Mauro Fabrizio and Angelo Morro
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527008
- eISBN:
- 9780191713316
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527008.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This book is devoted to the mathematical modelling of electromagnetic materials. Electromagnetism in matter is developed with particular emphasis on material effects, which are ascribed to memory in ...
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This book is devoted to the mathematical modelling of electromagnetic materials. Electromagnetism in matter is developed with particular emphasis on material effects, which are ascribed to memory in time and nonlocality. Within the mathematical modelling, thermodynamics of continuous media plays a central role in that it places significant restrictions on the constitutive equations. Further, as shown in connection with uniqueness, existence and stability, variational settings, and wave propagation, a correct formulation of the pertinent problems is based on the knowledge of the thermodynamic restrictions for the material. The book is divided into four parts. Part I (chapters 1 to 4) reviews the basic concepts of electromagnetism, starting from the integral form of Maxwell’s equations and then addressing attention to the physical motivation for materials with memory. Part II (chapers 5 to 9) deals with thermodynamics of systems with memory and applications to evolution and initial/boundary-value problems. It contains developments and results which are unusual in textbooks on electromagnetism and arise from the research literature, mainly post-1960s. Part III (chapters 10 to 12) outlines some topics of materials modelling — nonlinearity, nonlocality, superconductivity, and magnetic hysteresis — which are of great interest both in mathematics and in applications.Less
This book is devoted to the mathematical modelling of electromagnetic materials. Electromagnetism in matter is developed with particular emphasis on material effects, which are ascribed to memory in time and nonlocality. Within the mathematical modelling, thermodynamics of continuous media plays a central role in that it places significant restrictions on the constitutive equations. Further, as shown in connection with uniqueness, existence and stability, variational settings, and wave propagation, a correct formulation of the pertinent problems is based on the knowledge of the thermodynamic restrictions for the material. The book is divided into four parts. Part I (chapters 1 to 4) reviews the basic concepts of electromagnetism, starting from the integral form of Maxwell’s equations and then addressing attention to the physical motivation for materials with memory. Part II (chapers 5 to 9) deals with thermodynamics of systems with memory and applications to evolution and initial/boundary-value problems. It contains developments and results which are unusual in textbooks on electromagnetism and arise from the research literature, mainly post-1960s. Part III (chapters 10 to 12) outlines some topics of materials modelling — nonlinearity, nonlocality, superconductivity, and magnetic hysteresis — which are of great interest both in mathematics and in applications.
Vladimir Fortov, Igor Iakubov, and Alexey Khrapak
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199299805
- eISBN:
- 9780191714948
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299805.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics
This book concerns the physics of plasma at high density, which is compressed so strongly that the effects of interparticle interactions, nonideality, govern its behavior. The interest in this ...
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This book concerns the physics of plasma at high density, which is compressed so strongly that the effects of interparticle interactions, nonideality, govern its behavior. The interest in this non-traditional plasma has emerged during the last few years when states of matter with high concentration of energy, constituting the basis of the modern technologies and facilities, became accessible for impulse experiments. The greatest part of the Universe matter is in this exotic state. In this book, the methods of strongly coupled plasma generation and diagnostics are considered. The experimental results on thermodynamic, kinetic, and optical properties are given, and the main theoretical models of the strongly coupled plasma state are discussed. Particular attention is given to fast developing modern directions of strongly coupled plasma physics, such as metallization of dielectrics and dielectrization of metals, nonneutral plasma, complex (dusty) plasma, and its crystallization.Less
This book concerns the physics of plasma at high density, which is compressed so strongly that the effects of interparticle interactions, nonideality, govern its behavior. The interest in this non-traditional plasma has emerged during the last few years when states of matter with high concentration of energy, constituting the basis of the modern technologies and facilities, became accessible for impulse experiments. The greatest part of the Universe matter is in this exotic state. In this book, the methods of strongly coupled plasma generation and diagnostics are considered. The experimental results on thermodynamic, kinetic, and optical properties are given, and the main theoretical models of the strongly coupled plasma state are discussed. Particular attention is given to fast developing modern directions of strongly coupled plasma physics, such as metallization of dielectrics and dielectrization of metals, nonneutral plasma, complex (dusty) plasma, and its crystallization.
Kyösti Kontturi, Lasse Murtomäki, and José A. Manzanares
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199533817
- eISBN:
- 9780191714825
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533817.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
Modelling of heterogeneous processes, such as electrochemical reactions, extraction, or ion-exchange, usually requires solving the transport problem associated with the process. Since the processes ...
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Modelling of heterogeneous processes, such as electrochemical reactions, extraction, or ion-exchange, usually requires solving the transport problem associated with the process. Since the processes at the phase boundary are described by scalar quantities and transport quantities are vectors or tensors, the coupling of them can take place only via conservation of mass, charge, or momentum. In this book transport of ionic species is addressed in a versatile manner, emphasizing the mutual coupling of fluxes in particular. Treatment is based on the formalism of irreversible thermodynamics, i.e., on linear (ionic) phenomenological equations, from which the most frequently used Nernst-Planck equation is derived. Limitations and assumptions made are discussed in detail. The Nernst-Planck equation is applied to selected problems at the electrodes and in membranes. Mathematical derivations are presented so that the reader can learn the methodology of solving transport problems. Each chapter contains a large number of exercises.Less
Modelling of heterogeneous processes, such as electrochemical reactions, extraction, or ion-exchange, usually requires solving the transport problem associated with the process. Since the processes at the phase boundary are described by scalar quantities and transport quantities are vectors or tensors, the coupling of them can take place only via conservation of mass, charge, or momentum. In this book transport of ionic species is addressed in a versatile manner, emphasizing the mutual coupling of fluxes in particular. Treatment is based on the formalism of irreversible thermodynamics, i.e., on linear (ionic) phenomenological equations, from which the most frequently used Nernst-Planck equation is derived. Limitations and assumptions made are discussed in detail. The Nernst-Planck equation is applied to selected problems at the electrodes and in membranes. Mathematical derivations are presented so that the reader can learn the methodology of solving transport problems. Each chapter contains a large number of exercises.
Walter T. Grandy, Jr.
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199546176
- eISBN:
- 9780191720161
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199546176.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
This book is based on the premise that the entropy concept, a fundamental element of probability theory as logic governs all of the thermal physics, both equilibrium and nonequilibrium. The ...
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This book is based on the premise that the entropy concept, a fundamental element of probability theory as logic governs all of the thermal physics, both equilibrium and nonequilibrium. The variational algorithm of J. Willard Gibbs — dating from the 19th century and extended considerably over the following 100 years — is shown to be the governing feature over the entire range of thermal phenomena, such that only the nature of the macroscopic constraints changes. Beginning with a short history of the development of the entropy concept by Rudolph Clausius and his predecessors, along with the formalization of classical thermodynamics by Gibbs, the first part of the book describes the quest to uncover the meaning of thermodynamic entropy, which leads to its relationship probability and information as first envisioned by Ludwig Boltzmann. Recognition of entropy first of all as a fundamental element of probability theory in mid-20th Century led to deep insights into both statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, the details of which are presented here in several chapters. The later chapters extend these ideas to nonequilibrium statistical mechanics in an unambiguous manner, thereby exhibiting the overall unifying role of the entropy.Less
This book is based on the premise that the entropy concept, a fundamental element of probability theory as logic governs all of the thermal physics, both equilibrium and nonequilibrium. The variational algorithm of J. Willard Gibbs — dating from the 19th century and extended considerably over the following 100 years — is shown to be the governing feature over the entire range of thermal phenomena, such that only the nature of the macroscopic constraints changes. Beginning with a short history of the development of the entropy concept by Rudolph Clausius and his predecessors, along with the formalization of classical thermodynamics by Gibbs, the first part of the book describes the quest to uncover the meaning of thermodynamic entropy, which leads to its relationship probability and information as first envisioned by Ludwig Boltzmann. Recognition of entropy first of all as a fundamental element of probability theory in mid-20th Century led to deep insights into both statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, the details of which are presented here in several chapters. The later chapters extend these ideas to nonequilibrium statistical mechanics in an unambiguous manner, thereby exhibiting the overall unifying role of the entropy.
Vlatko Vedral
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199215706
- eISBN:
- 9780191706783
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215706.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
In addition to treating quantum communication, entanglement, error correction, and algorithms in great depth, this book also addresses a number of interesting miscellaneous topics, such as Maxwell's ...
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In addition to treating quantum communication, entanglement, error correction, and algorithms in great depth, this book also addresses a number of interesting miscellaneous topics, such as Maxwell's demon, Landauer's erasure, the Bekenstein bound, and Caratheodory's treatment of the second law of thermodynamics. All mathematical derivations are based on clear physical pictures which make even the most involved results — such as the Holevo bound — look comprehensible and transparent. Quantum information is a fascinating topic precisely because it shows that the laws of information processing are actually dependent on the laws of physics. However, it is also very interesting to see that information theory has something to teach us about physics. Both of these directions are discussed throughout the book. Other topics covered in the book are quantum mechanics, measures of quantum entanglement, general conditions of quantum error correction, pure state entanglement and Pauli matrices, pure states and Bell's inequalities, and computational complexity of quantum algorithms.Less
In addition to treating quantum communication, entanglement, error correction, and algorithms in great depth, this book also addresses a number of interesting miscellaneous topics, such as Maxwell's demon, Landauer's erasure, the Bekenstein bound, and Caratheodory's treatment of the second law of thermodynamics. All mathematical derivations are based on clear physical pictures which make even the most involved results — such as the Holevo bound — look comprehensible and transparent. Quantum information is a fascinating topic precisely because it shows that the laws of information processing are actually dependent on the laws of physics. However, it is also very interesting to see that information theory has something to teach us about physics. Both of these directions are discussed throughout the book. Other topics covered in the book are quantum mechanics, measures of quantum entanglement, general conditions of quantum error correction, pure state entanglement and Pauli matrices, pure states and Bell's inequalities, and computational complexity of quantum algorithms.
Harvey R. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199275830
- eISBN:
- 9780191603914
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199275831.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This book explores the nature of the distinction at the heart of Einstein's 1905 formulation of his special theory of relativity: that between kinematics and dynamics. Einstein himself became ...
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This book explores the nature of the distinction at the heart of Einstein's 1905 formulation of his special theory of relativity: that between kinematics and dynamics. Einstein himself became increasingly uncomfortable with this distinction, and with the limitations of what he called the ‘principle theory’ approach inspired by the logic of thermodynamics. A handful of physicists and philosophers have over the last century likewise expressed doubts about Einstein's treatment of the relativistic behaviour of rigid bodies and clocks in motion in the kinematical part of his great paper, and suggested that the dynamical understanding of length contraction and time dilation intimated by the immediate precursors of Einstein is more fundamental. This book both examines and extends these arguments (which support a more ‘constructive’ approach to relativistic effects in Einstein's terminology), after giving a careful analysis of key features of the pre-history of relativity theory. It argues furthermore that the geometrization of the theory by Minkowski in 1908 brought illumination, but not a causal explanation of relativistic effects. Finally, the book tries to show that the dynamical interpretation of special relativity defended in the book is consistent with the role this theory must play as a limiting case of Einstein's 1915 theory of gravity: the general theory of relativity.Less
This book explores the nature of the distinction at the heart of Einstein's 1905 formulation of his special theory of relativity: that between kinematics and dynamics. Einstein himself became increasingly uncomfortable with this distinction, and with the limitations of what he called the ‘principle theory’ approach inspired by the logic of thermodynamics. A handful of physicists and philosophers have over the last century likewise expressed doubts about Einstein's treatment of the relativistic behaviour of rigid bodies and clocks in motion in the kinematical part of his great paper, and suggested that the dynamical understanding of length contraction and time dilation intimated by the immediate precursors of Einstein is more fundamental. This book both examines and extends these arguments (which support a more ‘constructive’ approach to relativistic effects in Einstein's terminology), after giving a careful analysis of key features of the pre-history of relativity theory. It argues furthermore that the geometrization of the theory by Minkowski in 1908 brought illumination, but not a causal explanation of relativistic effects. Finally, the book tries to show that the dynamical interpretation of special relativity defended in the book is consistent with the role this theory must play as a limiting case of Einstein's 1915 theory of gravity: the general theory of relativity.
Angelo Gavezzotti
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198570806
- eISBN:
- 9780191718779
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570806.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Atomic, Laser, and Optical Physics
Intermolecular interactions stem from the electric properties of atoms. Being the cause of molecular aggregation, intermolecular forces are at the roots of chemistry and are the fabric of the world. ...
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Intermolecular interactions stem from the electric properties of atoms. Being the cause of molecular aggregation, intermolecular forces are at the roots of chemistry and are the fabric of the world. They are responsible for the structure and properties of all condensed bodies — the human body, the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the drugs we take, the paper on which this book is printed. In the last forty years or so, theoretical and experimental research in this area has struggled to establish correlations between the structure of the constituent molecules, the structure of the resulting condensed phase, and the observable properties of any material. As in all scientific enterprise, the steps to follow are analysis, classification, and prediction, while the final goal is control; which in this case means the deliberate design of materials with specified properties. This last step requires a synthesis and substantial command of the three preceding steps. This book provides a brief but accurate summary of all the basic ideas, theories, methods, and conspicuous results of structure analysis and molecular modelling of the condensed phases of organic compounds: quantum chemistry, the intermolecular potential, force field and molecular dynamics methods, structural correlation, and thermodynamics. The book also exposes the present status of studies in the analysis, categorisation, prediction, and control, at a molecular level, of intermolecular interactions in liquids, solutions, mesophases, and crystals. The main focus here is on the links between energies, structures, and chemical or physical properties.Less
Intermolecular interactions stem from the electric properties of atoms. Being the cause of molecular aggregation, intermolecular forces are at the roots of chemistry and are the fabric of the world. They are responsible for the structure and properties of all condensed bodies — the human body, the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the drugs we take, the paper on which this book is printed. In the last forty years or so, theoretical and experimental research in this area has struggled to establish correlations between the structure of the constituent molecules, the structure of the resulting condensed phase, and the observable properties of any material. As in all scientific enterprise, the steps to follow are analysis, classification, and prediction, while the final goal is control; which in this case means the deliberate design of materials with specified properties. This last step requires a synthesis and substantial command of the three preceding steps. This book provides a brief but accurate summary of all the basic ideas, theories, methods, and conspicuous results of structure analysis and molecular modelling of the condensed phases of organic compounds: quantum chemistry, the intermolecular potential, force field and molecular dynamics methods, structural correlation, and thermodynamics. The book also exposes the present status of studies in the analysis, categorisation, prediction, and control, at a molecular level, of intermolecular interactions in liquids, solutions, mesophases, and crystals. The main focus here is on the links between energies, structures, and chemical or physical properties.
Harvey R. Brown
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199275830
- eISBN:
- 9780191603914
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199275831.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter focuses on how Einstein arrived at his special theory of relativity. It discusses Einstein's postulates, his derivation of the Lorentz transformations, and experimental evidence for the ...
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This chapter focuses on how Einstein arrived at his special theory of relativity. It discusses Einstein's postulates, his derivation of the Lorentz transformations, and experimental evidence for the Lorentz transformations. The chapter then addresses the question of whether Einstein's inertial frames are the same as Newton's.Less
This chapter focuses on how Einstein arrived at his special theory of relativity. It discusses Einstein's postulates, his derivation of the Lorentz transformations, and experimental evidence for the Lorentz transformations. The chapter then addresses the question of whether Einstein's inertial frames are the same as Newton's.
Paul Nunez
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195340716
- eISBN:
- 9780199776269
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340716.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
Does the brain create the mind, or is some external entity involved? In addressing this hard problem of consciousness, we face a central human challenge: what do we really know and how do we know it? ...
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Does the brain create the mind, or is some external entity involved? In addressing this hard problem of consciousness, we face a central human challenge: what do we really know and how do we know it? Tentative answers in this book follow from a synthesis of profound ideas, borrowed from philosophy, religion, politics, economics, neuroscience, physics, mathematics, and cosmology, the knowledge structures supporting our meager grasp of reality. This search for new links in the web of human knowledge extends in many directions: the shadows of our thought processes revealed by brain imagining, brains treated as complex adaptive systems that reveal fractal-like behavior in the brain's nested hierarchy, resonant interactions facilitating functional connections in brain tissue, probability and entropy as measures of human ignorance, fundamental limits on human knowledge, and the central role played by information in both brains and physical systems. The author discusses the possibility of deep connections between relativity, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, and consciousness; all entities involved with fundamental information barriers. This study elaborates on possible new links in this nested web of human knowledge that may tell us something new about the nature and origins of consciousness. In the end, does the brain create the mind? Or is the mind already out there?Less
Does the brain create the mind, or is some external entity involved? In addressing this hard problem of consciousness, we face a central human challenge: what do we really know and how do we know it? Tentative answers in this book follow from a synthesis of profound ideas, borrowed from philosophy, religion, politics, economics, neuroscience, physics, mathematics, and cosmology, the knowledge structures supporting our meager grasp of reality. This search for new links in the web of human knowledge extends in many directions: the shadows of our thought processes revealed by brain imagining, brains treated as complex adaptive systems that reveal fractal-like behavior in the brain's nested hierarchy, resonant interactions facilitating functional connections in brain tissue, probability and entropy as measures of human ignorance, fundamental limits on human knowledge, and the central role played by information in both brains and physical systems. The author discusses the possibility of deep connections between relativity, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, and consciousness; all entities involved with fundamental information barriers. This study elaborates on possible new links in this nested web of human knowledge that may tell us something new about the nature and origins of consciousness. In the end, does the brain create the mind? Or is the mind already out there?
Raymond Flood, Mark McCartney, and Andrew Whitaker (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231256
- eISBN:
- 9780191710803
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231256.001.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
Lord Kelvin was one of the greatest physicists of the Victorian era. Widely known for the development of the Kelvin scale of temperature measurement, Kelvin's interests ranged across thermodynamics, ...
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Lord Kelvin was one of the greatest physicists of the Victorian era. Widely known for the development of the Kelvin scale of temperature measurement, Kelvin's interests ranged across thermodynamics, the age of the Earth, the laying of the first transatlantic telegraph cable, not to mention inventions such as an improved maritime compass and a sounding device, which allowed depths to be taken both quickly and while the ship was moving. He was an academic engaged in fundamental research, while also working with industry and technological advances. He corresponded and collaborated with other eminent men of science such as Stokes, Joule, Maxwell, and Helmholtz; was raised to the peerage as a result of his contributions to science, and finally buried in Westminster Abbey next to Newton. This book contains a collection of chapters covering the life and wide-ranging scientific contributions made by William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907).Less
Lord Kelvin was one of the greatest physicists of the Victorian era. Widely known for the development of the Kelvin scale of temperature measurement, Kelvin's interests ranged across thermodynamics, the age of the Earth, the laying of the first transatlantic telegraph cable, not to mention inventions such as an improved maritime compass and a sounding device, which allowed depths to be taken both quickly and while the ship was moving. He was an academic engaged in fundamental research, while also working with industry and technological advances. He corresponded and collaborated with other eminent men of science such as Stokes, Joule, Maxwell, and Helmholtz; was raised to the peerage as a result of his contributions to science, and finally buried in Westminster Abbey next to Newton. This book contains a collection of chapters covering the life and wide-ranging scientific contributions made by William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907).
Robert James Matthys
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198529712
- eISBN:
- 9780191712791
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529712.003.0009
- Subject:
- Physics, History of Physics
This chapter describes some transient temperature measurements made on a pendulum with a quartz pendulum rod. Time offset error occurs because different parts of the pendulum change temperature at ...
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This chapter describes some transient temperature measurements made on a pendulum with a quartz pendulum rod. Time offset error occurs because different parts of the pendulum change temperature at different rates. Before and after a temperature change, the pendulum is the right length (hopefully) and runs at the right rate. But during the temperature change, the pendulum is the wrong length, due to its different parts changing temperature at different rates, and it runs at the wrong rate during the temperature change interval. Experiments were carried out to measure the pendulum temperatures using small thermistors. The pyrex sleeve provides about one-third of the temperature compensation, while two thin-walled pyrex tubes located on opposite sides of the quartz pendulum rod provide the other two-third. The temperature data provide an interesting look into the thermodynamics of a pendulum. The suspension spring assembly changes temperature relatively slowly, whereas the bob, with its large thermal mass, changes temperature the slowest of any part of the pendulum.Less
This chapter describes some transient temperature measurements made on a pendulum with a quartz pendulum rod. Time offset error occurs because different parts of the pendulum change temperature at different rates. Before and after a temperature change, the pendulum is the right length (hopefully) and runs at the right rate. But during the temperature change, the pendulum is the wrong length, due to its different parts changing temperature at different rates, and it runs at the wrong rate during the temperature change interval. Experiments were carried out to measure the pendulum temperatures using small thermistors. The pyrex sleeve provides about one-third of the temperature compensation, while two thin-walled pyrex tubes located on opposite sides of the quartz pendulum rod provide the other two-third. The temperature data provide an interesting look into the thermodynamics of a pendulum. The suspension spring assembly changes temperature relatively slowly, whereas the bob, with its large thermal mass, changes temperature the slowest of any part of the pendulum.
Andrew Whitaker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231256
- eISBN:
- 9780191710803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231256.003.0016
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter focuses on the legacy of Lord Kelvin. A century after his death, Kelvin's name is also associated with the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics, and several other ...
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This chapter focuses on the legacy of Lord Kelvin. A century after his death, Kelvin's name is also associated with the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics, and several other effects, in particular the Joule-Kelvin effect. His substantial contributions to the development of physics during the 19th century, and his influence on the education of physicists, the application of physics, and the interactions between physicists and the political and service establishments are discussed.Less
This chapter focuses on the legacy of Lord Kelvin. A century after his death, Kelvin's name is also associated with the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics, and several other effects, in particular the Joule-Kelvin effect. His substantial contributions to the development of physics during the 19th century, and his influence on the education of physicists, the application of physics, and the interactions between physicists and the political and service establishments are discussed.
Peter Bowler
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199231256
- eISBN:
- 9780191710803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199231256.003.0004
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter focuses on William Thomson's brother, James. James Thomson was primarily an engineer. He was the second Professor of Engineering at Queen's College, Belfast, serving from 1857 to 1873, ...
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This chapter focuses on William Thomson's brother, James. James Thomson was primarily an engineer. He was the second Professor of Engineering at Queen's College, Belfast, serving from 1857 to 1873, at which point he left to take up the Chair of Engineering at Glasgow. James and William Thomson collaborated actively in the studies of thermodynamics which made the latter's reputation, and James made important studies in other areas of physics bearing on the engineering problems he encountered in the course of his work.Less
This chapter focuses on William Thomson's brother, James. James Thomson was primarily an engineer. He was the second Professor of Engineering at Queen's College, Belfast, serving from 1857 to 1873, at which point he left to take up the Chair of Engineering at Glasgow. James and William Thomson collaborated actively in the studies of thermodynamics which made the latter's reputation, and James made important studies in other areas of physics bearing on the engineering problems he encountered in the course of his work.
James Ladyman, Don Ross, and and David Spurrett with John Collier
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199276196
- eISBN:
- 9780191706127
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199276196.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology, Philosophy of Science
This book argues that the only kind of metaphysics that can contribute to objective knowledge is one based specifically on contemporary science as it really is, and not on philosophers' a priori ...
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This book argues that the only kind of metaphysics that can contribute to objective knowledge is one based specifically on contemporary science as it really is, and not on philosophers' a priori intuitions, common sense, or simplifications of science. In addition to showing how recent metaphysics has drifted away from connection with all other serious scholarly inquiry as a result of not heeding this restriction, this book demonstrates how to build a metaphysics compatible with current fundamental physics (“ontic structural realism”), which, when combined with metaphysics of the special sciences (“rainforest realism”), can be used to unify physics with the other sciences without reducing these sciences to physics itself. Taking science metaphysically seriously, this book argues, means that metaphysicians must abandon the picture of the world as composed of self-subsistent individual objects, and the paradigm of causation as the collision of such objects. The text assesses the role of information theory and complex systems theory in attempts to explain the relationship between the special sciences and physics, treading a middle road between the grand synthesis of thermodynamics and information, and eliminativism about information. The consequences of the books' metaphysical theory for central issues in the philosophy of science are explored, including the implications for the realism versus empiricism debate, the role of causation in scientific explanations, the nature of causation and laws, the status of abstract and virtual objects, and the objective reality of natural kinds.Less
This book argues that the only kind of metaphysics that can contribute to objective knowledge is one based specifically on contemporary science as it really is, and not on philosophers' a priori intuitions, common sense, or simplifications of science. In addition to showing how recent metaphysics has drifted away from connection with all other serious scholarly inquiry as a result of not heeding this restriction, this book demonstrates how to build a metaphysics compatible with current fundamental physics (“ontic structural realism”), which, when combined with metaphysics of the special sciences (“rainforest realism”), can be used to unify physics with the other sciences without reducing these sciences to physics itself. Taking science metaphysically seriously, this book argues, means that metaphysicians must abandon the picture of the world as composed of self-subsistent individual objects, and the paradigm of causation as the collision of such objects. The text assesses the role of information theory and complex systems theory in attempts to explain the relationship between the special sciences and physics, treading a middle road between the grand synthesis of thermodynamics and information, and eliminativism about information. The consequences of the books' metaphysical theory for central issues in the philosophy of science are explored, including the implications for the realism versus empiricism debate, the role of causation in scientific explanations, the nature of causation and laws, the status of abstract and virtual objects, and the objective reality of natural kinds.
Paull Nunez
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195340716
- eISBN:
- 9780199776269
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340716.003.0009
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Development
The possibility of deep connections between modern physics (relativity, quantum mechanics, and thermodynamics) and consciousness is labeled here as the RQTC conjecture, independent of the actual ...
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The possibility of deep connections between modern physics (relativity, quantum mechanics, and thermodynamics) and consciousness is labeled here as the RQTC conjecture, independent of the actual nature of any such connection. While many are quite skeptical of this idea, it is raised here partly because classical physics apparently cannot even begin to explain consciousness. This chapter argues that the study of consciousness must essentially be a study of the nature of reality, and modern physics deals with important aspects of physical reality. There is no unequivocal evidence supporting the RQTC conjecture, but modern physics provides a number of intriguing hints of possible connections.Less
The possibility of deep connections between modern physics (relativity, quantum mechanics, and thermodynamics) and consciousness is labeled here as the RQTC conjecture, independent of the actual nature of any such connection. While many are quite skeptical of this idea, it is raised here partly because classical physics apparently cannot even begin to explain consciousness. This chapter argues that the study of consciousness must essentially be a study of the nature of reality, and modern physics deals with important aspects of physical reality. There is no unequivocal evidence supporting the RQTC conjecture, but modern physics provides a number of intriguing hints of possible connections.
Sylvie Benzoni-Gavage and Denis Serre
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199211234
- eISBN:
- 9780191705700
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199211234.003.0013
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter discusses models for inviscid compressible fluids. It recalls the Euler equations for the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy; the equation of state, the entropy, and the ...
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This chapter discusses models for inviscid compressible fluids. It recalls the Euler equations for the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy; the equation of state, the entropy, and the symmetrizability. The latter allows us to prove the local well-posedness of the Cauchy problem. The chapter investigates the Rankine-Hugoniot relations for shock waves and the admissibility criteria: entropy inequality, Lax and Liu conditions, and internal structure (viscous profiles).Less
This chapter discusses models for inviscid compressible fluids. It recalls the Euler equations for the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy; the equation of state, the entropy, and the symmetrizability. The latter allows us to prove the local well-posedness of the Cauchy problem. The chapter investigates the Rankine-Hugoniot relations for shock waves and the admissibility criteria: entropy inequality, Lax and Liu conditions, and internal structure (viscous profiles).
David M. Wilkinson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198568469
- eISBN:
- 9780191717611
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198568469.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
The second law of thermodynamics is central to understanding ecology, although it is ignored by most ecology text books. It follows from the second law that all organisms must draw free energy from ...
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The second law of thermodynamics is central to understanding ecology, although it is ignored by most ecology text books. It follows from the second law that all organisms must draw free energy from their environment and return waste products back to their environment. Microorganisms often play a central role in decomposition of these waste products, but in spite of their importance are ignored by most food web studies. The possible relevance of developing ideas on maximum entropy production (MEP) to global ecology is also discussed.Less
The second law of thermodynamics is central to understanding ecology, although it is ignored by most ecology text books. It follows from the second law that all organisms must draw free energy from their environment and return waste products back to their environment. Microorganisms often play a central role in decomposition of these waste products, but in spite of their importance are ignored by most food web studies. The possible relevance of developing ideas on maximum entropy production (MEP) to global ecology is also discussed.
Daniel L. Stein and Charles M. Newman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147338
- eISBN:
- 9781400845637
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147338.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Science, Technology and Environment
This chapter introduces the basic concepts and language that will be needed later on: order, symmetry, invariance, broken symmetry, Hamiltonian, condensed matter, order parameter, ground state, and ...
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This chapter introduces the basic concepts and language that will be needed later on: order, symmetry, invariance, broken symmetry, Hamiltonian, condensed matter, order parameter, ground state, and several thermodynamic terms. It also presents the necessary concepts from thermodynamics and statistical mechanics that will be needed later. It boils down the latter to its most elemental and essential ingredient: that of temperature as controlling the relative probabilities of configurations of different energies. For much of statistical mechanics, all else is commentary. This is sufficient to present an intuitive understanding of why and how matter organizes itself into different phases as temperature varies, and leads to the all-important concept of a phase transition.Less
This chapter introduces the basic concepts and language that will be needed later on: order, symmetry, invariance, broken symmetry, Hamiltonian, condensed matter, order parameter, ground state, and several thermodynamic terms. It also presents the necessary concepts from thermodynamics and statistical mechanics that will be needed later. It boils down the latter to its most elemental and essential ingredient: that of temperature as controlling the relative probabilities of configurations of different energies. For much of statistical mechanics, all else is commentary. This is sufficient to present an intuitive understanding of why and how matter organizes itself into different phases as temperature varies, and leads to the all-important concept of a phase transition.
Daniel L. Stein and Charles M. Newman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147338
- eISBN:
- 9781400845637
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147338.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Science, Technology and Environment
This chapter refers to the previous chapter in which the discontinuous behavior of thermodynamic functions at a phase transition was referred to as “carefully controlled conditions.” To proceed to ...
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This chapter refers to the previous chapter in which the discontinuous behavior of thermodynamic functions at a phase transition was referred to as “carefully controlled conditions.” To proceed to the next part of the story, it is necessary to explain just what is meant by this. To do so, the chapter turns to the central notion of thermodynamic equilibrium. It chapter introduces systems with quenched disorder, namely, ordinary glasses. This requires an explanation of the central notions of equilibrium and nonequilibrium. The chapter shows how large a gap remains in our understanding of the condensed state, and how powerful is the challenge to conventional statistical mechanics presented by quenched disorder.Less
This chapter refers to the previous chapter in which the discontinuous behavior of thermodynamic functions at a phase transition was referred to as “carefully controlled conditions.” To proceed to the next part of the story, it is necessary to explain just what is meant by this. To do so, the chapter turns to the central notion of thermodynamic equilibrium. It chapter introduces systems with quenched disorder, namely, ordinary glasses. This requires an explanation of the central notions of equilibrium and nonequilibrium. The chapter shows how large a gap remains in our understanding of the condensed state, and how powerful is the challenge to conventional statistical mechanics presented by quenched disorder.
Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199230723
- eISBN:
- 9780191710872
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230723.003.0009
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter presents general properties of perfect fluids. When appropriate definitions are given, some of these properties generalize well-known properties of non-relativistic perfect fluids. ...
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This chapter presents general properties of perfect fluids. When appropriate definitions are given, some of these properties generalize well-known properties of non-relativistic perfect fluids. However, the equivalence of mass and energy in Relativity introduces some fundamental differences. The limitation by the speed of light of the speed of any macroscopically transmitted signal also leads to new considerations. Topics covered include the case of dust, charged dust; perfect fluid, Euler equations; energy properties, particle number conservation, thermodynamics; wave fronts, propagation speeds, shocks; stationary motion, dynamic velocity for barotropic fluids, general perfect fluids, hyperbolic Leray system, first-order symmetric hyperbolic system, charged fluids, fluids with finite conductivity, magnetohydrodynamics, Yang–Mills fluids, and dissipative fluids.Less
This chapter presents general properties of perfect fluids. When appropriate definitions are given, some of these properties generalize well-known properties of non-relativistic perfect fluids. However, the equivalence of mass and energy in Relativity introduces some fundamental differences. The limitation by the speed of light of the speed of any macroscopically transmitted signal also leads to new considerations. Topics covered include the case of dust, charged dust; perfect fluid, Euler equations; energy properties, particle number conservation, thermodynamics; wave fronts, propagation speeds, shocks; stationary motion, dynamic velocity for barotropic fluids, general perfect fluids, hyperbolic Leray system, first-order symmetric hyperbolic system, charged fluids, fluids with finite conductivity, magnetohydrodynamics, Yang–Mills fluids, and dissipative fluids.
