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 Conclusion: Third Wave Awakening and Concurrent Cultural Shifts: Renewal and Convergence in Comparative World Order Perspective

Lamin Sanneh

in Disciples of All Nations: Pillars of World Christianity

Synopsis: This concluding chapter reflects on global Christianity and world order changes. It shows how at the Edinburgh 1910 conference little thought was given to Christianity's post‐Western ... More

Synopsis: This concluding chapter reflects on global Christianity and world order changes. It shows how at the Edinburgh 1910 conference little thought was given to Christianity's post‐Western possibilities. In the aftermath of Edinburgh 1910 and the 1914 war there was retreat and retrenchment. Then the churches launched the ecumenical movement to stem the tide of attrition. The chapter argues that the 20th century ended where it did not begin, i.e., in the post‐Vatican II unexpected post‐Western awakening and coming of World Christianity. The chapter looks at the statistics of global resurgence and expansion, and assesses Roman Catholic and Protestant responses. The chapter examines Marxist repression in Ethiopia as setback and turning point for World Christianity. The chapter considers the African Synod and flexible models of faith and action as renewal currents in the search for social harmony and cultural coherence, and concludes with the Gentile mandate of Third Wave resurgence and social recomposition.Less

Rethinking Democratization in the Arab Context

Larbi Sadiki

in Rethinking Arab Democratization: Elections without Democracy

Stressing an interpretive method, this chapter seeks to rethink democratization in the context of the Arab Middle East. It highlights the fierce contests and counter-contests of Western ... More

Stressing an interpretive method, this chapter seeks to rethink democratization in the context of the Arab Middle East. It highlights the fierce contests and counter-contests of Western democratization theory. Its interrogation of the ‘transition paradigm’ and ‘third wave’ democratization is based on reference to the key voices in the field. Against this background the chapter looks at the complexity involved in transposing the conventional wisdom and dogmas of such a theory to the Arab context. Interrogation is doubly fierce when ‘word’ (theory) meets ‘world’ (context, practice). A key conclusion is that it is difficult to ‘normativize’ Western democratization theory, suggesting alternative and critical ways of how to treat Western transitology in its ‘travel’ to the Arab context, and noting the ‘open-endedness’ and ‘complexity’ of Arab transitions.Less

Opposition Parties and Democratization in Africa

Adrienne LeBas

in From Protest to Parties: Party-Building and Democratization in Africa

Why do we see such variation in the success of democratization across the developing world? Why are some pro-democracy movements successful, while others remain weak? Chapter 1 introduces the reader ... More

Why do we see such variation in the success of democratization across the developing world? Why are some pro-democracy movements successful, while others remain weak? Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the distinct characteristics of democratization in the late Third Wave. Recent democratic transitions have tended to be more protracted and more conflict-prone than earlier transitions in Latin America and Southern Europe. In democratizing countries in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, incumbents often retain control over the degree of political opening in these “hybrid regimes.” The chapter argues that existing theories of democratic transition are insufficient to explain the dynamics of change in these kinds of regimes. Instead, the strength and cohesion of opposition parties is an important determinant of whether democratization will occur. The chapter introduces the book’s arguments about the sources of variation in opposition strength.Less

Introduction: Regime Change During the Third Wave: From Dictatorship to Democracy And Back

Stephan Haggard and Robert R. Kaufman

in Dictators and Democrats: Masses, Elites, and Regime Change

This book examines regime change during the so-called Third Wave by focusing on transitions to and from democratic rule, taking into account factors such as the nature of authoritarian and democratic ... More

This book examines regime change during the so-called Third Wave by focusing on transitions to and from democratic rule, taking into account factors such as the nature of authoritarian and democratic institutions, regime performance, and capacities for collective action on the part of civil society. Drawing on seventy-eight discrete democratic transitions and twenty-five cases of reversion to autocracy that occurred between 1980 and 2008 as coded in two widely used datasets, the book considers how structural factors affect transitions to and reversions from democracy. It shows that democratization driven by mass mobilization appears to hinge on political factors: how exclusionary or co-optive authoritarian regimes are and the extent to which publics are capable of mobilizing grievances into the political arena. This introduction defines core terms and justifies the book's focus on the Third Wave. It also previews the book's empirical findings and concludes with a note on the research method used.Less

The 1990s–2000s: “I’m Beautiful and I’m Here”

Stacy Wolf

in Changed for Good: A Feminist History of the Broadway Musical

Chapter 5 discusses a group of musicals produced around 2000 that foreground race / ethnicity as well as gender: Parade, Caroline, or Change, The Color Purple, and In the Heights. By studying key ... More

Chapter 5 discusses a group of musicals produced around 2000 that foreground race / ethnicity as well as gender: Parade, Caroline, or Change, The Color Purple, and In the Heights. By studying key conventional moments in each musical—the female protagonist’s first and last numbers—this chapter maps out the interdependence of race, gender, and sexuality in contemporary Broadway musicals. By the 1990s and the millennium, with “multiculturalism,” “diversity,” and Third Wave feminism in the air, the slightly-behind-the-times Broadway musical stage made a concerted effort to represent people of color. A number of musicals opened in a variety of forms and formats and told stories that centrally featured women of color. These musicals used the tools that had been around since the 1950s—the opening declarative solo number and powerful 11 o’clock number—and affirmed African American, Latina, and Jewish women as self-determining, self-assertive individuals and Broadway’s stars.Less

Rendering unto Caesar?: State Regulation of Religion and the Role of Catholicism in Democratic Transitions and Consolidation in Predominantly Catholic Countries

Peter J. Schraeder

in Democracy, Culture, Catholicism: Voices from Four Continents

Schraeder studies the impact of the Catholic Church in fifty-five predominantly Catholic countries that are undergoing transitions to democracy or consolidating new democratic arrangements. The ... More

Schraeder studies the impact of the Catholic Church in fifty-five predominantly Catholic countries that are undergoing transitions to democracy or consolidating new democratic arrangements. The ‘third wave of democratization’ in the last quarter of the twentieth century was a phenomenon that unfolded in predominantly Catholic countries. The Second Vatican Council formally endorsed democracy in 1964 as the Church experienced greater autonomy and evangelical freedom under governments transitioning to democracy. Similarly, in post-transition democracies, Schraeder’s data shows that the Catholic Church has encountered government legislation more often protecting religious freedom than restricting it. The future test for mutuality between Catholicism and democracy will be how matters are handled in the inevitable instances where political outcomes run counter to the moral teaching of the Church.Less

Race, Transnational Feminism, and Paradigms of Difference

Leela Fernandes

in Transnational Feminism in the United States: Knowledge, Ethics, Power

This chapter analyzes how dominant U.S. models of multiculturalism such as the wave model of feminism have disciplined and distorted the insights of “third wave feminism.” The static nature of the ... More

This chapter analyzes how dominant U.S. models of multiculturalism such as the wave model of feminism have disciplined and distorted the insights of “third wave feminism.” The static nature of the wave model of feminism has reduced the rich and varied contributions of writings classified as “third wave feminism” in terms of modular and reductive representations of paradigms such as intersectionality and identity politics. As “third wave” feminist writings become mainstream through temporal and political spaces of feminist thought, its deeper understandings of time, politics, and subjectivity risk being written out of history. This has been intensified by some modes of disciplinary-driven appropriations of the intellectual contributions of U.S. feminists of color as paradigms travel between disciplines and places. Feminist thought, in retrospect, requires a conception of history that can contain both insights of the past and the potential breakthroughs of the future within the contestations of political and intellectual practice in the present.Less

The Field of Sociology: Its Power and Its Promise

Michael Burawoy

in Public Sociology: Fifteen Eminent Sociologists Debate Politics and the Profession in the Twenty-first Century

Sociology in the United States has spanned three waves over the past 150 years. Now, in its third wave, it harnesses that science to its earlier moral concerns in order to give vitality to public ... More

Sociology in the United States has spanned three waves over the past 150 years. Now, in its third wave, it harnesses that science to its earlier moral concerns in order to give vitality to public sociology. This chapter holds this point of view, situating the critics in the field of sociology, navigating its successive waves. The three waves of sociology reflect and refract broad societal responses to three waves of market expansion. The first wave of marketisation led to a spontaneous reaction from an emergent civil society that sought to transcend capitalism with socialist, communitarian, and cooperative experiments. The second wave of marketization took off after World War I, leading to equally profound reactions, but this time from nation-states—in such varied forms as fascism, communism, and social democracy. Today, in its third wave, sociology's external focus turns from the policy world to the world of publics.Less

The Emerging Right to Democracy

Alix van Sickle and with Wayne Sandholtz

in International Norms and Cycles of Change

This chapter examines how the “right to democracy” gained normative force in the 1990s. It begins by discussing the normative context that prevailed in the international system prior to the Third ... More

This chapter examines how the “right to democracy” gained normative force in the 1990s. It begins by discussing the normative context that prevailed in the international system prior to the Third Wave of Democracy. It then discusses the key events and disputes that drove the idea a “right to democracy” to the forefront of international normative debates. It focuses on three cycles of norm change, arising out of the 1991 coup in Haiti, the 1992 “self-coup” in Peru, and the 1997 West African intervention in Sierra Leone. The chapter explores the arguments offered in these disputes and examines the extent to which the outcomes of these disputes have shaped how the international community responds to situations in which a democratic government is overthrown or threatened.Less

Sexual politics and agency

Cynthia S. Hamilton

in Sara Paretsky: Detective fiction as trauma literature

This chapter examines the gender politics of Paretsky’s fiction in relation to Paretsky’s own background and political activism and within the context of the political agendas and debates over ... More

This chapter examines the gender politics of Paretsky’s fiction in relation to Paretsky’s own background and political activism and within the context of the political agendas and debates over identity politics within second and third wave feminism. Such positioning in relation to abortion, sexuality, and violence against women allows one to move beyond summary judgements and to appreciate the ambivalences felt by Paretsky and shared by many of her generation despite their firm commitment to the feminisms they helped to construct. It is also important to acknowledge the shifting agendas between second and third feminism and the challenges these posed for women who sought to claim, redefine or eschew the feminist label. Freidan, Millet, Faludi, Wolf, and Evans are among those referenced in connection with these debates. Between Indemnity Only (1982) and Body Work (2010) stands almost two decades of progress and backlash with regard to women’s rights and status, and almost two decades of tumultuous debate within an increasingly diverse and fractured landscape of minority politics.Less

The Sociology of Knowledge and Three Waves of Science Studies

Harry Collins

in Gravity's Ghost and Big Dog: Scientific Discovery and Social Analysis in the Twenty-First Century

Where does this book fit into the tradition of the sociological study of science?

Democratic Transitions in the Late Twentieth Century

Peter Thiery

in The Handbook of Political, Social, and Economic Transformation

This chapter provides an overview of the latest democratization thrust, which had already ebbed away by the mid-2000s, and which Samuel Huntington describes as the ‘third wave’ of democratization. ... More

This chapter provides an overview of the latest democratization thrust, which had already ebbed away by the mid-2000s, and which Samuel Huntington describes as the ‘third wave’ of democratization. This wave began in the 1970s in Southern Europe (Portugal, Greece, Spain) and spread via Latin America to Asia, Eastern Europe, and Africa; only the Arab world remained largely resistant to democratization efforts until the ‘Arab Spring’. The different (and changing) global and international environments, different currents, the course, and the results of this wave of democratization at both global and regional levels are examined. Finally, the explanatory approaches and the relevant factors of these democratization processes are briefly outlined.Less

The Catholic ‘third wave’: undermining authoritarianism

John Anderson

in Christianity and Democratisation: From Pious Subjects to Critical Participants

This chapter presents a brief digression on the traditional pro-authoritarian tendencies of the Catholic Church, reporting a series of critiques of social, economic and political injustice that ... More

This chapter presents a brief digression on the traditional pro-authoritarian tendencies of the Catholic Church, reporting a series of critiques of social, economic and political injustice that challenged authoritarianism. The practical measures aimed at supporting the development of ‘civil society’ are addressed. It is noted that while the voices for social justice and human rights were strong, both religious ‘radicals’ and ‘conservatives’ were sometimes quiet in their support for liberal democracy. The Catholic Church was the dominant voice in many countries, and others were active in defending human rights. The forefront in most ‘third wave’ countries was the Roman Catholic Church, which promoted a broader understanding of social justice and human rights. Religious institutions provide physical symbols and rituals that offer a focus for resistance to the oppressors but also allow religious consolation in the face of oppression and give some sense that the sacrifices are not in vain.Less

Language variation and change

Reem Bassiouney

in Arabic Sociolinguistics

This chapter highlights three crucial theories in examining language variation: the social class theory, the social networks theory, and the third wave approach to variation studies. It first sheds ... More

This chapter highlights three crucial theories in examining language variation: the social class theory, the social networks theory, and the third wave approach to variation studies. It first sheds light on methods used in quantitative variation research and problems related to them. Then it concentrates on specific variables that trigger language variation and change, followed by a discussion of diglossia and levelling.Less

The Gothic Therapeutic

Sean McCloud

in American Possessions: Fighting Demons in the Contemporary United States

This chapter discusses how Third Wave deliverance manuals register modern therapeutic discourse with a Gothic twist, and complicate neoliberal/late-capitalist notions of individual agency by focusing ... More

This chapter discusses how Third Wave deliverance manuals register modern therapeutic discourse with a Gothic twist, and complicate neoliberal/late-capitalist notions of individual agency by focusing on how the handbooks explain the demonization of individuals through willful sins, family inheritances, and traumatic experiences. The chapter first points to the shared idioms between Third Wave manuals and the larger genre of self-help literature. Second, it briefly places the movement’s conceptions of haunting and demons into conversation with the growing scholarship on ghosts and the supernatural in American culture. It then moves on to examine the ways in which Third Wave handbooks assert how people can become demonized, discuss spiritual warfare rituals to expel demons, and consider how deliverance narratives constitute a discourse about human agency that wavers between choice and imposition.Less

Governance in the Twenty-First Century

Felicity Matthews

in Complexity, Fragmentation, and Uncertainty: Government Capacity in an Evolving State

This final chapter is devoted to considering the question posed at the outset: ‘To what extent do theories of governance encapsulate and account for the contemporary topography of the state?’ In ... More

This final chapter is devoted to considering the question posed at the outset: ‘To what extent do theories of governance encapsulate and account for the contemporary topography of the state?’ In doing so, the chapter posits a more refined understanding of state capacity that encapsulates both institutional and socio-political forms of control, leverage, and influence: a third wave of governance. The central focus of this third wave is ‘the paradox of state capacity’, which identifies and explores a simultaneous process through which states have sought to develop and foster new forms of central capacity whilst at the very same time transferring key control levers to a range of semi-independent organizational forms. Viewed from this perspective, the ‘paradox of state capacity’ develops the analytical leverage of existing scholarship, whilst illuminating the linkage between governance-related debates and broader socio-political concerns, including rising public expectations and the emergence of new policy challenges.Less

Possessed Possessions, Defiled Land, and the Horrors of History

Sean McCloud

in American Possessions: Fighting Demons in the Contemporary United States

This chapter examines Third Wave concerns with demon-possessed consumer objects and places. First, spiritual warfare manuals contain a plethora of demon-inhabited objects, “possessed possessions” ... More

This chapter examines Third Wave concerns with demon-possessed consumer objects and places. First, spiritual warfare manuals contain a plethora of demon-inhabited objects, “possessed possessions” whose purchase or gifting leads to supernatural dangers. Third Wave theology asserts that “demonic spirits seem to crave a material presence” and that “there is often an invisible spiritual force behind a visible object.” In Third Wave literature, demonic desires for materiality lead to objects becoming possessed. When this occurs, material objects become demonic subjects that act in the human world. But it isn’t just the cravings of evil spirits that foment such possessions. Human desires, family histories, and even the nature of a material object itself can lead to demonic habitation. Similar to possessed objects, in spiritual warfare manuals, the defiled land can be demonized by past injustices and cries out for repentance.Less

Haunting Desires: Agency in an era of Possessions

Sean McCloud

in American Possessions: Fighting Demons in the Contemporary United States

This chapter begins by examining—through case studies of sexual desires and human and divine intercession—spiritual warfare conceptions of free will, autonomy, control, and agency. Third Wave ... More

This chapter begins by examining—through case studies of sexual desires and human and divine intercession—spiritual warfare conceptions of free will, autonomy, control, and agency. Third Wave theologies of desire and action are complex and seemingly contradictory in their simultaneous insistence upon the powers of individual human choice, demonic compulsion, and the forces of history and family inheritance. The vacillation between autonomous free-will individualism and external compulsion is not particular to Third Wave evangelicals, but it is a typical and persistent theme across vast swaths of contemporary America. After suggesting this, the chapter examines the shared and exclusive elements between spiritual warfare and the contemporary social imaginary known as “neoliberalism.” The chapter describes how—in addition to touting the reality of a human self that is autonomous and possessing free will—the Third Wave theology of biblical economics, its legalistic language of property and individual rights, and its belief in the force of spirit over matter mirror neoliberal ideas. Yet, at the same time, spiritual warfare’s demonologies suggest that the forces of history, materiality, and the social world continue to ghost the present and propel individuals into activities and lives not of their own choosing.Less

The Catholic ‘third wave’: creating a new order

John Anderson

in Christianity and Democratisation: From Pious Subjects to Critical Participants

This chapter investigates the role of individual leaders and the peculiarly Catholic transnational dimension in bringing about change, and some of the ways in which religious organisations ... More

This chapter investigates the role of individual leaders and the peculiarly Catholic transnational dimension in bringing about change, and some of the ways in which religious organisations contributed to the negotiation of transition. It explores how Catholic hierarchies and churches have coped with the realities of democratic politics. The ability of the Catholic Church to play the ‘defender of the nation’ role was aided by the fact that the ‘occupying’ power was perceived to be of a different religious tradition. The process of democratic consolidation is explored. In most of the ‘third wave’ countries, the dominant religious institutions have made public their commitment to democratic politics and acceptance of democratic norms. The limits of religious contributions to democratic consolidation are then assessed. The hegemonic theory and rational choice theory perhaps offer slightly more insight into why national hierarchies adopted a primarily supporting or constraining position with regard to political change.Less