Alvin I. Goldman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195138924
- eISBN:
- 9780199786480
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195138929.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
How people assign mental states to others and how they represent or conceptualize such states in the first place are topics of interest to philosophy of mind, developmental psychology, and cognitive ...
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How people assign mental states to others and how they represent or conceptualize such states in the first place are topics of interest to philosophy of mind, developmental psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. Three competing answers to the question of how people impute mental states to others have been offered: by rationalizing, by theorizing, or by simulating. Simulation theory says that mindreaders produce mental states in their own minds that resemble, or aim to resemble, those of their targets; these states are then imputed to, or projected onto, the targets. In low-level mindreading, such as reading emotions from faces, simulation is mediated by automatic mirror systems. More controlled processes of simulation, here called “enactment imagination”, are used in high-level mindreading. Just as visual and motor imagery are attempts to replicate acts of seeing and doing, mindreading is characteristically an attempt to replicate the mental processes of a target, followed by projection of the imagination-generated state onto the target. Projection errors are symptomatic of simulation, because one’s own genuine states readily intrude into the simulational process. A nuanced form of introspection is introduced to explain self-attribution and also to address the question of how mental concepts are represented. A distinctive cognitive code involving introspective representations figures prominently in our concepts of mental states. The book concludes with an overview of the pervasive effects on social life of simulation, imitation, and empathy, and charts their possible roles in moral experience and the fictive arts.Less
How people assign mental states to others and how they represent or conceptualize such states in the first place are topics of interest to philosophy of mind, developmental psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. Three competing answers to the question of how people impute mental states to others have been offered: by rationalizing, by theorizing, or by simulating. Simulation theory says that mindreaders produce mental states in their own minds that resemble, or aim to resemble, those of their targets; these states are then imputed to, or projected onto, the targets. In low-level mindreading, such as reading emotions from faces, simulation is mediated by automatic mirror systems. More controlled processes of simulation, here called “enactment imagination”, are used in high-level mindreading. Just as visual and motor imagery are attempts to replicate acts of seeing and doing, mindreading is characteristically an attempt to replicate the mental processes of a target, followed by projection of the imagination-generated state onto the target. Projection errors are symptomatic of simulation, because one’s own genuine states readily intrude into the simulational process. A nuanced form of introspection is introduced to explain self-attribution and also to address the question of how mental concepts are represented. A distinctive cognitive code involving introspective representations figures prominently in our concepts of mental states. The book concludes with an overview of the pervasive effects on social life of simulation, imitation, and empathy, and charts their possible roles in moral experience and the fictive arts.
Richard Swedberg
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155227
- eISBN:
- 9781400850358
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155227.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
In the social sciences today, students are taught theory by reading and analyzing the works of Karl Marx, Max Weber, and other foundational figures of the discipline. What they rarely learn, however, ...
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In the social sciences today, students are taught theory by reading and analyzing the works of Karl Marx, Max Weber, and other foundational figures of the discipline. What they rarely learn, however, is how to actually theorize. This book is a practical guide to doing just that. This user manual for social theorists explains how theorizing occurs in what the book calls the context of discovery, a process in which the researcher gathers preliminary data and thinks creatively about it using tools such as metaphor, analogy, and typology. The book guides readers through each step of the theorist's art, from observation and naming to concept formation and explanation. To theorize well, you also need a sound knowledge of existing social theory. The book introduces readers to the most important theories and concepts, and discusses how to go about mastering them. If you can think, you can also learn to theorize. This book shows you how. The book features helpful examples throughout, and also provides practical exercises that enable readers to learn through doing.Less
In the social sciences today, students are taught theory by reading and analyzing the works of Karl Marx, Max Weber, and other foundational figures of the discipline. What they rarely learn, however, is how to actually theorize. This book is a practical guide to doing just that. This user manual for social theorists explains how theorizing occurs in what the book calls the context of discovery, a process in which the researcher gathers preliminary data and thinks creatively about it using tools such as metaphor, analogy, and typology. The book guides readers through each step of the theorist's art, from observation and naming to concept formation and explanation. To theorize well, you also need a sound knowledge of existing social theory. The book introduces readers to the most important theories and concepts, and discusses how to go about mastering them. If you can think, you can also learn to theorize. This book shows you how. The book features helpful examples throughout, and also provides practical exercises that enable readers to learn through doing.
Richard Swedberg
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155227
- eISBN:
- 9781400850358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155227.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter presents the project of creative theorizing in social science. One can approach the topic of theorizing and its current situation with the help of the distinction between the context of ...
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This chapter presents the project of creative theorizing in social science. One can approach the topic of theorizing and its current situation with the help of the distinction between the context of discovery and the context of justification. The expression context of discovery refers to the stage at which new ideas for how to explain a phenomenon are generated. The context of justification refers to the stage that comes after this, or when these ideas are given the form that they should have when they are presented to the scientific community. The new type of theorizing advocated in this book primarily draws on a plurality of forms of thinking. These forms include analogies, pattern recognition, diagrams, and the like.Less
This chapter presents the project of creative theorizing in social science. One can approach the topic of theorizing and its current situation with the help of the distinction between the context of discovery and the context of justification. The expression context of discovery refers to the stage at which new ideas for how to explain a phenomenon are generated. The context of justification refers to the stage that comes after this, or when these ideas are given the form that they should have when they are presented to the scientific community. The new type of theorizing advocated in this book primarily draws on a plurality of forms of thinking. These forms include analogies, pattern recognition, diagrams, and the like.
Richard Swedberg
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155227
- eISBN:
- 9781400850358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155227.003.0011
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This concluding chapter summarizes the general approach to theorizing in this book. This approach may be referred to as creative theorizing. What first and foremost characterizes it is the argument ...
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This concluding chapter summarizes the general approach to theorizing in this book. This approach may be referred to as creative theorizing. What first and foremost characterizes it is the argument that a distinct space must be assigned to theorizing in the research process. This goes for the prestudy as well as the main study. A second distinctive feature of creative theorizing is that it represents a deliberate attempt to shift the main focus from theory to theorizing. A third distinctive feature is that theorizing draws on a number of different types of thinking, feeling, and going about things that are currently mainly studied in cognitive science. The chapter then argues that theorizing is not something that can be done only by exceptionally gifted individuals, but something that anyone can learn how to do.Less
This concluding chapter summarizes the general approach to theorizing in this book. This approach may be referred to as creative theorizing. What first and foremost characterizes it is the argument that a distinct space must be assigned to theorizing in the research process. This goes for the prestudy as well as the main study. A second distinctive feature of creative theorizing is that it represents a deliberate attempt to shift the main focus from theory to theorizing. A third distinctive feature is that theorizing draws on a number of different types of thinking, feeling, and going about things that are currently mainly studied in cognitive science. The chapter then argues that theorizing is not something that can be done only by exceptionally gifted individuals, but something that anyone can learn how to do.
Juan Uriagereka
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199593521
- eISBN:
- 9780191731402
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199593521.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
Since Juan Uriagereka originated the multiple spell-out model in 1999 it has been one of the most influential lines of research in syntactic theorizing. The model simplified a crucial element of the ...
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Since Juan Uriagereka originated the multiple spell-out model in 1999 it has been one of the most influential lines of research in syntactic theorizing. The model simplified a crucial element of the minimalist account of language making it a more accurate reflection of syntax and its acquisition. This book explores important consequences of the multiple spell-out hypothesis and of the linked notion of cyclicity. It combines the latest thinking in linguistics with perspectives drawn from physics, biology, and animal behaviour, aiming thereby to advance the field first described by Noam Chomsky as biolinguistics. Without simplifying, this book seeks to present the issues and their broader biological significance. The subjects discussed include the linearization of structure, the punctuated nature of a derivation (the multiple spell-out model), cyclicity and its consequences for locality, and the definition of c-command and its relevance to various types of grammatical dependency. The book discusses the evolutionary implications of Uriagereka's work, considering, for example, whether the punctuated nature of the derivation is a resolution of conflicting demands that yield an equilibrium found in nature more generally.Less
Since Juan Uriagereka originated the multiple spell-out model in 1999 it has been one of the most influential lines of research in syntactic theorizing. The model simplified a crucial element of the minimalist account of language making it a more accurate reflection of syntax and its acquisition. This book explores important consequences of the multiple spell-out hypothesis and of the linked notion of cyclicity. It combines the latest thinking in linguistics with perspectives drawn from physics, biology, and animal behaviour, aiming thereby to advance the field first described by Noam Chomsky as biolinguistics. Without simplifying, this book seeks to present the issues and their broader biological significance. The subjects discussed include the linearization of structure, the punctuated nature of a derivation (the multiple spell-out model), cyclicity and its consequences for locality, and the definition of c-command and its relevance to various types of grammatical dependency. The book discusses the evolutionary implications of Uriagereka's work, considering, for example, whether the punctuated nature of the derivation is a resolution of conflicting demands that yield an equilibrium found in nature more generally.
Shaun Nichols (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199275731
- eISBN:
- 9780191706103
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199275731.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This book presents essays in the form of thirteen chapters on the propositional imagination. The propositional imagination — the mental capacity we exploit when we imagine that everyone is ...
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This book presents essays in the form of thirteen chapters on the propositional imagination. The propositional imagination — the mental capacity we exploit when we imagine that everyone is colour-blind or that Hamlet is a procrastinator — plays an essential role in philosophical theorizing, engaging with fiction, and in everyday life. These thirteen chapters extend the theoretical picture of the imagination and explore the philosophical implications of cognitive accounts of the imagination. The book also investigates broader philosophical issues surrounding the propositional imagination. The first section addresses the nature of the imagination, its role in emotion production, and its sophistication manifestation in childhood. The chapters in the second section focus on the nature of pretence and how pretence is implicated in adult communication. The third section addresses the problem of ‘imaginative resistance’, the striking fact that when we encounter morally repugnant assertions in fiction, we seem to resist imagining them and accepting them as fictionally true. In the final section, contributors explore the relation between imagining, conceiving, and judgements of possibility and impossibility.Less
This book presents essays in the form of thirteen chapters on the propositional imagination. The propositional imagination — the mental capacity we exploit when we imagine that everyone is colour-blind or that Hamlet is a procrastinator — plays an essential role in philosophical theorizing, engaging with fiction, and in everyday life. These thirteen chapters extend the theoretical picture of the imagination and explore the philosophical implications of cognitive accounts of the imagination. The book also investigates broader philosophical issues surrounding the propositional imagination. The first section addresses the nature of the imagination, its role in emotion production, and its sophistication manifestation in childhood. The chapters in the second section focus on the nature of pretence and how pretence is implicated in adult communication. The third section addresses the problem of ‘imaginative resistance’, the striking fact that when we encounter morally repugnant assertions in fiction, we seem to resist imagining them and accepting them as fictionally true. In the final section, contributors explore the relation between imagining, conceiving, and judgements of possibility and impossibility.
Duncan Kelly
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197262870
- eISBN:
- 9780191734892
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197262870.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This is a book about how conceptions of the modern state, politics and the political were understood, developed and modified by Max Weber (1864–1920), Carl Schmitt (1888–1985) and Franz Neumann ...
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This is a book about how conceptions of the modern state, politics and the political were understood, developed and modified by Max Weber (1864–1920), Carl Schmitt (1888–1985) and Franz Neumann (1900–1954) during the period 1890 to 1945 in Germany. It is an attempt to outline their criticisms and modifications of a broad, peculiarly German tradition of Staatsrechtslehre, or state-legal theorizing. The predominantly legalistic nature of this type of thinking forms both the background to, and the bases of, the understandings of the modern state and politics found in their writings. Yet, all three writers argued that such thinking could not adequately adapt to the problems raised by an era of mass-based politics. Tracing the reasoning behind their movement away from this broad tradition of Staatsrechtslehre therefore provides an overarching context for this work.Less
This is a book about how conceptions of the modern state, politics and the political were understood, developed and modified by Max Weber (1864–1920), Carl Schmitt (1888–1985) and Franz Neumann (1900–1954) during the period 1890 to 1945 in Germany. It is an attempt to outline their criticisms and modifications of a broad, peculiarly German tradition of Staatsrechtslehre, or state-legal theorizing. The predominantly legalistic nature of this type of thinking forms both the background to, and the bases of, the understandings of the modern state and politics found in their writings. Yet, all three writers argued that such thinking could not adequately adapt to the problems raised by an era of mass-based politics. Tracing the reasoning behind their movement away from this broad tradition of Staatsrechtslehre therefore provides an overarching context for this work.
Albert O. Hirschman
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691159904
- eISBN:
- 9781400848409
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691159904.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Theory
This chapter examines the kind of cognitive style that hinders, or promotes, understanding. The topic is introduced with a critical look at two books that exemplify opposite styles—one a study of the ...
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This chapter examines the kind of cognitive style that hinders, or promotes, understanding. The topic is introduced with a critical look at two books that exemplify opposite styles—one a study of the Mexican revolution by Hirschman's young colleague at Harvard, John Womack, and the other a study of violence in Colombia by the political scientist James L. Payne. Hirschman has little sympathy for the latter and reserves some unflattering words for what he had seen as a disease in the social sciences—the search for models and paradigms that aim to prove theories rather than understand realities; among other things, the tendency had collapsed into old failurist nostrums Hirschman was combating in Latin America, and that were now infecting North American social science.Less
This chapter examines the kind of cognitive style that hinders, or promotes, understanding. The topic is introduced with a critical look at two books that exemplify opposite styles—one a study of the Mexican revolution by Hirschman's young colleague at Harvard, John Womack, and the other a study of violence in Colombia by the political scientist James L. Payne. Hirschman has little sympathy for the latter and reserves some unflattering words for what he had seen as a disease in the social sciences—the search for models and paradigms that aim to prove theories rather than understand realities; among other things, the tendency had collapsed into old failurist nostrums Hirschman was combating in Latin America, and that were now infecting North American social science.
Richard Swedberg
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155227
- eISBN:
- 9781400850358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155227.003.0003
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter argues that creative theorizing in social science has to begin with observation. The way one observes at the early stage of the research differs from the way one does it later. What ...
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This chapter argues that creative theorizing in social science has to begin with observation. The way one observes at the early stage of the research differs from the way one does it later. What matters at this point is to get a real sense for the topic so that one can develop some good ideas, which may later be used to construct a theory. This means, among other things, that one has to open oneself up to what is happening, with all one's sense as well as with one's subconscious. Moreover, what matters at this stage is not only to collect data but also to collect social data. This means data about social life, about what happens between people who live in groups, communities, and societies.Less
This chapter argues that creative theorizing in social science has to begin with observation. The way one observes at the early stage of the research differs from the way one does it later. What matters at this point is to get a real sense for the topic so that one can develop some good ideas, which may later be used to construct a theory. This means, among other things, that one has to open oneself up to what is happening, with all one's sense as well as with one's subconscious. Moreover, what matters at this stage is not only to collect data but also to collect social data. This means data about social life, about what happens between people who live in groups, communities, and societies.
Richard Swedberg
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155227
- eISBN:
- 9781400850358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155227.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter focuses on the importance of heuristics in theorizing. The most common interpretation of the word heuristics is that it means “discovery.” When one theorizes, it has been argued, one ...
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This chapter focuses on the importance of heuristics in theorizing. The most common interpretation of the word heuristics is that it means “discovery.” When one theorizes, it has been argued, one should not only use the individual steps to move forward but also to try to discover something new about the phenomenon one studies. The heuristic stance, or the attitude that theorizing is about discovery, is to some extent inherent in the decision to theorize in the first place. While some of the literature on heuristics is about making important discoveries along the lines of Archimedes, there also exists another and more recent branch that has a much more modest aim. This type of heuristics essentially tries to teach the average student to develop an independent approach to solving problems.Less
This chapter focuses on the importance of heuristics in theorizing. The most common interpretation of the word heuristics is that it means “discovery.” When one theorizes, it has been argued, one should not only use the individual steps to move forward but also to try to discover something new about the phenomenon one studies. The heuristic stance, or the attitude that theorizing is about discovery, is to some extent inherent in the decision to theorize in the first place. While some of the literature on heuristics is about making important discoveries along the lines of Archimedes, there also exists another and more recent branch that has a much more modest aim. This type of heuristics essentially tries to teach the average student to develop an independent approach to solving problems.
Richard Swedberg
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155227
- eISBN:
- 9781400850358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155227.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter discusses the role of practical exercises in teaching students how to theorize. The goal of exercises in theorizing is to help students to become skilled in theorizing and to acquire ...
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This chapter discusses the role of practical exercises in teaching students how to theorize. The goal of exercises in theorizing is to help students to become skilled in theorizing and to acquire confidence in their skill. It is a skill that draws on a practical know-how of how to theorize, in combination with knowledge of social science. The chapter then explores two types of exercises: those that the reader can do himself/herself, and those that can be used to teach theorizing to students. Currently, established exercises in theorizing do not exist. What does exist, however, is a small number of suggestive exercises that have been developed by social scientists interested in their students doing creative work.Less
This chapter discusses the role of practical exercises in teaching students how to theorize. The goal of exercises in theorizing is to help students to become skilled in theorizing and to acquire confidence in their skill. It is a skill that draws on a practical know-how of how to theorize, in combination with knowledge of social science. The chapter then explores two types of exercises: those that the reader can do himself/herself, and those that can be used to teach theorizing to students. Currently, established exercises in theorizing do not exist. What does exist, however, is a small number of suggestive exercises that have been developed by social scientists interested in their students doing creative work.
Richard Swedberg
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691155227
- eISBN:
- 9781400850358
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691155227.003.0009
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Research and Statistics
This chapter looks at the role of theory in theorizing. Knowing theory, in order to be good at theorizing in social science, is not the same as having a knowledge of the history of social theory. It ...
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This chapter looks at the role of theory in theorizing. Knowing theory, in order to be good at theorizing in social science, is not the same as having a knowledge of the history of social theory. It is true that it is helpful to have some of the skills of an intellectual historian when one tries to figure out what a concept means, why a theory looks the way it does today, and similar issues. However, this is not the kind of knowledge that one basically needs to have in order to be good at theorizing. The two types of knowledge that are needed in order to theorize well are knowledge of the basics of social theory and knowledge of a number of concepts, mechanisms, and theories.Less
This chapter looks at the role of theory in theorizing. Knowing theory, in order to be good at theorizing in social science, is not the same as having a knowledge of the history of social theory. It is true that it is helpful to have some of the skills of an intellectual historian when one tries to figure out what a concept means, why a theory looks the way it does today, and similar issues. However, this is not the kind of knowledge that one basically needs to have in order to be good at theorizing. The two types of knowledge that are needed in order to theorize well are knowledge of the basics of social theory and knowledge of a number of concepts, mechanisms, and theories.
Sabir Badalkhan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195331370
- eISBN:
- 9780199868087
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331370.003.0012
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This chapter investigates the texts, contexts, and performance characteristics associated with zahīrok in Karachi, Pakistan, and the Makran area of Pakistan and Iran. Zahīrok refers to a musical ...
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This chapter investigates the texts, contexts, and performance characteristics associated with zahīrok in Karachi, Pakistan, and the Makran area of Pakistan and Iran. Zahīrok refers to a musical genre as well as a set of melody types and a category of emotion. Baloch understand the zahīrok to be at the very foundation of their music; it is an important basis for local Baluch musical theorizing.Less
This chapter investigates the texts, contexts, and performance characteristics associated with zahīrok in Karachi, Pakistan, and the Makran area of Pakistan and Iran. Zahīrok refers to a musical genre as well as a set of melody types and a category of emotion. Baloch understand the zahīrok to be at the very foundation of their music; it is an important basis for local Baluch musical theorizing.
Richard K. Wolf
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195331370
- eISBN:
- 9780199868087
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331370.003.0013
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
Certain kinds of beginnings foreshadow, suggest, portend, or otherwise have implications for the future. Drawing on south Indian classical (Karnatak), folk (Tamil temmānku, tālāññu, oyilattam), and ...
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Certain kinds of beginnings foreshadow, suggest, portend, or otherwise have implications for the future. Drawing on south Indian classical (Karnatak), folk (Tamil temmānku, tālāññu, oyilattam), and tribal (Kota, Nilgiri) musical examples, this chapter considers how some key gestures of beginning serve as the basis for local theorizing. Gestures of beginning include certain kinds of pieces (varõam), formalized tuning up, and strings of vocables.Less
Certain kinds of beginnings foreshadow, suggest, portend, or otherwise have implications for the future. Drawing on south Indian classical (Karnatak), folk (Tamil temmānku, tālāññu, oyilattam), and tribal (Kota, Nilgiri) musical examples, this chapter considers how some key gestures of beginning serve as the basis for local theorizing. Gestures of beginning include certain kinds of pieces (varõam), formalized tuning up, and strings of vocables.
Nicolai J. Foss
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- April 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199240647
- eISBN:
- 9780191602177
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240647.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
The emergence of the knowledge economy has led to a proliferation of theorizing on the nature of firm strategy and organization in such an economy. However, much of this originated very recently, ...
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The emergence of the knowledge economy has led to a proliferation of theorizing on the nature of firm strategy and organization in such an economy. However, much of this originated very recently, most within the last 10 years. Thus, theoretical foundations may require modifications. A brief overview of the chapters in this volume is presented.Less
The emergence of the knowledge economy has led to a proliferation of theorizing on the nature of firm strategy and organization in such an economy. However, much of this originated very recently, most within the last 10 years. Thus, theoretical foundations may require modifications. A brief overview of the chapters in this volume is presented.
AVERIL CAMERON
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197264355
- eISBN:
- 9780191734052
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264355.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Cultural History
This lecture presents the text of the speech about Byzantium and the limits of orthodoxy delivered by the author at the 2007 Raleigh Lecture on History held at the British Academy. It suggests that ...
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This lecture presents the text of the speech about Byzantium and the limits of orthodoxy delivered by the author at the 2007 Raleigh Lecture on History held at the British Academy. It suggests that the Byzantines had a high understanding of orthodoxy and that they certainly give the impression of having a comprehensive doctrine. The lecture also discusses the Byzantine habit of self-conscious theorising about orthodoxy.Less
This lecture presents the text of the speech about Byzantium and the limits of orthodoxy delivered by the author at the 2007 Raleigh Lecture on History held at the British Academy. It suggests that the Byzantines had a high understanding of orthodoxy and that they certainly give the impression of having a comprehensive doctrine. The lecture also discusses the Byzantine habit of self-conscious theorising about orthodoxy.
Kathleen M. Blee
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199842766
- eISBN:
- 9780199951161
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199842766.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter explores how activist groups create an ideological character as they define problems to work on. Although they generally start with a sense of the problem, grassroots groups often change ...
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This chapter explores how activist groups create an ideological character as they define problems to work on. Although they generally start with a sense of the problem, grassroots groups often change direction as they develop collective theories about political life, social change, and themselves as political actors. This chapter traces how they deal with four common aspects of defining a problem. Two are ontological: the problem=s scope and its moral status. The others are epistemological: how to assess what they know and how they can learn more. The chapter concludes by comparing two groups that began with a similar focus on violence, one organized to combat gun violence, the other to stop police violence against African Americans. Despite their initial similarities, the groups diverged considerably over time in how they defined the problem. One became increasingly expansive, stretching to include issues of war and domestic violence. The other narrowed its vision to gun control laws only.Less
This chapter explores how activist groups create an ideological character as they define problems to work on. Although they generally start with a sense of the problem, grassroots groups often change direction as they develop collective theories about political life, social change, and themselves as political actors. This chapter traces how they deal with four common aspects of defining a problem. Two are ontological: the problem=s scope and its moral status. The others are epistemological: how to assess what they know and how they can learn more. The chapter concludes by comparing two groups that began with a similar focus on violence, one organized to combat gun violence, the other to stop police violence against African Americans. Despite their initial similarities, the groups diverged considerably over time in how they defined the problem. One became increasingly expansive, stretching to include issues of war and domestic violence. The other narrowed its vision to gun control laws only.
Kathleen M. Blee
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199842766
- eISBN:
- 9780199951161
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199842766.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
This chapter draws lessons for scholars and activists. It elaborates the otherwise-obscure democratic impulses that are made visible by looking closely at emerging grassroots activism, such as the ...
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This chapter draws lessons for scholars and activists. It elaborates the otherwise-obscure democratic impulses that are made visible by looking closely at emerging grassroots activism, such as the extent to which members broadly engage in theorizing about social change and political action. This chapter also confronts more distressing ways in which grassroots groups, even those with admirable goals, can diminish imagination, incubate tensions, and deepen social hierarchies. It concludes with recommendations for bolstering the democratic potential of grassroots activismLess
This chapter draws lessons for scholars and activists. It elaborates the otherwise-obscure democratic impulses that are made visible by looking closely at emerging grassroots activism, such as the extent to which members broadly engage in theorizing about social change and political action. This chapter also confronts more distressing ways in which grassroots groups, even those with admirable goals, can diminish imagination, incubate tensions, and deepen social hierarchies. It concludes with recommendations for bolstering the democratic potential of grassroots activism
Christopher C Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748639144
- eISBN:
- 9780748652839
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748639144.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter looks at the author's personal reflections on Wittgenstein's work. In Wittgenstein, he finds a de-divinized description of theorizing that befits the challenges of living and seeing in ...
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This chapter looks at the author's personal reflections on Wittgenstein's work. In Wittgenstein, he finds a de-divinized description of theorizing that befits the challenges of living and seeing in political society today. These challenges begin with the question of where to look when seeking or seeing politics or political phenomena. In the epic tradition, politics was conceived spatially as a place — the city, the polis, and the government — that locale where the theorist cannot go without being subjected to punishment by those in power. The politics of today is a politics of resistance and dissent. The drama arises sporadically in the form of protest and imaginatively in the playfulness of street theatre. Perceiving these acts requires the intimacy that the epic tradition eschewed. To theorize today is to pursue what this book has offered as Wittgenstein's path to politics.Less
This chapter looks at the author's personal reflections on Wittgenstein's work. In Wittgenstein, he finds a de-divinized description of theorizing that befits the challenges of living and seeing in political society today. These challenges begin with the question of where to look when seeking or seeing politics or political phenomena. In the epic tradition, politics was conceived spatially as a place — the city, the polis, and the government — that locale where the theorist cannot go without being subjected to punishment by those in power. The politics of today is a politics of resistance and dissent. The drama arises sporadically in the form of protest and imaginatively in the playfulness of street theatre. Perceiving these acts requires the intimacy that the epic tradition eschewed. To theorize today is to pursue what this book has offered as Wittgenstein's path to politics.
Robert Rosenthal and Ralph L. Rosnow
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195385540
- eISBN:
- 9780199869824
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385540.003.0038
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter presents a model and implications for dealing with artifacts by concentrating on the intervening steps in a theorized causal chain from sources of uncontrolled task-orienting cues to ...
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This chapter presents a model and implications for dealing with artifacts by concentrating on the intervening steps in a theorized causal chain from sources of uncontrolled task-orienting cues to their resulting artifacts.Less
This chapter presents a model and implications for dealing with artifacts by concentrating on the intervening steps in a theorized causal chain from sources of uncontrolled task-orienting cues to their resulting artifacts.
