Franck Courchamp, Ludek Berec, and Joanna Gascoigne
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198570301
- eISBN:
- 9780191717642
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570301.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Allee effects are broadly defined as a decline in individual fitness at low population size or density, that can result in critical population thresholds below which populations crash to extinction. ...
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Allee effects are broadly defined as a decline in individual fitness at low population size or density, that can result in critical population thresholds below which populations crash to extinction. As such, they are very relevant to many conservation programmes, where scientists and managers are often working with populations that have been reduced to low densities or small numbers. There are a variety of mechanisms that can create Allee effects, including mating systems, predation, environmental modification, and social interactions among others. The abrupt and unpredicted collapses of many exploited populations is just one illustration of the need to bring Allee effects to the forefront of conservation and management strategies. This book provides an overview of the topic, collating and integrating a widely dispersed literature from various fields: marine and terrestrial, plant and animal, theoretical and empirical, academic and applied. Less
Allee effects are broadly defined as a decline in individual fitness at low population size or density, that can result in critical population thresholds below which populations crash to extinction. As such, they are very relevant to many conservation programmes, where scientists and managers are often working with populations that have been reduced to low densities or small numbers. There are a variety of mechanisms that can create Allee effects, including mating systems, predation, environmental modification, and social interactions among others. The abrupt and unpredicted collapses of many exploited populations is just one illustration of the need to bring Allee effects to the forefront of conservation and management strategies. This book provides an overview of the topic, collating and integrating a widely dispersed literature from various fields: marine and terrestrial, plant and animal, theoretical and empirical, academic and applied.
David S. Wendler
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199730087
- eISBN:
- 9780199776689
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199730087.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Chapter 10 provides the conclusion for the text, arguing that the present justification satisfies the 3 conditions on an acceptable justification for nonbeneficial pediatric research. Specifically, ...
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Chapter 10 provides the conclusion for the text, arguing that the present justification satisfies the 3 conditions on an acceptable justification for nonbeneficial pediatric research. Specifically, the fact that contributing to valuable projects promotes one's interests provides justification for exposing children to some risks for the benefit of others. This is the risk allowance condition. Next, the fact that passive contributions have only minimal implications for our interests implies that this possibility can justify only minimal risks. This is the risk threshold condition. Finally, the fact that more active contributions promote our interests more provides a reason to prefer the enrollment of adults to the enrollment of children. This fact is consistent with the third condition that we should prefer the enrollment of adults to children even though it is the case that participation can be consistent with children's interests.Less
Chapter 10 provides the conclusion for the text, arguing that the present justification satisfies the 3 conditions on an acceptable justification for nonbeneficial pediatric research. Specifically, the fact that contributing to valuable projects promotes one's interests provides justification for exposing children to some risks for the benefit of others. This is the risk allowance condition. Next, the fact that passive contributions have only minimal implications for our interests implies that this possibility can justify only minimal risks. This is the risk threshold condition. Finally, the fact that more active contributions promote our interests more provides a reason to prefer the enrollment of adults to the enrollment of children. This fact is consistent with the third condition that we should prefer the enrollment of adults to children even though it is the case that participation can be consistent with children's interests.
Angela Smith
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198183983
- eISBN:
- 9780191674167
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198183983.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
Long after the death of Katherine Mansfield (1888–1923), Virginia Woolf (1882–1941) described being haunted by her in dreams. Through detailed comparative readings of their fiction, letters, and ...
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Long after the death of Katherine Mansfield (1888–1923), Virginia Woolf (1882–1941) described being haunted by her in dreams. Through detailed comparative readings of their fiction, letters, and diaries, this book explores the intense affinity between the two writers. Their particular inflection of modernism is interpreted through their shared experience as ‘threshold people’, familiar with the liminal, for each of them a zone of transition and habitation. Writing at a time when the First World War and changing attitudes to empire problematized boundaries and definitions of foreignness, this book shows how the fiction of both Mansfield and Woolf is characterised by moments of disorienting suspension in which the perceiving consciousness sees the familiar made strange, and the domestic made menacing.Less
Long after the death of Katherine Mansfield (1888–1923), Virginia Woolf (1882–1941) described being haunted by her in dreams. Through detailed comparative readings of their fiction, letters, and diaries, this book explores the intense affinity between the two writers. Their particular inflection of modernism is interpreted through their shared experience as ‘threshold people’, familiar with the liminal, for each of them a zone of transition and habitation. Writing at a time when the First World War and changing attitudes to empire problematized boundaries and definitions of foreignness, this book shows how the fiction of both Mansfield and Woolf is characterised by moments of disorienting suspension in which the perceiving consciousness sees the familiar made strange, and the domestic made menacing.
Arend Lijphart
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198273479
- eISBN:
- 9780191684050
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198273479.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
An electoral system is the most fundamental element of representative democracy, translating citizen's votes into representatives' seats. It is also the most potent practical instrument available to ...
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An electoral system is the most fundamental element of representative democracy, translating citizen's votes into representatives' seats. It is also the most potent practical instrument available to democratic reformers. This book describes and classifies the seventy electoral systems used by twenty-seven democracies — including those of Western Europe, Australia, Canada, the USA, Costa Rica, India, Israel, Japan, and New Zealand — for 384 national legislative and European Parliament elections between 1945 and 1990. Using comparative and statistical analyses of these systems, the author demonstrates the effect of the electoral formula used, the number of representatives elected per district, electoral thresholds, and of five other key features of electoral systems on the proportionality of the election outcome, the degree of multipartism, and the creation of majority parties. The author reveals that electoral systems are neither as diverse nor as complex as is often assumed. This book represents the most definitive treatment of the subject since Rae's classic study in 1967, based as it is on more accurate and comprehensive data (covering more countries and a longer timespan), and using stronger hypotheses and better analytical methods.Less
An electoral system is the most fundamental element of representative democracy, translating citizen's votes into representatives' seats. It is also the most potent practical instrument available to democratic reformers. This book describes and classifies the seventy electoral systems used by twenty-seven democracies — including those of Western Europe, Australia, Canada, the USA, Costa Rica, India, Israel, Japan, and New Zealand — for 384 national legislative and European Parliament elections between 1945 and 1990. Using comparative and statistical analyses of these systems, the author demonstrates the effect of the electoral formula used, the number of representatives elected per district, electoral thresholds, and of five other key features of electoral systems on the proportionality of the election outcome, the degree of multipartism, and the creation of majority parties. The author reveals that electoral systems are neither as diverse nor as complex as is often assumed. This book represents the most definitive treatment of the subject since Rae's classic study in 1967, based as it is on more accurate and comprehensive data (covering more countries and a longer timespan), and using stronger hypotheses and better analytical methods.
EYAL ZAMIR and BARAK MEDINA
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372168
- eISBN:
- 9780199776078
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372168.003.04
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter discusses various substantive and methodological choices involved in formalizing deontological constraints and options. It proposes to determine the permissibility of any act or rule ...
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This chapter discusses various substantive and methodological choices involved in formalizing deontological constraints and options. It proposes to determine the permissibility of any act or rule infringing a deontological constraint by means of a threshold function. It outlines the scope of this proposal by describing the role of threshold functions within a broader context that may involve conflicting constraints and require a choice between several deontologically permissible acts. It then delineates the general structure of threshold functions. To capture the essence of deontological constraints, threshold functions set the magnitude and shape of the threshold, as well as the types of costs and benefits that are taken into account in determining whether the act's (or rule's) net benefit meets the threshold. The construction of threshold functions for deontological options is also discussed.Less
This chapter discusses various substantive and methodological choices involved in formalizing deontological constraints and options. It proposes to determine the permissibility of any act or rule infringing a deontological constraint by means of a threshold function. It outlines the scope of this proposal by describing the role of threshold functions within a broader context that may involve conflicting constraints and require a choice between several deontologically permissible acts. It then delineates the general structure of threshold functions. To capture the essence of deontological constraints, threshold functions set the magnitude and shape of the threshold, as well as the types of costs and benefits that are taken into account in determining whether the act's (or rule's) net benefit meets the threshold. The construction of threshold functions for deontological options is also discussed.
Fred Campano and Dominick Salvatore
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195300918
- eISBN:
- 9780199783441
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195300912.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter addresses some of the normative issues related to poverty. Both absolute and relative poverty are discussed as well as the more common poverty measures. The connection between the income ...
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This chapter addresses some of the normative issues related to poverty. Both absolute and relative poverty are discussed as well as the more common poverty measures. The connection between the income distribution model and the computation of the poverty measure is illustrated.Less
This chapter addresses some of the normative issues related to poverty. Both absolute and relative poverty are discussed as well as the more common poverty measures. The connection between the income distribution model and the computation of the poverty measure is illustrated.
Michael Gallagher and Paul Mitchell
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199257560
- eISBN:
- 9780191603280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199257566.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter establishes the importance of the electoral system as the central political institution in representative democracy. It discusses the dimensions of electoral systems, such as district ...
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This chapter establishes the importance of the electoral system as the central political institution in representative democracy. It discusses the dimensions of electoral systems, such as district magnitude, ballot structure, the extent of voter choice for individual candidates, levels of seat allocation, thresholds, and malapportionment. It identifies the most important questions to ask about the origins and effects of electoral systems.Less
This chapter establishes the importance of the electoral system as the central political institution in representative democracy. It discusses the dimensions of electoral systems, such as district magnitude, ballot structure, the extent of voter choice for individual candidates, levels of seat allocation, thresholds, and malapportionment. It identifies the most important questions to ask about the origins and effects of electoral systems.
Thomas Saalfeld
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199257560
- eISBN:
- 9780191603280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199257566.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
If mixed-member systems are ‘in vogue’, then the choice of many electoral reformers in Germany is the archetype for this system. Electors have two votes, one for a candidate in a single member ...
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If mixed-member systems are ‘in vogue’, then the choice of many electoral reformers in Germany is the archetype for this system. Electors have two votes, one for a candidate in a single member district and one for a party on a closed party list. Voters can, and increasingly do ‘split their tickets’, voting strategically for different parties on the two ballots, with the possible aim of influencing coalition formation. The electoral system has enjoyed strong support and is unlikely to be changed.Less
If mixed-member systems are ‘in vogue’, then the choice of many electoral reformers in Germany is the archetype for this system. Electors have two votes, one for a candidate in a single member district and one for a party on a closed party list. Voters can, and increasingly do ‘split their tickets’, voting strategically for different parties on the two ballots, with the possible aim of influencing coalition formation. The electoral system has enjoyed strong support and is unlikely to be changed.
Steven White
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199257560
- eISBN:
- 9780191603280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199257566.003.0015
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Russia’s mixed parallel system was adopted after the collapse of communism, following a series of negotiations and disagreements between parliament and president. The high thresholds applied in the ...
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Russia’s mixed parallel system was adopted after the collapse of communism, following a series of negotiations and disagreements between parliament and president. The high thresholds applied in the PR-list component of elections resulted in considerable disproportionality and a significant number of votes cast for parties that failed to reach the threshold. The fact that the lists were closed led to very weak links between list MPs and citizens. The single-member constituencies, contrary to the predictions of Duverger’s Law, have not favoured the larger parties, but have seen the election of many independent MPs. The elimination of the single-member constituencies proposed by president Putin is part of a broader authoritarian adaptation of the electoral process.Less
Russia’s mixed parallel system was adopted after the collapse of communism, following a series of negotiations and disagreements between parliament and president. The high thresholds applied in the PR-list component of elections resulted in considerable disproportionality and a significant number of votes cast for parties that failed to reach the threshold. The fact that the lists were closed led to very weak links between list MPs and citizens. The single-member constituencies, contrary to the predictions of Duverger’s Law, have not favoured the larger parties, but have seen the election of many independent MPs. The elimination of the single-member constituencies proposed by president Putin is part of a broader authoritarian adaptation of the electoral process.
Wolfgang C. Müller
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199257560
- eISBN:
- 9780191603280
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199257566.003.0019
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
Austria has a complex list PR system in which seats are distributed at three levels: regional, land, and national. At the regional and land levels, electors can either vote for a party in general or ...
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Austria has a complex list PR system in which seats are distributed at three levels: regional, land, and national. At the regional and land levels, electors can either vote for a party in general or select one of its candidates. If specific candidates receive sufficient preference votes, they are moved to the top of their party list. The system is highly proportional because all votes are used again in the third national tier of seat allocation. The system aims to combine overall proportionality with close voter-MP links provided by the first tier.Less
Austria has a complex list PR system in which seats are distributed at three levels: regional, land, and national. At the regional and land levels, electors can either vote for a party in general or select one of its candidates. If specific candidates receive sufficient preference votes, they are moved to the top of their party list. The system is highly proportional because all votes are used again in the third national tier of seat allocation. The system aims to combine overall proportionality with close voter-MP links provided by the first tier.
Tim O’Riordan, Tim Lenton, and Ian Christie
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265536
- eISBN:
- 9780191760327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265536.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Environmental Politics
Tipping points are metaphors of sudden change, of fear, of falling, of foreboding, and of failure. Tipping points are thresholds of tolerance, of bifurcation, and of transformation which are built ...
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Tipping points are metaphors of sudden change, of fear, of falling, of foreboding, and of failure. Tipping points are thresholds of tolerance, of bifurcation, and of transformation which are built into complex systems of transformation. Sudden change can arise from earth system phase changes (for example in the condition of ice, ocean acidity, drying of the tropical forests and the onset of monsoons). But they can also depict rapid shifts in geopolitics, local and regional conflicts, and in economic performance with implications for the well-being of societies all over the globe. The patterns of suddenness and aftermath of physical and socio-economic systems vary greatly. Tipping points can lead to unintended worsening, to induced vulnerabilities, to chaos and confusion in communication, and to the scope for restorative redirection. The scope for benign transformation is an intrinsic aspect of the tipping point metaphor.Less
Tipping points are metaphors of sudden change, of fear, of falling, of foreboding, and of failure. Tipping points are thresholds of tolerance, of bifurcation, and of transformation which are built into complex systems of transformation. Sudden change can arise from earth system phase changes (for example in the condition of ice, ocean acidity, drying of the tropical forests and the onset of monsoons). But they can also depict rapid shifts in geopolitics, local and regional conflicts, and in economic performance with implications for the well-being of societies all over the globe. The patterns of suddenness and aftermath of physical and socio-economic systems vary greatly. Tipping points can lead to unintended worsening, to induced vulnerabilities, to chaos and confusion in communication, and to the scope for restorative redirection. The scope for benign transformation is an intrinsic aspect of the tipping point metaphor.
Victor M. Ustinov, Alexey E. Zhukov, Anton Yu. Egorov, and Nikolai A. Maleev
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198526797
- eISBN:
- 9780191712081
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198526797.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
This chapter presents some concluding remarks. Remarkable progress in the development of self-organized quantum dot lasers is pointed out and the most notable results, e.g. a record-low threshold ...
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This chapter presents some concluding remarks. Remarkable progress in the development of self-organized quantum dot lasers is pointed out and the most notable results, e.g. a record-low threshold current density, are briefly summarized. The main parameters of QD arrays affecting the laser’s threshold characteristics are emphasized. It is recognized that device performance of existing QD lasers is still inferior when compared with the theoretical predictions for the ideal quantum dots. Inhomogeneous broadening associated with the size non-uniformity of the islands is the main problem that still remains. An expectation of bright prospects is expressed for device application of quantum dots emitting in wavelength ranges beyond the spectral limit of a quantum well.Less
This chapter presents some concluding remarks. Remarkable progress in the development of self-organized quantum dot lasers is pointed out and the most notable results, e.g. a record-low threshold current density, are briefly summarized. The main parameters of QD arrays affecting the laser’s threshold characteristics are emphasized. It is recognized that device performance of existing QD lasers is still inferior when compared with the theoretical predictions for the ideal quantum dots. Inhomogeneous broadening associated with the size non-uniformity of the islands is the main problem that still remains. An expectation of bright prospects is expressed for device application of quantum dots emitting in wavelength ranges beyond the spectral limit of a quantum well.
EYAL ZAMIR and BARAK MEDINA
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372168
- eISBN:
- 9780199776078
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372168.003.06
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter presents a constrained cost-benefit analysis of measures taken in the fight against terrorism. It begins by characterizing and criticizing existing normative economic analysis of the ...
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This chapter presents a constrained cost-benefit analysis of measures taken in the fight against terrorism. It begins by characterizing and criticizing existing normative economic analysis of the fight against terrorism as reflecting a simplified ad-hoc balancing. It then presents the central deontological constraints pertaining to the fight on terror. The chapter discusses threshold functions that should be employed in order to determine the permissibility of such measures as targeted killings and torture. It discusses the factors affecting the evaluation of the act's relevant net benefit, and those determining the amount of net benefit required to justify an infringement. It argues that standard economic analysis fails to take into account critical distinctions. These include the distinction between different goals of anti-terrorist measures; the difference between harms the state inflicts through antiterrorist measures, and those resulting from unthwarted terrorist attacks; and the distinction between intended and unintended harm. Deontologically-constrained CBA, which incorporates all of these distinctions, is shown to be methodically workable and normatively superior.Less
This chapter presents a constrained cost-benefit analysis of measures taken in the fight against terrorism. It begins by characterizing and criticizing existing normative economic analysis of the fight against terrorism as reflecting a simplified ad-hoc balancing. It then presents the central deontological constraints pertaining to the fight on terror. The chapter discusses threshold functions that should be employed in order to determine the permissibility of such measures as targeted killings and torture. It discusses the factors affecting the evaluation of the act's relevant net benefit, and those determining the amount of net benefit required to justify an infringement. It argues that standard economic analysis fails to take into account critical distinctions. These include the distinction between different goals of anti-terrorist measures; the difference between harms the state inflicts through antiterrorist measures, and those resulting from unthwarted terrorist attacks; and the distinction between intended and unintended harm. Deontologically-constrained CBA, which incorporates all of these distinctions, is shown to be methodically workable and normatively superior.
Melanie V. Dawson
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780813066301
- eISBN:
- 9780813058443
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813066301.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This project explores age-based obsessions of the modern era, situating the charting and interrogation of age among modernity’s central preoccupations, with particular attention to the gendering of ...
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This project explores age-based obsessions of the modern era, situating the charting and interrogation of age among modernity’s central preoccupations, with particular attention to the gendering of old age and the creation of intergenerational conflicts. While chronological considerations privileged the young and tended to exclude those past adulthood, much of modern literature interrogated the age-based forms of standardization rooted in the era’s understanding of personal development. By focusing on the ways that age was constructed so as to uphold the ideal of a coherent, stable self, this literature interrogates theories of development that were believed to govern life trajectories, and with them, ideals about progress, often to the point of envisioning aging as a form of unwelcome dissolution. The era’s literary texts, however, complicated such views by adding to familiar figures of the flapper and the young generation a host of others that broke age thresholds: the mature youth, the youthful adult, the young middle-aged, the rejuvenate, the child bride, the aged, and the ghost. All such figures invited an interrogation of youth’s supposed ascendancy by suggesting that modernity’s age-based privileges were more varied and more widely dispersed than they seemed. If youth appeared dominant in terms of bodily forms and youthful energies, the more mature are revealed as possessing resources, experiences, and strategies that counter the assets of the young, leading to scenarios where the outcomes of intergenerational conflicts were both volatile and unexpected.Less
This project explores age-based obsessions of the modern era, situating the charting and interrogation of age among modernity’s central preoccupations, with particular attention to the gendering of old age and the creation of intergenerational conflicts. While chronological considerations privileged the young and tended to exclude those past adulthood, much of modern literature interrogated the age-based forms of standardization rooted in the era’s understanding of personal development. By focusing on the ways that age was constructed so as to uphold the ideal of a coherent, stable self, this literature interrogates theories of development that were believed to govern life trajectories, and with them, ideals about progress, often to the point of envisioning aging as a form of unwelcome dissolution. The era’s literary texts, however, complicated such views by adding to familiar figures of the flapper and the young generation a host of others that broke age thresholds: the mature youth, the youthful adult, the young middle-aged, the rejuvenate, the child bride, the aged, and the ghost. All such figures invited an interrogation of youth’s supposed ascendancy by suggesting that modernity’s age-based privileges were more varied and more widely dispersed than they seemed. If youth appeared dominant in terms of bodily forms and youthful energies, the more mature are revealed as possessing resources, experiences, and strategies that counter the assets of the young, leading to scenarios where the outcomes of intergenerational conflicts were both volatile and unexpected.
Sergey N. Dorogovtsev
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199548927
- eISBN:
- 9780191720574
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548927.003.0006
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This chapter considers the organization of connected components in uncorrelated networks, in particular, the structure and size of a giant connected component. These properties are closely related to ...
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This chapter considers the organization of connected components in uncorrelated networks, in particular, the structure and size of a giant connected component. These properties are closely related to the percolation properties of these networks. The value of the percolation threshold for various degree distributions is estimated, and the resilience of scale-free networks against random failures is described. The hierarchical organization of k-cores in these networks is discussed. A few basic epidemic models on complex networks are introduced, and the evolution of diseases in networks is described.Less
This chapter considers the organization of connected components in uncorrelated networks, in particular, the structure and size of a giant connected component. These properties are closely related to the percolation properties of these networks. The value of the percolation threshold for various degree distributions is estimated, and the resilience of scale-free networks against random failures is described. The hierarchical organization of k-cores in these networks is discussed. A few basic epidemic models on complex networks are introduced, and the evolution of diseases in networks is described.
Michael Quinlan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199563944
- eISBN:
- 9780191721274
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563944.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter notes that, beyond 1945, we have no direct evidence at all about the operational use of nuclear weapons and how conflict involving them might develop. This means that we have to rely on ...
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This chapter notes that, beyond 1945, we have no direct evidence at all about the operational use of nuclear weapons and how conflict involving them might develop. This means that we have to rely on concepts not fully validated by experience; and that in turn calls for a degree of intellectual humility in pronouncements about such issues, even though the worldwide effort over sixty years to explore and clarify them, especially in the West, has been impressive. This chapter warns that special care is needed about the handling of metaphors like ‘nuclear threshold’ and ‘escalation’; about terms of art like ‘first use’ and ‘first strike’; about descriptions like ‘strategic’ and ‘tactical’; and about the scope of the concepts of deterrence and dissuasion.Less
This chapter notes that, beyond 1945, we have no direct evidence at all about the operational use of nuclear weapons and how conflict involving them might develop. This means that we have to rely on concepts not fully validated by experience; and that in turn calls for a degree of intellectual humility in pronouncements about such issues, even though the worldwide effort over sixty years to explore and clarify them, especially in the West, has been impressive. This chapter warns that special care is needed about the handling of metaphors like ‘nuclear threshold’ and ‘escalation’; about terms of art like ‘first use’ and ‘first strike’; about descriptions like ‘strategic’ and ‘tactical’; and about the scope of the concepts of deterrence and dissuasion.
Mathew Penrose
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198506263
- eISBN:
- 9780191707858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198506263.003.0007
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter is concerned with the minimum degree of the random geometric graph G(n,r), or equivalently with the threshold value of r at which the minimum degree achieves value k. Laws of large ...
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This chapter is concerned with the minimum degree of the random geometric graph G(n,r), or equivalently with the threshold value of r at which the minimum degree achieves value k. Laws of large numbers are given for this threshold in cases where k is fixed or grows logarithmically, and the random points are placed in a smoothly bounded compact region in d-space with density bounded below on that region. Similar results are given when the random points are in a cube. The limiting constants depend on the minimum value of the density on the boundary, or on the interior of the region; on the cube, different types of boundary need to be considered separately.Less
This chapter is concerned with the minimum degree of the random geometric graph G(n,r), or equivalently with the threshold value of r at which the minimum degree achieves value k. Laws of large numbers are given for this threshold in cases where k is fixed or grows logarithmically, and the random points are placed in a smoothly bounded compact region in d-space with density bounded below on that region. Similar results are given when the random points are in a cube. The limiting constants depend on the minimum value of the density on the boundary, or on the interior of the region; on the cube, different types of boundary need to be considered separately.
Mathew Penrose
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198506263
- eISBN:
- 9780191707858
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198506263.003.0013
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter is mainly concerned with the connectivity threshold T on n random points (i.e., the smallest r at which G(n,r) is connected). The results for this threshold are similar to those for the ...
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This chapter is mainly concerned with the connectivity threshold T on n random points (i.e., the smallest r at which G(n,r) is connected). The results for this threshold are similar to those for the threshold M at which G(n,r) has no isolated points. For uniformly distributed points, these two thresholds are equal with high probability, and more generally the asymptotics for T are similar to those for M discussed in Chapters 7 and 8. Extensions to k-connectivity are considered, and a central limit theorem for the number of components of G(n,r) in the thermodynamic limit is presented.Less
This chapter is mainly concerned with the connectivity threshold T on n random points (i.e., the smallest r at which G(n,r) is connected). The results for this threshold are similar to those for the threshold M at which G(n,r) has no isolated points. For uniformly distributed points, these two thresholds are equal with high probability, and more generally the asymptotics for T are similar to those for M discussed in Chapters 7 and 8. Extensions to k-connectivity are considered, and a central limit theorem for the number of components of G(n,r) in the thermodynamic limit is presented.
EYAL ZAMIR and BARAK MEDINA
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372168
- eISBN:
- 9780199776078
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372168.003.02
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter discusses moderate (or threshold) deontology, its critique, and possible responses. Deontological theories prioritize values such as autonomy, human dignity, and keeping one's promises ...
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This chapter discusses moderate (or threshold) deontology, its critique, and possible responses. Deontological theories prioritize values such as autonomy, human dignity, and keeping one's promises over the promotion of good outcomes. In prohibiting the infliction of harm on other people, they resort to distinctions such as that between actively doing harm and merely allowing it, and between intending to do harm and merely foreseeing it. Moderate deontology holds that constraints (and options) have thresholds. A constraint may be overridden for the sake of furthering good outcomes or avoiding bad ones if enough good (or bad) is at stake; and an option not to promote the good may be overridden for the sake of attaining enough good or avoiding enough bad. The chapter analyzes the main critiques leveled against deontology in general and moderate deontology in particular. It concludes that threshold constraints (and options) are an indispensable part of any acceptable factoral moral theory, but that threshold deontology suffers from a lack of methodological rigor and precision.Less
This chapter discusses moderate (or threshold) deontology, its critique, and possible responses. Deontological theories prioritize values such as autonomy, human dignity, and keeping one's promises over the promotion of good outcomes. In prohibiting the infliction of harm on other people, they resort to distinctions such as that between actively doing harm and merely allowing it, and between intending to do harm and merely foreseeing it. Moderate deontology holds that constraints (and options) have thresholds. A constraint may be overridden for the sake of furthering good outcomes or avoiding bad ones if enough good (or bad) is at stake; and an option not to promote the good may be overridden for the sake of attaining enough good or avoiding enough bad. The chapter analyzes the main critiques leveled against deontology in general and moderate deontology in particular. It concludes that threshold constraints (and options) are an indispensable part of any acceptable factoral moral theory, but that threshold deontology suffers from a lack of methodological rigor and precision.
EYAL ZAMIR and BARAK MEDINA
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372168
- eISBN:
- 9780199776078
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372168.003.07
- Subject:
- Law, Philosophy of Law
This chapter discusses freedom of speech. It briefly describes current constitutional protection of this freedom and surveys its standard economic analysis. It then introduces the deontological ...
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This chapter discusses freedom of speech. It briefly describes current constitutional protection of this freedom and surveys its standard economic analysis. It then introduces the deontological constraint against curtailing free speech and analyzes in some detail the normative judgments involved in conducting a constrained cost-benefit analysis of speech regulation. As to calculating the benefit of speech regulation — which is tantamount to calculating the speech's expected harm — it examines the desirability of excluding, or radically discounting, various types of harms, such as chronologically-remote and low-probability harms, small harms, harms brought about through rational persuasion, and mere offensiveness. Various ways of formalizing such excluders and combining them are examined. The chapter then analyzes the threshold that has to be met to justify speech regulation, including its shape, the setting of different thresholds for content-based and for content-neutral regulation, and different thresholds for different categories of speech.Less
This chapter discusses freedom of speech. It briefly describes current constitutional protection of this freedom and surveys its standard economic analysis. It then introduces the deontological constraint against curtailing free speech and analyzes in some detail the normative judgments involved in conducting a constrained cost-benefit analysis of speech regulation. As to calculating the benefit of speech regulation — which is tantamount to calculating the speech's expected harm — it examines the desirability of excluding, or radically discounting, various types of harms, such as chronologically-remote and low-probability harms, small harms, harms brought about through rational persuasion, and mere offensiveness. Various ways of formalizing such excluders and combining them are examined. The chapter then analyzes the threshold that has to be met to justify speech regulation, including its shape, the setting of different thresholds for content-based and for content-neutral regulation, and different thresholds for different categories of speech.
