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In putting a stop to the criminalization process, the gradual procession in which a juvenile delinquent develops into an adult criminal because of insufficient intervention, intermediate intervention is employed. This program enables the court to require attendance in one or more treatment groups for the probation order of a young offender. Effective rehabilitation and aftercare supervision involve measuring the effects of these programs through analyzing both hard and soft data. Whether these supervision measures are based on group guidance or individual work or interviews, mutual trust proves to be an integral factor. Before a consensus is arrived at regarding the most appropriate RJ measures, it is important that a mixed criminal justice model be continuously applied. This chapter emphasizes the need for utilizing CBTs, participation in therapeutic treatment groups, and support for these groups.

This chapter considers the second, judicial branch of political science, with particular reference to penology. What is the purpose of punishment? The Neoplatonic interpretation of Plato’s penology (is punishment purely therapeutic?) is discussed, as this penology is expressed in Plato’s eschatology. Reference is also made to the specific example of a letter prescribing desirable practice in the exercise of justice, Sopartos’ letter to Himerios.

This chapter presents an integrated, moral-therapeutic perspective on pathological gambling. Such a perspective emphasizes helping individuals to accept responsibility, where responsibility refers to obligations rather than to blame. It understands therapy as a special moral context rather than as replacing morality. The perspective highlights how habits shape identity and conduct, how loss of self-control is both an impairment and morally objectionable, and how moral values partly define problem gambling. It makes sense of how addictions, whether or not they involve ingested substances, can be both wrongdoing and sickness.

This chapter presents an integrated, moral-therapeutic perspective on crime and punishment. It begins by noting how the morality-therapy dichotomy constricted classical debates about punishment. Using as examples kleptomania (compare compulsive gambling) and drug abuse (compare alcoholism), it is shown how serious crime can be both a wrongdoing and a sickness. These examples are familiar in debates about therapeutic approaches to crime, and they provide continuity with the preceding discussions of addictions. The chapter then discusses the possibility of extending a moral-therapeutic approach to other serious crime, and concludes with comments on legal insanity.

The introduction gives an overview of the development of activism against child sexual abuse from the 1970s to the 2000s and traces the changes in cultural and political responses to child sexual abuse during that period. It shows the emergence of the movement in feminist activism and its growth outside feminism, arguing that it represents unexpected outcomes of the women's movement. It argues that activism against child sexual abuse shares qualities with, and sheds light on, the rise of self‐help and politics focused on emotion and the self as well as how social movements engage with the therapeutic state. The introduction develops the concept of selection processes, by which some movement goals and frames enter mainstream culture or public policy while others remain outside. It argues that the politics of child sexual abuse are better explained in terms of social movements than as a social problem or a moral panic. Finally, it discusses the methods of the study and gives background information about child sexual abuse.

This chapter focuses on the state and public policy from the 1970s through the early 1990s, showing that state apparatus dealing with child sexual abuse was a location of both opportunity and constraint for activists. The chapter analyzes the conditions under which activists engaged with the state, including the growth of child protective services and professional treatment organizations. Tracing legislation and funding, the chapter shows how federal funding for addressing child sexual abuse sometimes supported grassroots and activist organizations, including activist abuse prevention groups, and was an important force in the movement's increasing entry into the mainstream. At the same time, selection processes favored medical and criminal approaches over those of the earlier activists, even while they often mandated community involvement in funded initiatives. The chapter shows the shifting priorities and funding levels over time and links them to larger political shifts and emerging coalitions among activists and professionals from different political perspectives. The chapter also discusses theories of the therapeutic state and argues that the case of child sexual abuse shows that activists resisted the therapeutic state even as they engaged with it.

This chapter returns to the question of activists' engagement with the state, examining the different forms that movement organizations' relationships with state authorities took during the 1990s and 2000s, when the therapeutic state around child sexual abuse was well‐developed, and shows the kinds of access and compromise these relationships brought. It discusses entry of activists into state agencies, movement organizations' professionalization, and increasing funding to provide services to the state, arguing that some groups became part of a para‐state. It traces organizations' use of crime victims compensation funds and activists' attempts to increase criminal and civil penalties for child sexual abuse Finally, the chapter analyzes newer organizations' involvement with public health initiatives to prevent child sexual abuse. Overall, the chapter argues that activists' involvement with the state was shaped by the priorities and pressures of the state, showing the continued power of medical and criminal approaches over others. Yet activists, particularly in the public health wing, continued to bring larger political goals into their work, illustrating the paradoxical nature of social movement outcomes.

The conclusion sums up the ways that the movement against child sexual abuse sought to achieve change, and the ways that the external context shaped those changes and the movement itself, shedding light on social movements more broadly. Activists against child sexual abuse did not achieve the changes they expected, but they contributed to dramatic changes in how people think and feel about child sexual abuse, how those who experience it cope and respond, how children who report it are treated, how it is represented in the mass media, and how government and public policy address it. In doing so, they also helped shape a politics that infused other social movements, blending emotion and policy, changing both individuals' inner worlds and the larger social world.

This chapter talks about how the transition from immigrant to U.S.-born generations is at the heart of the evangelization challenge among Latinos. As they begin to surpass their parents' and grandparents' often limited formal education, young Latinos need catechesis that engages their minds as well as their hearts. They need formation in Catholic faith and teachings that both addresses that reality and builds on their elders' religious traditions. When Catholic families, parishes, schools, and youth ministries do not provide formation that takes into account young Latinos' background and life situation, they are more likely to become adherents of moralistic therapeutic deism, participants in Pentecostal or evangelical churches, or progressively detached from any religious practice or tradition.

In the context of Employment Assistance Programs (EAP), personalizing treatment means distinguishing those who could benefit from psychotherapy versus medication, and using the review of neurocognitive markers to facilitate therapeutic conversations between the client and clinician, thereby building the treatment alliance. This chapter outlines this context and illustrates an exemplar to achieve this using WebNeuro as a clinical decision support tool for EAP practitioners. Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) are an existing prelude to personalized medicine in clinical practice and delivery of overall healthcare programs that best match each individual.

Chapter 2 puts forward a systematic and developed rationale for the view introduced previously that psychiatry requires its own ethics. Few aspects of psychiatric practice are medically unique, yet taken together a set of elements differentiates psychiatry as a unique healing practice. These elements include patient vulnerability, attitudes towards psychiatric symptoms, stigma and controversy over mental disorder in our culture, and the nature of the therapeutic project in psychiatry. These are analyzed, together with more recent factors influencing practice, in particular, managed care delivery systems, and the advent of consumer movements made up of mental health service users.

This chapter sheds light on a completely innovative etiology (theory of the causation of illness) that is described in the writings of the Yellow Thearch. Demons and spirits are not considered at all and the focus is on environmental factors as the trigger of disease. Some of these triggers include warmth, dryness, fire, heat, wind, cold, and dampness, which are not the cause of disease. Emotions are the source of illness. Passionate expressions of emotion weaken the organism, opening it to intruders from the environment. Cold, heat, wind, and dampness cannot harm the organism when basically normal behavior is practiced. This new medicine looked at dietary strategies for prevention and therapy. The focus was on two procedures. One of these was bloodletting and another was the pinprick. Bloodletting was an ancient therapeutic technique for removing quite a few of the invaders splashing about in the blood in the organism's vessels. A milder form of therapy increasingly emerged was needle treatment.

The new medicines in both Greece and China took their model images from their creators' living environments. This new medicine had an idea of the body, but the model image for it was not the body itself, at least not for the fundamental assumption that if certain things happen inside the body, a person will be healthy or get sick. The body says nothing about the organism. It is the task of X (soul) to ultimately clarify what the body is and how the organism functions in this body. The polis democracies soon ceased to exist and by the fourth century, their era had passed. They had provided the model image for the idea of the organism in the new medicine. The great variety of therapeutic systems has its origin not only in the fact that various groups with different worldviews live together in the same society, but it has also developed through the tenacity of idea systems that, once introduced, separated from their model image and survived on their own.