Stephen Gaukroger
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199296446
- eISBN:
- 9780191711985
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199296446.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
In the 13th century, natural philosophy changed status from an enterprise of marginal significance into one that formed the principal point of entry into the understanding of the world and our place ...
More
In the 13th century, natural philosophy changed status from an enterprise of marginal significance into one that formed the principal point of entry into the understanding of the world and our place in it. This was effected through the introduction of Aristotelianism into the University of Paris at the beginning of the 13th century where, in its new role as a philosophical foundation for systematic theology, natural philosophy became the single point of entry into natural knowledge of the natural and supernatural realms. The compatibility of Aristotelian natural philosophy was never wholly resolved, however, and matters came to a head at the beginning of the 16th century on the question of the immortality of the soul, where Aristotelian natural philosophy and Christian teaching were in conflict. In many ways, this conflict, which centred around the work of Pomponazzi, provided a model for the later Copernicanism disputes.Less
In the 13th century, natural philosophy changed status from an enterprise of marginal significance into one that formed the principal point of entry into the understanding of the world and our place in it. This was effected through the introduction of Aristotelianism into the University of Paris at the beginning of the 13th century where, in its new role as a philosophical foundation for systematic theology, natural philosophy became the single point of entry into natural knowledge of the natural and supernatural realms. The compatibility of Aristotelian natural philosophy was never wholly resolved, however, and matters came to a head at the beginning of the 16th century on the question of the immortality of the soul, where Aristotelian natural philosophy and Christian teaching were in conflict. In many ways, this conflict, which centred around the work of Pomponazzi, provided a model for the later Copernicanism disputes.
A.B. Cobban
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199510122
- eISBN:
- 9780191700941
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199510122.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter discusses the New College, founded by William Wykeham in 1379, which was the seventh secular college to be established in Oxford since the inception of the English collegiate movement in ...
More
This chapter discusses the New College, founded by William Wykeham in 1379, which was the seventh secular college to be established in Oxford since the inception of the English collegiate movement in the second half of the thirteenth century. It has been regarded as something of a landmark in English collegiate history. It enumerates several preferences in the recruitment of scholars for New College. It explains that Wykeham's purpose for establishing his Oxford college was his concern for the increase and dissemination of the faith; more specifically his college was designed in part to combat the fall in numbers both of the secular clergy and of the student population of Oxford. It details that the King's Hall branched out from an extension of the chapel royal set in the University of Cambridge. It also evaluates Wykeham's contribution to the college tutorial system.Less
This chapter discusses the New College, founded by William Wykeham in 1379, which was the seventh secular college to be established in Oxford since the inception of the English collegiate movement in the second half of the thirteenth century. It has been regarded as something of a landmark in English collegiate history. It enumerates several preferences in the recruitment of scholars for New College. It explains that Wykeham's purpose for establishing his Oxford college was his concern for the increase and dissemination of the faith; more specifically his college was designed in part to combat the fall in numbers both of the secular clergy and of the student population of Oxford. It details that the King's Hall branched out from an extension of the chapel royal set in the University of Cambridge. It also evaluates Wykeham's contribution to the college tutorial system.
W. J. Courtenay
- Published in print:
- 1992
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199510122
- eISBN:
- 9780191700941
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199510122.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
This chapter focuses on the prominent English masters and intellectual activities during the fourteenth century. It discusses the significant changes that occurred in the academic and intellectual ...
More
This chapter focuses on the prominent English masters and intellectual activities during the fourteenth century. It discusses the significant changes that occurred in the academic and intellectual life at Oxford in the period from Ockham to Wyclif. Several important internal changes in the faculty of theology occurred earlier in the century. Some of the changes include the reduction in the length of study, change in the written scholastic products, and the change in the content and methods of exposition and debate within the theological faculty. Thirteenth-century Oxford theology was exempted from the analytical benefits of logic or the illustrative and comparative uses of problems and examples derived from natural philosophy. Oxford during Ockham's period has provided an incomplete but nonetheless substantial body of texts and information on its theological faculty. This chapter also examines the relationship between Paris and Oxford and the comparative status of the two universities.Less
This chapter focuses on the prominent English masters and intellectual activities during the fourteenth century. It discusses the significant changes that occurred in the academic and intellectual life at Oxford in the period from Ockham to Wyclif. Several important internal changes in the faculty of theology occurred earlier in the century. Some of the changes include the reduction in the length of study, change in the written scholastic products, and the change in the content and methods of exposition and debate within the theological faculty. Thirteenth-century Oxford theology was exempted from the analytical benefits of logic or the illustrative and comparative uses of problems and examples derived from natural philosophy. Oxford during Ockham's period has provided an incomplete but nonetheless substantial body of texts and information on its theological faculty. This chapter also examines the relationship between Paris and Oxford and the comparative status of the two universities.
Cynthia J. Neville
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748639588
- eISBN:
- 9780748653492
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748639588.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Scottish Studies
This chapter explores the early evidence associated with lordly courts in the late twelfth and the thirteenth centuries, both those of the Anglo-Norman and European newcomers, and more particularly, ...
More
This chapter explores the early evidence associated with lordly courts in the late twelfth and the thirteenth centuries, both those of the Anglo-Norman and European newcomers, and more particularly, those of the great native dignitaries. It then examines, compares, and contrasts the ways in which native aristocrats adopted and adapted English and European concepts of justice within these courts down to the mid-fourteenth century. It focuses on the ways in which Gaelic lords used the ceremony and ritual associated with the dispensation of justice to perpetuate — and enhance — uniquely native concepts of lordly authority.Less
This chapter explores the early evidence associated with lordly courts in the late twelfth and the thirteenth centuries, both those of the Anglo-Norman and European newcomers, and more particularly, those of the great native dignitaries. It then examines, compares, and contrasts the ways in which native aristocrats adopted and adapted English and European concepts of justice within these courts down to the mid-fourteenth century. It focuses on the ways in which Gaelic lords used the ceremony and ritual associated with the dispensation of justice to perpetuate — and enhance — uniquely native concepts of lordly authority.
Joshua Getzler
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199207602
- eISBN:
- 9780191715327
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207602.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
This history of the doctrinal evolution of water law investigates the links between law and economic development, with detailed attention to legal concepts and to the history of industrialization. ...
More
This history of the doctrinal evolution of water law investigates the links between law and economic development, with detailed attention to legal concepts and to the history of industrialization. Water resources were central to England’s precocious economic development in the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries, and then again in the industrial, transport, and urban revolutions of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Each of these periods saw a great deal of legal conflict over water rights, often between domestic, agricultural, and manufacturing interests competing for access to flowing water. From 1750 the common-law courts developed a large but unstable body of legal doctrine, specifying strong property rights in flowing water attached to riparian possession, and also limited rights to surface and underground waters. The new water doctrines were built from older concepts of common goods and the natural rights of ownership, deriving from Roman and Civilian law, together with the English sources of Bracton and Blackstone. Water law is one of the most Romanesque parts of English law, demonstrating the extent to which Common and Civilian law have commingled. Water law stands as a refutation of the still-common belief that English and European law parted ways irreversibly in the 12th century. This book suggests that water law was shaped both by the impact of technological innovations and by economic ideology, but above all by legalism.Less
This history of the doctrinal evolution of water law investigates the links between law and economic development, with detailed attention to legal concepts and to the history of industrialization. Water resources were central to England’s precocious economic development in the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries, and then again in the industrial, transport, and urban revolutions of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Each of these periods saw a great deal of legal conflict over water rights, often between domestic, agricultural, and manufacturing interests competing for access to flowing water. From 1750 the common-law courts developed a large but unstable body of legal doctrine, specifying strong property rights in flowing water attached to riparian possession, and also limited rights to surface and underground waters. The new water doctrines were built from older concepts of common goods and the natural rights of ownership, deriving from Roman and Civilian law, together with the English sources of Bracton and Blackstone. Water law is one of the most Romanesque parts of English law, demonstrating the extent to which Common and Civilian law have commingled. Water law stands as a refutation of the still-common belief that English and European law parted ways irreversibly in the 12th century. This book suggests that water law was shaped both by the impact of technological innovations and by economic ideology, but above all by legalism.
Dimitri A. Korobeinikov
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198708261
- eISBN:
- 9780191779312
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198708261.003.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
At the beginning of the thirteenth century Byzantium was still one of the most influential states in the eastern Mediterranean. At the end of the century the Empire was a second-ranking Balkan state. ...
More
At the beginning of the thirteenth century Byzantium was still one of the most influential states in the eastern Mediterranean. At the end of the century the Empire was a second-ranking Balkan state. Two events contributed to its tragic fate in the thirteenth century. The first was the capture of Constantinople in 1204 by the participants in the Fourth Crusade. The second was the fall of the last Byzantine possessions in Asia Minor, which had been conquered by the Turks by 1304. From this point on, the Empire ceased to be a great Mediterranean power. The chief focus of this work is Byzantine–Turkish relations in the thirteenth century, from 1204 to 1304/05. A special emphasis is laid on the political contacts that existed between the Empire on the one hand, and the Seljuks, and later the Mongols, on the other.Less
At the beginning of the thirteenth century Byzantium was still one of the most influential states in the eastern Mediterranean. At the end of the century the Empire was a second-ranking Balkan state. Two events contributed to its tragic fate in the thirteenth century. The first was the capture of Constantinople in 1204 by the participants in the Fourth Crusade. The second was the fall of the last Byzantine possessions in Asia Minor, which had been conquered by the Turks by 1304. From this point on, the Empire ceased to be a great Mediterranean power. The chief focus of this work is Byzantine–Turkish relations in the thirteenth century, from 1204 to 1304/05. A special emphasis is laid on the political contacts that existed between the Empire on the one hand, and the Seljuks, and later the Mongols, on the other.
Frederick Christian Bauerschmidt
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199213146
- eISBN:
- 9780191762734
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213146.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter begins with discussions of the social and intellectual transitions that occurred in the twelfth century, and how these various forces coalesced into institutional structures in the ...
More
This chapter begins with discussions of the social and intellectual transitions that occurred in the twelfth century, and how these various forces coalesced into institutional structures in the thirteenth century. Different schools produced universities and other educational institutions; the movements of renewal in religious life produced the great mendicant orders of the Franciscans and Dominicans. Both of these are important for understanding the thought of Thomas Aquinas. The chapter then describes the life of Aquinas.Less
This chapter begins with discussions of the social and intellectual transitions that occurred in the twelfth century, and how these various forces coalesced into institutional structures in the thirteenth century. Different schools produced universities and other educational institutions; the movements of renewal in religious life produced the great mendicant orders of the Franciscans and Dominicans. Both of these are important for understanding the thought of Thomas Aquinas. The chapter then describes the life of Aquinas.
Peter Coss
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198777601
- eISBN:
- 9780191823152
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198777601.003.0011
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
In the introduction to his great work of 2005, Framing the Early Middle Ages, Chris Wickham urged not only the necessity of carefully framing our studies at the outset but also the importance of ...
More
In the introduction to his great work of 2005, Framing the Early Middle Ages, Chris Wickham urged not only the necessity of carefully framing our studies at the outset but also the importance of closely defining the words and concepts that we employ, the avoidance ‘cultural sollipsism’ wherever possible and the need to pay particular attention to continuities and discontinuities. Chris has, of course, followed these precepts on a vast scale. My aim in this chapter is a modest one. I aim to review the framing of thirteenth-century England in terms of two only of Chris’s themes: the aristocracy and the state—and even then primarily in terms of the relationship between the two. By the thirteenth century I mean a long thirteenth century stretching from the period of the Angevin reforms of the later twelfth century on the one hand to the early to mid-fourteenth on the other; the reasons for taking this span will, I hope, become clearer during the course of the chapter, but few would doubt that it has a validity.Less
In the introduction to his great work of 2005, Framing the Early Middle Ages, Chris Wickham urged not only the necessity of carefully framing our studies at the outset but also the importance of closely defining the words and concepts that we employ, the avoidance ‘cultural sollipsism’ wherever possible and the need to pay particular attention to continuities and discontinuities. Chris has, of course, followed these precepts on a vast scale. My aim in this chapter is a modest one. I aim to review the framing of thirteenth-century England in terms of two only of Chris’s themes: the aristocracy and the state—and even then primarily in terms of the relationship between the two. By the thirteenth century I mean a long thirteenth century stretching from the period of the Angevin reforms of the later twelfth century on the one hand to the early to mid-fourteenth on the other; the reasons for taking this span will, I hope, become clearer during the course of the chapter, but few would doubt that it has a validity.
Pinchas Giller
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195118490
- eISBN:
- 9780199848874
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195118490.001.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
Comprising well over a thousand pages of densely-written Aramaic, the compilation of texts known as the Zohar represents the collective wisdom of various strands of Jewish mysticism, or kabbalah, up ...
More
Comprising well over a thousand pages of densely-written Aramaic, the compilation of texts known as the Zohar represents the collective wisdom of various strands of Jewish mysticism, or kabbalah, up to the thirteenth century. This massive work continues to provide the foundation of much Jewish mystical thought and practice to the present day. This book examines certain sections of the Zohar and the ways in which the central doctrines of classical kabbalah took shape around them.Less
Comprising well over a thousand pages of densely-written Aramaic, the compilation of texts known as the Zohar represents the collective wisdom of various strands of Jewish mysticism, or kabbalah, up to the thirteenth century. This massive work continues to provide the foundation of much Jewish mystical thought and practice to the present day. This book examines certain sections of the Zohar and the ways in which the central doctrines of classical kabbalah took shape around them.
William J. Courtenay
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- August 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780198743651
- eISBN:
- 9780191803826
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198743651.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This chapter reviews Les débuts de l'enseignement universitaire à Paris, one of three recent books devoted to the emergence of the University of Paris and its faculties in the first half of the ...
More
This chapter reviews Les débuts de l'enseignement universitaire à Paris, one of three recent books devoted to the emergence of the University of Paris and its faculties in the first half of the thirteenth century. The book is a very focused and well-informed group of studies on the disciplines that made up the curriculum of the young University of Paris in the early thirteenth century. Despite some overlap with the other books in the series, it complements those volumes and is recommended to anyone interested in newer interpretations of the origins, organization, curriculum, and teaching methods at Paris in the first decades of the University’s existence.Less
This chapter reviews Les débuts de l'enseignement universitaire à Paris, one of three recent books devoted to the emergence of the University of Paris and its faculties in the first half of the thirteenth century. The book is a very focused and well-informed group of studies on the disciplines that made up the curriculum of the young University of Paris in the early thirteenth century. Despite some overlap with the other books in the series, it complements those volumes and is recommended to anyone interested in newer interpretations of the origins, organization, curriculum, and teaching methods at Paris in the first decades of the University’s existence.
William Chester Jordan
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691190112
- eISBN:
- 9780691192635
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691190112.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
The thirteenth century brought new urgency to Catholic efforts to convert non-Christians, and no Catholic ruler was more dedicated to this undertaking than King Louis IX of France. His military ...
More
The thirteenth century brought new urgency to Catholic efforts to convert non-Christians, and no Catholic ruler was more dedicated to this undertaking than King Louis IX of France. His military expeditions against Islam are well documented, but there was also a peaceful side to his encounter with the Muslim world, one that has received little attention until now. This book shines new light on the king's program to induce Muslims to voluntarily convert to Christianity and resettle in France. It recovers a forgotten but important episode in the history of the Crusades while providing a rare window into the fraught experiences of the converts themselves. This book transforms our understanding of medieval Christian–Muslim relations by telling the stories of the Muslims who came to France to live as Christians. Under what circumstances did they willingly convert? How successfully did they assimilate into French society? What forms of resistance did they employ? In examining questions like these, the book weaves a richly detailed portrait of a dazzling yet violent age whose lessons still resonate today. Until now, scholars have dismissed historical accounts of the king's peaceful conversion of Muslims as hagiographical and therefore untrustworthy. This book takes these narratives seriously, and uncovers archival evidence to back them up. It brings these findings to life; setting them in the context of the Seventh Crusade and the universalizing Catholic impulse to convert the world.Less
The thirteenth century brought new urgency to Catholic efforts to convert non-Christians, and no Catholic ruler was more dedicated to this undertaking than King Louis IX of France. His military expeditions against Islam are well documented, but there was also a peaceful side to his encounter with the Muslim world, one that has received little attention until now. This book shines new light on the king's program to induce Muslims to voluntarily convert to Christianity and resettle in France. It recovers a forgotten but important episode in the history of the Crusades while providing a rare window into the fraught experiences of the converts themselves. This book transforms our understanding of medieval Christian–Muslim relations by telling the stories of the Muslims who came to France to live as Christians. Under what circumstances did they willingly convert? How successfully did they assimilate into French society? What forms of resistance did they employ? In examining questions like these, the book weaves a richly detailed portrait of a dazzling yet violent age whose lessons still resonate today. Until now, scholars have dismissed historical accounts of the king's peaceful conversion of Muslims as hagiographical and therefore untrustworthy. This book takes these narratives seriously, and uncovers archival evidence to back them up. It brings these findings to life; setting them in the context of the Seventh Crusade and the universalizing Catholic impulse to convert the world.
Eva Kaptijn and Marc Waelkens
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- October 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780198841616
- eISBN:
- 9780191877100
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198841616.003.0005
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, European History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter discusses the settlement evolution in the territory of Sagalassos (south-west Turkey) from the start of the Byzantine period until the thirteenth century when Sagalassos was ultimately ...
More
This chapter discusses the settlement evolution in the territory of Sagalassos (south-west Turkey) from the start of the Byzantine period until the thirteenth century when Sagalassos was ultimately abandoned and habitation moved to new locations in and around the modern village of Ağlasun. Problems regarding the archaeological recognition characterize the Byzantine material culture of the region. Recent excavations at Sagalassos together with focused ceramic studies and ongoing intensive surveys are changing this and providing insights into a history of habitation that is not uniform within the territory and that is sometimes at odds with processes occurring in Anatolia at large.Less
This chapter discusses the settlement evolution in the territory of Sagalassos (south-west Turkey) from the start of the Byzantine period until the thirteenth century when Sagalassos was ultimately abandoned and habitation moved to new locations in and around the modern village of Ağlasun. Problems regarding the archaeological recognition characterize the Byzantine material culture of the region. Recent excavations at Sagalassos together with focused ceramic studies and ongoing intensive surveys are changing this and providing insights into a history of habitation that is not uniform within the territory and that is sometimes at odds with processes occurring in Anatolia at large.
Kurt J. Werthmuller
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9789774163456
- eISBN:
- 9781617970238
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774163456.003.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
In the early thirteenth century, Greater Cairo had an expanse spread into a metropolitan; yet even so, some of its urban centers compete for prominence. Al-Qahira, Cairo's namesake, had been ...
More
In the early thirteenth century, Greater Cairo had an expanse spread into a metropolitan; yet even so, some of its urban centers compete for prominence. Al-Qahira, Cairo's namesake, had been gradually giving way to the installation of Saladin's own Ayyubid system in the 1770s. This landscape, which was finished as a dynamic and expensive one, is the beginning of the story of this book. This book also deals with the different believers such as the Muslims, Christians, and Jews who were involved in the dynamics of the Coptic-Ayyubid model. Moreover, this book is not just about the Coptic-Ayyubid model, its complexities, and the boundaries of the medieval Coptic community; the lessons that need to be cleared about non-Muslim communities are included in parallel context here.Less
In the early thirteenth century, Greater Cairo had an expanse spread into a metropolitan; yet even so, some of its urban centers compete for prominence. Al-Qahira, Cairo's namesake, had been gradually giving way to the installation of Saladin's own Ayyubid system in the 1770s. This landscape, which was finished as a dynamic and expensive one, is the beginning of the story of this book. This book also deals with the different believers such as the Muslims, Christians, and Jews who were involved in the dynamics of the Coptic-Ayyubid model. Moreover, this book is not just about the Coptic-Ayyubid model, its complexities, and the boundaries of the medieval Coptic community; the lessons that need to be cleared about non-Muslim communities are included in parallel context here.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- June 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780804758086
- eISBN:
- 9780804786782
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804758086.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter concentrates on the key historical moments at which the discourse shifted and the faithful maiden act took shape. The rise of the faithful maiden cult highlights a close link between the ...
More
This chapter concentrates on the key historical moments at which the discourse shifted and the faithful maiden act took shape. The rise of the faithful maiden cult highlights a close link between the changes in the so-called women's quarters and in the political and cultural realms, indicating the young women as actors who shaped the culture of their time. These faithful maiden cases reveal that the thirteenth century witnessed the rise of extreme rhetoric about female chastity and saw the rise of a radical approach by the state and elite: championing an extreme form of chastity. The Ming society became fascinated with them because they were an embodiment of extremity, strangeness, and novelty. The Ming political climate and the culture brought out extreme actions in both men and women, and such actions eventually shaped the faithful maiden practice into an empire-wide cult.Less
This chapter concentrates on the key historical moments at which the discourse shifted and the faithful maiden act took shape. The rise of the faithful maiden cult highlights a close link between the changes in the so-called women's quarters and in the political and cultural realms, indicating the young women as actors who shaped the culture of their time. These faithful maiden cases reveal that the thirteenth century witnessed the rise of extreme rhetoric about female chastity and saw the rise of a radical approach by the state and elite: championing an extreme form of chastity. The Ming society became fascinated with them because they were an embodiment of extremity, strangeness, and novelty. The Ming political climate and the culture brought out extreme actions in both men and women, and such actions eventually shaped the faithful maiden practice into an empire-wide cult.
Dimitri Korobeinikov
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198708261
- eISBN:
- 9780191779312
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198708261.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Archaeology: Classical, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This book looks at the relations between Byzantium and its eastern neighbours in the thirteenth century. The main conclusion is that the Nicaean Empire (1204-61) was much stronger and much more the ...
More
This book looks at the relations between Byzantium and its eastern neighbours in the thirteenth century. The main conclusion is that the Nicaean Empire (1204-61) was much stronger and much more the heir of the twelfth-century Empire than has generally been appreciated. Furthermore, it was recognized as such by its eastern neighbours throughout the period. The Nicaean Empire gained dominant influence over the Seljukid Sultanate of Rūm in the 1250s. The appearance of the Mongols added a complicating factor, which the Byzantines at first managed effectively. However, in the last quarter of the century the continued decline of Seljuk power, the continuing migration of Turks from the east, and what effectively amounted to a lack of Mongol interest in western Anatolia allowed the creation of powerful Turkish nomadic confederations in the frontier regions facing Byzantium. By 1304 the nomadic Turks had broken Byzantium’s eastern defences. The Empire lost its Asian territories forever; and Constantinople became the most eastern outpost of Byzantium. The thirteenth century is a period of consistent success for Byzantine diplomacy towards the Seljuks and the Mongols. However, successful relations with the great powers of the age were not ultimately a key factor for the successful defence of Byzantine Asia Minor.Less
This book looks at the relations between Byzantium and its eastern neighbours in the thirteenth century. The main conclusion is that the Nicaean Empire (1204-61) was much stronger and much more the heir of the twelfth-century Empire than has generally been appreciated. Furthermore, it was recognized as such by its eastern neighbours throughout the period. The Nicaean Empire gained dominant influence over the Seljukid Sultanate of Rūm in the 1250s. The appearance of the Mongols added a complicating factor, which the Byzantines at first managed effectively. However, in the last quarter of the century the continued decline of Seljuk power, the continuing migration of Turks from the east, and what effectively amounted to a lack of Mongol interest in western Anatolia allowed the creation of powerful Turkish nomadic confederations in the frontier regions facing Byzantium. By 1304 the nomadic Turks had broken Byzantium’s eastern defences. The Empire lost its Asian territories forever; and Constantinople became the most eastern outpost of Byzantium. The thirteenth century is a period of consistent success for Byzantine diplomacy towards the Seljuks and the Mongols. However, successful relations with the great powers of the age were not ultimately a key factor for the successful defence of Byzantine Asia Minor.
Christina Laffin
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824835651
- eISBN:
- 9780824871215
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824835651.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This book explores the world of thirteenth-century Japan through the life of a prolific noblewoman known as Nun Abutsu (1225–1283). Abutsu crossed gender and genre barriers by writing the first ...
More
This book explores the world of thirteenth-century Japan through the life of a prolific noblewoman known as Nun Abutsu (1225–1283). Abutsu crossed gender and genre barriers by writing the first career guide for Japanese noblewomen, the first female-authored poetry treatise, and the first poetic travelogue by a woman—all despite the increasingly limited social mobility for women during the Kamakura era (1185–1336). Capitalizing on her literary talent and political prowess, Abutsu rose from middling origins and single-motherhood to a prestigious marriage and membership in an esteemed literary lineage. Abutsu's life is well documented in her own letters, diaries, and commentaries, as well as in critiques written by rivals, records of poetry events, and legal documents. Drawing on these and other sources, the book demonstrates how medieval women responded to institutional changes that transformed their lives as court attendants, wives, and nuns. Despite increased professionalization of the arts, competition over sources of patronage, and rivaling claims to literary expertise, Abutsu proved her poetic capabilities through her work and often used patriarchal ideals of femininity to lay claim to political and literary authority. The book challenges notions that literary salons in Japan were a phenomenon limited to the Heian period (794–1185) and that literary writing and scholarship were the domain of men during the Kamakura era. Its analysis of literary works within the context of women's history makes clear the important role that medieval women and their cultural contributions continued to play in Japanese history.Less
This book explores the world of thirteenth-century Japan through the life of a prolific noblewoman known as Nun Abutsu (1225–1283). Abutsu crossed gender and genre barriers by writing the first career guide for Japanese noblewomen, the first female-authored poetry treatise, and the first poetic travelogue by a woman—all despite the increasingly limited social mobility for women during the Kamakura era (1185–1336). Capitalizing on her literary talent and political prowess, Abutsu rose from middling origins and single-motherhood to a prestigious marriage and membership in an esteemed literary lineage. Abutsu's life is well documented in her own letters, diaries, and commentaries, as well as in critiques written by rivals, records of poetry events, and legal documents. Drawing on these and other sources, the book demonstrates how medieval women responded to institutional changes that transformed their lives as court attendants, wives, and nuns. Despite increased professionalization of the arts, competition over sources of patronage, and rivaling claims to literary expertise, Abutsu proved her poetic capabilities through her work and often used patriarchal ideals of femininity to lay claim to political and literary authority. The book challenges notions that literary salons in Japan were a phenomenon limited to the Heian period (794–1185) and that literary writing and scholarship were the domain of men during the Kamakura era. Its analysis of literary works within the context of women's history makes clear the important role that medieval women and their cultural contributions continued to play in Japanese history.
Andrew Briggs, Hans Halvorson, and Andrew Steane
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- October 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198808282
- eISBN:
- 9780191866944
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198808282.003.0015
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
The question of tension between scientific study and religious commitment is examined through two historic examples: the impact of Aristotelian physics on thirteenth-century Europe, and the motion of ...
More
The question of tension between scientific study and religious commitment is examined through two historic examples: the impact of Aristotelian physics on thirteenth-century Europe, and the motion of the Earth argued by Copernicus and Galileo. Aristotelian physics was constructed from ideas around change, form, and substance, which together implied the physical universe must have existed into the infinite past. This conflicted with religious ideas about time itself having been brought into being in the finite past. Bonaventure wished to reject Aristotelian science, but others such as Averroes and Aquinas adopted a more nuanced view, in which the meaning of statements is to be drawn with reference to their context. Something similar happened in the resolution of the seventeenth-century dispute about Earth’s motion. From the perspective of Einstein’s General Relativity, statements about motion, including accelerated motion, are never absolute but always relative to frame of reference.Less
The question of tension between scientific study and religious commitment is examined through two historic examples: the impact of Aristotelian physics on thirteenth-century Europe, and the motion of the Earth argued by Copernicus and Galileo. Aristotelian physics was constructed from ideas around change, form, and substance, which together implied the physical universe must have existed into the infinite past. This conflicted with religious ideas about time itself having been brought into being in the finite past. Bonaventure wished to reject Aristotelian science, but others such as Averroes and Aquinas adopted a more nuanced view, in which the meaning of statements is to be drawn with reference to their context. Something similar happened in the resolution of the seventeenth-century dispute about Earth’s motion. From the perspective of Einstein’s General Relativity, statements about motion, including accelerated motion, are never absolute but always relative to frame of reference.
Jeffrey Hause
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198827030
- eISBN:
- 9780191866005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198827030.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy
In the late twelfth and early thirteenth century, increasingly sophisticated ethical thought made its way out of the theology texts and into pastoral guides and sermons, making it possible for a ...
More
In the late twelfth and early thirteenth century, increasingly sophisticated ethical thought made its way out of the theology texts and into pastoral guides and sermons, making it possible for a greater number of ethically informed lay people to share pastoral responsibility. One exercise of this responsibility was fraternal correction, through which a person, motivated by charity, rebukes a neighbor for his or her wrongdoing. This essay argues that the practice of fraternal correction is in fact a sort of blaming, since it includes a judgment of blameworthiness and opprobrium for the offender’s bad choice, moral address directed to the offender, the demand for a response, and holding the offender accountable. However, in contrast to other forms of blame, the source of the offender’s accountability to the corrector in fraternal correction is the social system created by the exercise of mercy.Less
In the late twelfth and early thirteenth century, increasingly sophisticated ethical thought made its way out of the theology texts and into pastoral guides and sermons, making it possible for a greater number of ethically informed lay people to share pastoral responsibility. One exercise of this responsibility was fraternal correction, through which a person, motivated by charity, rebukes a neighbor for his or her wrongdoing. This essay argues that the practice of fraternal correction is in fact a sort of blaming, since it includes a judgment of blameworthiness and opprobrium for the offender’s bad choice, moral address directed to the offender, the demand for a response, and holding the offender accountable. However, in contrast to other forms of blame, the source of the offender’s accountability to the corrector in fraternal correction is the social system created by the exercise of mercy.
Scott Redford
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748639946
- eISBN:
- 9780748653294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748639946.003.0014
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
After more than a century of instability, the Rum Seljuq state came into its own following the Third Crusade. After the Fourth Crusade, which began after 1211, the peace with the Laskarid state ...
More
After more than a century of instability, the Rum Seljuq state came into its own following the Third Crusade. After the Fourth Crusade, which began after 1211, the peace with the Laskarid state brought prosperity and expansion to the Rum Seljuqs. This chapter discusses this period of prosperity which came at the beginning of the thirteenth century. This is a period marked by Rum Seljuq building. It focuses on the epigraphic programme of some of the cities that the Seljuqs rebuilt from the mid-1210s and mid-1230s. Using the inscriptions on city walls, citadels and gates, this chapter seeks to establish parameters for an examination of the Rum Seljuq building apparatus and the relationship between official and personal, state and military, patronage. It hopes to use building inscriptions as a means to shed light on the Rum Seljuq elite.Less
After more than a century of instability, the Rum Seljuq state came into its own following the Third Crusade. After the Fourth Crusade, which began after 1211, the peace with the Laskarid state brought prosperity and expansion to the Rum Seljuqs. This chapter discusses this period of prosperity which came at the beginning of the thirteenth century. This is a period marked by Rum Seljuq building. It focuses on the epigraphic programme of some of the cities that the Seljuqs rebuilt from the mid-1210s and mid-1230s. Using the inscriptions on city walls, citadels and gates, this chapter seeks to establish parameters for an examination of the Rum Seljuq building apparatus and the relationship between official and personal, state and military, patronage. It hopes to use building inscriptions as a means to shed light on the Rum Seljuq elite.
Peter Brown
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451829
- eISBN:
- 9780801471056
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451829.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, Historiography
This chapter focuses on a religious struggle over the meaning of work and the definition of “the poor” in late antiquity, illustrating how theological principles and their institutional application ...
More
This chapter focuses on a religious struggle over the meaning of work and the definition of “the poor” in late antiquity, illustrating how theological principles and their institutional application affect the economy and society of entire regions. The monks of Syria and Egypt in the last centuries of the Roman Empire were far from being the wonderful drop-outs they were often imagined as; they acted as a catalyst for the social imagination of an entire society. What happened in this era reflects the extremist poverty of Saint Francis and his followers, which arose as a criticism on the economy of the thirteenth-century Italian cities. The monks' insistence that manual labor should be combined with almsgiving to the poor contributed to an imaginative victory in which the rich have a religious duty to support the poor.Less
This chapter focuses on a religious struggle over the meaning of work and the definition of “the poor” in late antiquity, illustrating how theological principles and their institutional application affect the economy and society of entire regions. The monks of Syria and Egypt in the last centuries of the Roman Empire were far from being the wonderful drop-outs they were often imagined as; they acted as a catalyst for the social imagination of an entire society. What happened in this era reflects the extremist poverty of Saint Francis and his followers, which arose as a criticism on the economy of the thirteenth-century Italian cities. The monks' insistence that manual labor should be combined with almsgiving to the poor contributed to an imaginative victory in which the rich have a religious duty to support the poor.
