shores of Cuba and beyond. It also demonstrates how the focus of literary works is on indigeneity.Less

The Basis for Continued Combat Operations

Joachim Ludewig

in Rückzug: The German Retreat from France, 1944

Chapter 9 establishes the ability of the German forces to continue to offer defensive opposition to the Allies. The objectives that Eisenhower had established for his armies on August 24 had mostly ... More

Chapter 9 establishes the ability of the German forces to continue to offer defensive opposition to the Allies. The objectives that Eisenhower had established for his armies on August 24 had mostly been achieved during the first few days of September. The rapid Allied pursuit had exacerbated the already existing logistical problems, widening the gap between the original operational plan and the support of the actual advance. The estimate of the enemy situation developed by the Allies since early August increasingly shifted toward underestimating Germany’s remaining strength, and by September 1, Josef Goebbels had managed to round up near 170,000 men to augment the German forces.Less

An Agricultural Boom and Its Unexpected Consequences

Thomas D. Rogers

in The Deepest Wounds: A Labor and Environmental History of Sugar in Northeast Brazil

This chapter shows how the state's attempts to intervene in the zona da mata accelerated once the military took command. The state interacted with producers and workers through representatives both ... More

This chapter shows how the state's attempts to intervene in the zona da mata accelerated once the military took command. The state interacted with producers and workers through representatives both familiar and new. Though they had separate briefs, these actors contributed to a common state thrust toward bureaucratic solutions to problems at multiple scales, both natural and social. The mo-dernist ideology guiding state action privileged the power of science, planning, and technocracy to rationalize social relations and industry. This value system produced the Brazilian Miracle, a period of economic acceleration between 1968 and 1974 that averaged nearly 11 percent annual growth. Warren Dean describes the fetishization of development during this period as a millenarian system of belief.Less

Improving a Nonoptimal Impulsive Trajectory

John E. Prussing

in Optimal Spacecraft Trajectories

Improving a nonoptimal trajectory is analysed, including adding terminal coasts and midcourse impulses in fixed-time trajectories. Orbit transfer is also analysed. If the primer vector evaluated ... More

Improving a nonoptimal trajectory is analysed, including adding terminal coasts and midcourse impulses in fixed-time trajectories. Orbit transfer is also analysed. If the primer vector evaluated along an impulsive trajectory fails to satisfy the necessary conditions (NC) for an optimal solution, the way in which the NC are violated provides information that can lead to a solution that does satisfy the NC. The necessary gradients were first derived by Lion and Handelsman.Less

Continuous-Thrust Trajectories

John E. Prussing

in Optimal Spacecraft Trajectories

Continuous-thrust trajectories are analysed, including quasi-circular transfer, non-constant mass, and optimal quasi-circular transfer. Wiesel provides an approximate analysis of circle-to-circle ... More

Continuous-thrust trajectories are analysed, including quasi-circular transfer, non-constant mass, and optimal quasi-circular transfer. Wiesel provides an approximate analysis of circle-to-circle coplanar orbit transfer using very low tangential continuous thrust. Kechichian provides an analysis for an optimal solution.Less

Cooperative Rendezvous

John E. Prussing

in Optimal Spacecraft Trajectories

Cooperative rendezvous involves two thrusting spacecraft. Optimal continuous thrust trajectories and impulsive thrust terminal maneuvers are analysed. Orbital rendezvous typically involves one ... More

Cooperative rendezvous involves two thrusting spacecraft. Optimal continuous thrust trajectories and impulsive thrust terminal maneuvers are analysed. Orbital rendezvous typically involves one thrusting (active) vehicle and one coasting (passive) target vehicle. However, a cooperative rendezvous can result in propellant savings if the masses and propulsive capabilities of the two vehicles are comparable.Less

Movement in Water

Andrew A. Biewener and Shelia N. Patek (eds)

in Animal Locomotion

This chapter examines how the physical properties of water influence and explain the great diversity of swimming performance and mechanisms - from the scale of spermatozoa on up to whales. The key ... More

This chapter examines how the physical properties of water influence and explain the great diversity of swimming performance and mechanisms - from the scale of spermatozoa on up to whales. The key parameters of inertia, viscosity and their manifestation in the critically important Reynolds number are explained and placed in the context of a range of swimming mechanisms, including undulatory movement and fin-based, jet-based, flagellar and ciliary propulsion. The air-water interface also presents an intriguing mechanical challenge for the many organisms that move on top of the water’s surface. The chapter concludes with a brief overview of the burgeoning field of biorobotic swimmers.Less

Movement in Air

Andrew A. Biewener and Shelia N. Patek (eds)

in Animal Locomotion

Aerial flight involves the same fluid mechanical principles as aquatic locomotion. However, the 800-fold lower density of air compared with water has marked consequences on the mechanisms of aerial ... More

Aerial flight involves the same fluid mechanical principles as aquatic locomotion. However, the 800-fold lower density of air compared with water has marked consequences on the mechanisms of aerial locomotion. We examine the forces acting on a flying animal in which these fluid forces can be calculated. We then consider how basic features of the wings and body affect flight forces. Building on this understanding, we examine the power requirements associated with flight as a function of flight speed, based on conventional aerodynamics (i.e. steady airflow past non-oscillating wings, which applies to most engineered aircraft). Gliding flight is explained by steady-state theory and is discussed in this context. However, because flying animals must flap their wings to support weight and overcome drag, non-steady aerodynamic effects come into play. These non-steady aerodynamic effects are revealed by tracking the flow over a moving wing or by the use of robotic models.Less

Horizontal/vertical displacements and their rates

Jean-Luc Bouchez and Adolphe Nicolas

in Principles of Rock Deformation and Tectonics

This chapter widens our scope towards translation and rotation. These displacements are critical in tectonic studies along with distortion, which has so far been the main subject of this book. Note ... More

This chapter widens our scope towards translation and rotation. These displacements are critical in tectonic studies along with distortion, which has so far been the main subject of this book. Note that a translation needs a fixed reference to be defined. Consider, for example, the glide of the lithosphere over the asthenosphere with respect to the mid-Atlantic ridge. On a spherical surface, a translation is also a rotation, where the horizontal displacement of a plate is governed by a rotation axis (or pole) and an angular velocity. Vertical displacements of the Earth’s surface are one order of magnitude less (on the order of mm per year) than horizontal displacements. Lots of studies, performed in the frame of a discipline called neotectonics, attempt to determine uplift rates through different techniques, such as fission track and radioactive decay. They will be briefly presented in this chapter. The main reference for vertical displacements is the sea level, which itself is mobile through time. This mobility is obviously sensitive when processes such as erosion or post-glacial rebound are considered, but much less significant when exhumation of deep-seated rocks may reach kilometres during an orogeny.Less

The Making of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibetan Plateau

Mike Searle

in Colliding Continents: A geological exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibet

My quest to figure out how the great mountain ranges of Asia, the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibetan Plateau were formed has thus far lasted over thirty years from my first glimpse of those wonderful ... More

My quest to figure out how the great mountain ranges of Asia, the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibetan Plateau were formed has thus far lasted over thirty years from my first glimpse of those wonderful snowy mountains of the Kulu Himalaya in India, peering out of that swaying Indian bus on the road to Manali. It has taken me on a journey from the Hindu Kush and Pamir Ranges along the North-West Frontier of Pakistan with Afghanistan through the Karakoram and along the Himalaya across India, Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan and, of course, the great high plateau of Tibet. During the latter decade I have extended these studies eastwards throughout South East Asia and followed the Indian plate boundary all the way east to the Andaman Islands, Sumatra, and Java in Indonesia. There were, of course, numerous geologists who had ventured into the great ranges over the previous hundred years or more and whose findings are scattered throughout the archives of the Survey of India. These were largely descriptive and provided invaluable ground-truth for the surge in models that were proposed to explain the Himalaya and Tibet. When I first started working in the Himalaya there were very few field constraints and only a handful of pioneering geologists had actually made any geological maps. The notable few included Rashid Khan Tahirkheli in Kohistan, D. N. Wadia in parts of the Indian Himalaya, Ardito Desio in the Karakoram, Augusto Gansser in India and Bhutan, Pierre Bordet in Makalu, Michel Colchen, Patrick LeFort, and Arnaud Pêcher in central Nepal. Maps are the starting point for any geological interpretation and mapping should always remain the most important building block for geology. I was extremely lucky that about the time I started working in the Himalaya enormous advances in almost all aspects of geology were happening at a rapid pace. It was the perfect time to start a large project trying to work out all the various geological processes that were in play in forming the great mountain ranges of Asia. Satellite technology suddenly opened up a whole new picture of the Earth from the early Landsat images to the new Google Earth images. Less

The Lisbon Earthquake and the Age of Reason

Susan Elizabeth Hough and Roger G. Bilham

in After the Earth Quakes: Elastic Rebound on an Urban Planet

An individual’s response to any catastrophic event, including the capacity for rebound, surely depends a great deal on one’s expectations before the event. In a short-term sense, earthquakes remain ... More

An individual’s response to any catastrophic event, including the capacity for rebound, surely depends a great deal on one’s expectations before the event. In a short-term sense, earthquakes remain as utterly unpredictable and abrupt as they have been since the dawn of time. Looking back through history, however, it becomes apparent that some earthquakes were more unexpected— and seemingly more mercurial—than others. In the middle of the 18th century, earthquake science had barely reached its infancy. Earthquakes had fascinated, and posed a challenge to, the best minds since at least the day of Aristotle. Aristotle, Pliny the Elder, St. Thomas Aquinas—whether they viewed earthquakes as acts of God or not, they and other philosophers approached the subject with a decidedly naturalist bent. Aristotle and Pliny interpreted earthquakes as the result of subterranean winds or subterranean storms. St. Thomas Aquinas argued in favor of the scholastic approach, supporting Aristotle’s scientific views over later, more theologically oriented interpretations. During the 17th century, earthquakes continued to be the source of scientific speculation. Galileo argued that the earth had a dense, solid core. In 1680 Robert Hooke published Discourse on Earthquakes, arguably the first significant book dealing with earthquakes as a natural phenomenon. In 1750 a series of earthquakes was widely felt throughout England. During this “year of earthquakes,” shocks were felt in London on February 19 and March 29, in Portsmouth and the Isle of Wight on March 29, in northwest England and northeast Wales on April 18, and in and around Northamptonshire on October 11. These shocks are now estimated to have been no larger than mid-magnitude-4: the first two events were quite small, felt strongly in London only because their epicenters were within city limits. But pound for pound—or, rather, magnitude unit for magnitude unit—the impact of these earthquakes far outstripped their literal reverberations within the earth. Less

Basic Life Support (BLS)

Clare Cree

in Nursing OSCEs: A Complete Guide to Exam Success

This chapter will focus on preparing you to undertake an OSCE in the skill of basic life support (BLS), in a cardiac arrest situation, following the Resuscitation Council (UK) Guidelines (2010). ... More

This chapter will focus on preparing you to undertake an OSCE in the skill of basic life support (BLS), in a cardiac arrest situation, following the Resuscitation Council (UK) Guidelines (2010). Basic life support guidance is aimed especially at adults who in their professions have a duty to respond to a cardiac arrest. Basic life support refers to maintaining the airway, breathing and circulation without the use of any equipment, other than protective devices (Resuscitation Council (UK) 2010). A number of studies (Ahmet and Sarac 2009; Berdowski et al. 2009; Oermann et al. 2011) recognize that effective implementation of guidance is likely to be enhanced by comprehensive and timely education. Soar et al. (2010) suggest that survival from cardiac arrest is dependent on a number of factors—particularly that respondents are well equipped and practiced in the skill and that quality educational packages are readily available to those responders. This chapter will endeavour to provide you with the relevant information to revise the components required to complete an OSCE in the skill. Emphasis is placed on the importance of providing effective, good quality chest compressions whilst minimizing any pauses and so maximizing blood flow and oxygenation. Note: The first aspect of the BLS skill you will be expected to carry out during your OSCE is a full risk assessment of the situation including safety and infection control issues. A respondent to any medical emergency should not put themselves or those around them at any risk. If this is impossible, however, measures should be taken to minimize that risk whilst ensuring no further harm comes to the casualty. In your OSCE, you will be expected to review the surrounding area for hazards, e.g. deep water, electricity, oncoming vehicles, fire and smoke, falling debris, biological threats, etc., to ensure your own and the patient’s safety. Note: This will depend on the way in which your OSCE station has been set up and if there are no threats to yourself or the patient you will need to verbalize to the examiner that you have checked the surrounding area and that it is safe for you to continue. Less