Margaret Urban Walker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195315394
- eISBN:
- 9780199872053
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315394.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
This chapter claims that the subject matter of moral theory is morality, and that morality is a socially embodied medium of understanding and negotiation over responsibility for things open to human ...
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This chapter claims that the subject matter of moral theory is morality, and that morality is a socially embodied medium of understanding and negotiation over responsibility for things open to human care and effort. Morality is found in practices of responsibility that are not modular with respect to the rest of social life, and that are apt to reflect social differences, including gender, race, and class differences typical in human communities. Feminist ethics, drawing on the work of Carol Gilligan, alleges bias in moral theory and challenges moral reflection and its basis in intuitions when the social perspectives of moral philosophers go unexamined. Contemporary Anglo-American ethics follows a theoretical-juridical model of morality. The chapter introduces an expressive-collaborative model that combines critical and normative reflection on claims to moral knowledge with a significant empirical burden in ethics. It concludes with a new Postscript on recent developments in moral theory.Less
This chapter claims that the subject matter of moral theory is morality, and that morality is a socially embodied medium of understanding and negotiation over responsibility for things open to human care and effort. Morality is found in practices of responsibility that are not modular with respect to the rest of social life, and that are apt to reflect social differences, including gender, race, and class differences typical in human communities. Feminist ethics, drawing on the work of Carol Gilligan, alleges bias in moral theory and challenges moral reflection and its basis in intuitions when the social perspectives of moral philosophers go unexamined. Contemporary Anglo-American ethics follows a theoretical-juridical model of morality. The chapter introduces an expressive-collaborative model that combines critical and normative reflection on claims to moral knowledge with a significant empirical burden in ethics. It concludes with a new Postscript on recent developments in moral theory.
Margaret Urban Walker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195315394
- eISBN:
- 9780199872053
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315394.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
In an age of moral skepticism, moral philosophers are often casual about their own positions to represent moral life in societies segmented by gender, race, class, and other differences. Drawing on ...
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In an age of moral skepticism, moral philosophers are often casual about their own positions to represent moral life in societies segmented by gender, race, class, and other differences. Drawing on resources of feminist epistemology and naturalized epistemology, this chapter critiques a theoretical-juridical model of morality and defends an expressive-collaborative one sensitive to questions about epistemic authority, credibility, and claims to represent common moral thought and life. Intuitions are moral judgments we have learned in common with others, but which may be modified or relinquished in a process of moral reasoning that involves analogy and narrative. Reflective equilibrium is recast as a moral equilibrium among persons sustaining moral understandings and mutual intelligibility in a shared and stable way of life they can find valuable. A key critical method is thus testing for transparency the actual arrangements of power and authority that hold moral understandings in place.Less
In an age of moral skepticism, moral philosophers are often casual about their own positions to represent moral life in societies segmented by gender, race, class, and other differences. Drawing on resources of feminist epistemology and naturalized epistemology, this chapter critiques a theoretical-juridical model of morality and defends an expressive-collaborative one sensitive to questions about epistemic authority, credibility, and claims to represent common moral thought and life. Intuitions are moral judgments we have learned in common with others, but which may be modified or relinquished in a process of moral reasoning that involves analogy and narrative. Reflective equilibrium is recast as a moral equilibrium among persons sustaining moral understandings and mutual intelligibility in a shared and stable way of life they can find valuable. A key critical method is thus testing for transparency the actual arrangements of power and authority that hold moral understandings in place.
Margaret Urban Walker
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195315394
- eISBN:
- 9780199872053
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315394.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
This chapter traces the emergence of a theoretical-juridical model of moral theory in the work of English utilitarian philosopher Henry Sidgwick's masterwork, The Methods of Ethics. Through a series ...
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This chapter traces the emergence of a theoretical-juridical model of moral theory in the work of English utilitarian philosopher Henry Sidgwick's masterwork, The Methods of Ethics. Through a series of theoretical exclusions and distinctions among morality and ethics, Sidgwick constructs the idea of a pure core of moral knowledge that can be captured by a compact moral system that is formally and practically superior to the supposed diversity of methods in commonsense morality. Sidgwick exhibits unusual self-consciousness in asking whom a scientific ethics is intended to serve, and with unusual candor defends the view that utilitarianism is best understood not as a replacement of commonsense morality for common people, but as the instrument of an exceptional few who may for utilitarian reasons not publicize their use of it.Less
This chapter traces the emergence of a theoretical-juridical model of moral theory in the work of English utilitarian philosopher Henry Sidgwick's masterwork, The Methods of Ethics. Through a series of theoretical exclusions and distinctions among morality and ethics, Sidgwick constructs the idea of a pure core of moral knowledge that can be captured by a compact moral system that is formally and practically superior to the supposed diversity of methods in commonsense morality. Sidgwick exhibits unusual self-consciousness in asking whom a scientific ethics is intended to serve, and with unusual candor defends the view that utilitarianism is best understood not as a replacement of commonsense morality for common people, but as the instrument of an exceptional few who may for utilitarian reasons not publicize their use of it.
Kyösti Kontturi, Lasse Murtomäki, and José A. Manzanares
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199533817
- eISBN:
- 9780191714825
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199533817.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
Modelling of heterogeneous processes, such as electrochemical reactions, extraction, or ion-exchange, usually requires solving the transport problem associated with the process. Since the processes ...
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Modelling of heterogeneous processes, such as electrochemical reactions, extraction, or ion-exchange, usually requires solving the transport problem associated with the process. Since the processes at the phase boundary are described by scalar quantities and transport quantities are vectors or tensors, the coupling of them can take place only via conservation of mass, charge, or momentum. In this book transport of ionic species is addressed in a versatile manner, emphasizing the mutual coupling of fluxes in particular. Treatment is based on the formalism of irreversible thermodynamics, i.e., on linear (ionic) phenomenological equations, from which the most frequently used Nernst-Planck equation is derived. Limitations and assumptions made are discussed in detail. The Nernst-Planck equation is applied to selected problems at the electrodes and in membranes. Mathematical derivations are presented so that the reader can learn the methodology of solving transport problems. Each chapter contains a large number of exercises.Less
Modelling of heterogeneous processes, such as electrochemical reactions, extraction, or ion-exchange, usually requires solving the transport problem associated with the process. Since the processes at the phase boundary are described by scalar quantities and transport quantities are vectors or tensors, the coupling of them can take place only via conservation of mass, charge, or momentum. In this book transport of ionic species is addressed in a versatile manner, emphasizing the mutual coupling of fluxes in particular. Treatment is based on the formalism of irreversible thermodynamics, i.e., on linear (ionic) phenomenological equations, from which the most frequently used Nernst-Planck equation is derived. Limitations and assumptions made are discussed in detail. The Nernst-Planck equation is applied to selected problems at the electrodes and in membranes. Mathematical derivations are presented so that the reader can learn the methodology of solving transport problems. Each chapter contains a large number of exercises.
Mario A. Maggioni
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199207183
- eISBN:
- 9780191708886
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199207183.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation
This chapter contains a theoretical analysis of the rise and fall of clusters. It is shown how a major technological innovation sets a process of creative destruction into motion, where new clusters ...
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This chapter contains a theoretical analysis of the rise and fall of clusters. It is shown how a major technological innovation sets a process of creative destruction into motion, where new clusters appear and replace clusters based on obsolete technologies. In the last stage when the cluster matures, it either achieves a national or international leadership in a given sector or technology. The decisive element appears to be a different institutional framework. Using simulation techniques, it is shown how policies that support firm-based micro-level incentives seem to be critical rather than policies aimed at strengthening the ‘carrying capacities’. Most European policy makers overemphasize the latter type of policies as a means to initiate cluster emergence and growth.Less
This chapter contains a theoretical analysis of the rise and fall of clusters. It is shown how a major technological innovation sets a process of creative destruction into motion, where new clusters appear and replace clusters based on obsolete technologies. In the last stage when the cluster matures, it either achieves a national or international leadership in a given sector or technology. The decisive element appears to be a different institutional framework. Using simulation techniques, it is shown how policies that support firm-based micro-level incentives seem to be critical rather than policies aimed at strengthening the ‘carrying capacities’. Most European policy makers overemphasize the latter type of policies as a means to initiate cluster emergence and growth.
Kevin A. Clarke and David M. Primo
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195382198
- eISBN:
- 9780199932399
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195382198.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
This chapter is devoted to theoretical models, which are characterized by their reliance on deductive reasoning, their technique (social choice and game theory), and their level of abstraction. ...
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This chapter is devoted to theoretical models, which are characterized by their reliance on deductive reasoning, their technique (social choice and game theory), and their level of abstraction. Although there are many ways to categorize models, we create a classification scheme that is consistent with the usefulness and purpose of models. Models serve in any one, or more, of four different roles: foundational, organizational, exploratory, and predictive. We argue that models should be judged, not by how well they predict, which is a common standard, but by how useful they are. This approach avoids the arbitrary precision of cookbook methodologies, and properly calls attention to the role of taste in choosing between theoretical models.Less
This chapter is devoted to theoretical models, which are characterized by their reliance on deductive reasoning, their technique (social choice and game theory), and their level of abstraction. Although there are many ways to categorize models, we create a classification scheme that is consistent with the usefulness and purpose of models. Models serve in any one, or more, of four different roles: foundational, organizational, exploratory, and predictive. We argue that models should be judged, not by how well they predict, which is a common standard, but by how useful they are. This approach avoids the arbitrary precision of cookbook methodologies, and properly calls attention to the role of taste in choosing between theoretical models.
Richard A. Schoenherr
David Yamane (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780195082593
- eISBN:
- 9780199834952
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195082591.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The previous chapter discussed the Catholic Church as if it were like any other modern organization, but institutionalized religion is different from all other types of organization in important ...
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The previous chapter discussed the Catholic Church as if it were like any other modern organization, but institutionalized religion is different from all other types of organization in important ways. The aim of this chapter is to examine how to take account of this difference. It begins by observing that most organization theories focus exclusively on mundane rational behavior, and that given their philosophical and epistemological assumptions, such theories are inadequate for explaining social change in religious organizations. The second half of the chapter examines the place of religion in social life and describes a newly emerging theoretical paradigm (labeled as transpersonal) that incorporates the spiritual domain in a model of social change. This new paradigm allows examination of the stages of social development and the unique character of religious organizations.Less
The previous chapter discussed the Catholic Church as if it were like any other modern organization, but institutionalized religion is different from all other types of organization in important ways. The aim of this chapter is to examine how to take account of this difference. It begins by observing that most organization theories focus exclusively on mundane rational behavior, and that given their philosophical and epistemological assumptions, such theories are inadequate for explaining social change in religious organizations. The second half of the chapter examines the place of religion in social life and describes a newly emerging theoretical paradigm (labeled as transpersonal) that incorporates the spiritual domain in a model of social change. This new paradigm allows examination of the stages of social development and the unique character of religious organizations.
Letizia Paoli, Victoria A. Greenfield, and Peter Reuter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195322996
- eISBN:
- 9780199944194
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322996.003.0010
- Subject:
- Sociology, Law, Crime and Deviance, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter explores the distinctive configuration of the opiate market and heroin trade. It proposes a theoretical model of effective illegality that helps to explain the role of government in ...
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This chapter explores the distinctive configuration of the opiate market and heroin trade. It proposes a theoretical model of effective illegality that helps to explain the role of government in determining each country's mode of participation in heroin trade. This model integrates economic, political, and sociological concerns and it identifies three stylized cases of enforcement and categorizes countries according to their implementation of international prohibitions on opiate production and trafficking. The model shows that aside from opium poppy cultivation, not all forms of non-enforcement offer the best conditions for illegal drug businesses.Less
This chapter explores the distinctive configuration of the opiate market and heroin trade. It proposes a theoretical model of effective illegality that helps to explain the role of government in determining each country's mode of participation in heroin trade. This model integrates economic, political, and sociological concerns and it identifies three stylized cases of enforcement and categorizes countries according to their implementation of international prohibitions on opiate production and trafficking. The model shows that aside from opium poppy cultivation, not all forms of non-enforcement offer the best conditions for illegal drug businesses.
Richard A. Schoenherr
David Yamane (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780195082593
- eISBN:
- 9780199834952
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195082591.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The foundations of a theoretical model of social change in organized religion are laid down, drawing from classic and contemporary analyses of conflict and change in organizations, since in many ways ...
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The foundations of a theoretical model of social change in organized religion are laid down, drawing from classic and contemporary analyses of conflict and change in organizations, since in many ways religious organizations are just like any other. The writings of Max Weber provide the basis for the arguments advanced, and important recent developments are included from Michael Hannan and John Freeman's population ecology approach to organizational change and from Charles Perrow's qualified power model of organizations. The application of these models to religious organizations and to the Catholic Church in particular is referred to throughout.Less
The foundations of a theoretical model of social change in organized religion are laid down, drawing from classic and contemporary analyses of conflict and change in organizations, since in many ways religious organizations are just like any other. The writings of Max Weber provide the basis for the arguments advanced, and important recent developments are included from Michael Hannan and John Freeman's population ecology approach to organizational change and from Charles Perrow's qualified power model of organizations. The application of these models to religious organizations and to the Catholic Church in particular is referred to throughout.
Bas C. van Fraassen
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198239802
- eISBN:
- 9780191597466
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198239807.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
No common cause model can fit the phenomena that violate Bell's Inequalities; what sorts of probability models could do so? To answer this, we need to broaden our concept of statistical or ...
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No common cause model can fit the phenomena that violate Bell's Inequalities; what sorts of probability models could do so? To answer this, we need to broaden our concept of statistical or probability models, while not broadening it so much as to trivialize it. Introduced here are the distinctions between a surface (phenomenal) model and a theoretical model, and between the general class of geometric probability models and their subclass of quantum theoretical models, together with some elements of quantum logic, and the basic use of probability models to represent measurement situations.Less
No common cause model can fit the phenomena that violate Bell's Inequalities; what sorts of probability models could do so? To answer this, we need to broaden our concept of statistical or probability models, while not broadening it so much as to trivialize it. Introduced here are the distinctions between a surface (phenomenal) model and a theoretical model, and between the general class of geometric probability models and their subclass of quantum theoretical models, together with some elements of quantum logic, and the basic use of probability models to represent measurement situations.
Yanjie Bian
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199234387
- eISBN:
- 9780191740619
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199234387.003.0043
- Subject:
- Sociology, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
This chapter presents a theoretical model that explains two structural sources of variation in the formation of social capital at interpersonal levels. It studies the argument that occupational life ...
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This chapter presents a theoretical model that explains two structural sources of variation in the formation of social capital at interpersonal levels. It studies the argument that occupational life is a source of variation in the creation of social capital among working people. The chapter also provides an operational definition of social capital.Less
This chapter presents a theoretical model that explains two structural sources of variation in the formation of social capital at interpersonal levels. It studies the argument that occupational life is a source of variation in the creation of social capital among working people. The chapter also provides an operational definition of social capital.
Joseph Rouse
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226293677
- eISBN:
- 9780226293707
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226293707.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter takes up the role of experimental practice in the articulation of conceptual understanding in the sciences, as a passage between the Scylla of merely “Given” experiential or causal ...
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This chapter takes up the role of experimental practice in the articulation of conceptual understanding in the sciences, as a passage between the Scylla of merely “Given” experiential or causal impacts, and the Charybdis of merely intra-linguistic coherence. Experiment does not just provide occasions for conceptual development, whose requisite work would be linguistic or mathematical. Conceptual articulation in scientific practice involves interplay between theoretical models and experimentally configured patterns: the chapter therefore extends conceptions of theoretical models as mediators between theory and world to recognize a double mediation by models and experimental phenomena. The latter’s material complexity, incorporating apparatus, shielding, and skilled performance, is integral to conceptual significance. Hacking and Cartwright limit the scope of concepts to where they are empirically accurate, in their efforts to acknowledge experimental articulation of concepts, but that renders them empty by collapsing their two-dimensional normativity. The conceptual significance of salient experimental patterns can extend further, through the mutual normative accountability between “outer recognition” of a pattern’s presence, and “inner recognition” of its appropriate elements, Scientific understanding is thereby always open to further intensive and extensive conceptual articulation, guided by contestable, future-directed issues and stakes in experimental systems and scientific practice.Less
This chapter takes up the role of experimental practice in the articulation of conceptual understanding in the sciences, as a passage between the Scylla of merely “Given” experiential or causal impacts, and the Charybdis of merely intra-linguistic coherence. Experiment does not just provide occasions for conceptual development, whose requisite work would be linguistic or mathematical. Conceptual articulation in scientific practice involves interplay between theoretical models and experimentally configured patterns: the chapter therefore extends conceptions of theoretical models as mediators between theory and world to recognize a double mediation by models and experimental phenomena. The latter’s material complexity, incorporating apparatus, shielding, and skilled performance, is integral to conceptual significance. Hacking and Cartwright limit the scope of concepts to where they are empirically accurate, in their efforts to acknowledge experimental articulation of concepts, but that renders them empty by collapsing their two-dimensional normativity. The conceptual significance of salient experimental patterns can extend further, through the mutual normative accountability between “outer recognition” of a pattern’s presence, and “inner recognition” of its appropriate elements, Scientific understanding is thereby always open to further intensive and extensive conceptual articulation, guided by contestable, future-directed issues and stakes in experimental systems and scientific practice.
Richard Brown and Carma L Bylund
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- November 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199238361
- eISBN:
- 9780191730290
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199238361.003.0003
- Subject:
- Palliative Care, Patient Care and End-of-Life Decision Making, Palliative Medicine Research
Several models of physicianȓpatient communication that have served as conceptual frameworks for communication skills training have been described over recent years. Studies have explored the efficacy ...
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Several models of physicianȓpatient communication that have served as conceptual frameworks for communication skills training have been described over recent years. Studies have explored the efficacy of such training in altering physician behaviours. This chapter reviews these models and examines their strengths and weaknesses. It then focuses on a new model of communication skills training, the Comskil model, which was developed at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in an effort to address critiques of these earlier models. A review of the literature indicates six established models of physicianȓpatient communication that have served theoretically to guide communication skills training programmes: the Bayer Institute for Healthcare Communication E4 Model; the Three-Function Model/Brown Interview Checklist; the Calgary-Cambridge Observation Guide; the Patient-Centred Clinical Method; the SEGUE Framework for Teaching and Assessing Communication Skills; and the Four Habits Model. For each of these, the conceptualisation of the model is first summarised and then the way in which its application is assessed is discussed.Less
Several models of physicianȓpatient communication that have served as conceptual frameworks for communication skills training have been described over recent years. Studies have explored the efficacy of such training in altering physician behaviours. This chapter reviews these models and examines their strengths and weaknesses. It then focuses on a new model of communication skills training, the Comskil model, which was developed at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in an effort to address critiques of these earlier models. A review of the literature indicates six established models of physicianȓpatient communication that have served theoretically to guide communication skills training programmes: the Bayer Institute for Healthcare Communication E4 Model; the Three-Function Model/Brown Interview Checklist; the Calgary-Cambridge Observation Guide; the Patient-Centred Clinical Method; the SEGUE Framework for Teaching and Assessing Communication Skills; and the Four Habits Model. For each of these, the conceptualisation of the model is first summarised and then the way in which its application is assessed is discussed.
Martin Clayton
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195339680
- eISBN:
- 9780199851935
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195339680.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, Ethnomusicology, World Music
This book is a study of rhythm, metre, and form in North Indian rāg, or classical, music. The author presents a theoretical model for the organization of time in this repertory, a model which is ...
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This book is a study of rhythm, metre, and form in North Indian rāg, or classical, music. The author presents a theoretical model for the organization of time in this repertory, a model which is related explicitly to other spheres of Indian thought and culture as well as to current ideas on musical time in alternative repertories — including that of Western music. This theoretical model is elucidated and illustrated with reference to many musical examples, drawn from authentic recorded performances. These examples clarify key Indian musicological concepts such as tāl (metre), lay (tempo or rhythm), and laykārī (rhythmic variation). More generally, the volume addresses the implications of performance practice for the organization of rhythm and metre.Less
This book is a study of rhythm, metre, and form in North Indian rāg, or classical, music. The author presents a theoretical model for the organization of time in this repertory, a model which is related explicitly to other spheres of Indian thought and culture as well as to current ideas on musical time in alternative repertories — including that of Western music. This theoretical model is elucidated and illustrated with reference to many musical examples, drawn from authentic recorded performances. These examples clarify key Indian musicological concepts such as tāl (metre), lay (tempo or rhythm), and laykārī (rhythmic variation). More generally, the volume addresses the implications of performance practice for the organization of rhythm and metre.
John Hatcher and Mark Bailey
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199244119
- eISBN:
- 9780191697333
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199244119.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Medieval History, Economic History
This chapter sketches how and why historians and social scientists have constructed and adopted grand supermodels in their quest to describe and explain economic and social development. Although ...
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This chapter sketches how and why historians and social scientists have constructed and adopted grand supermodels in their quest to describe and explain economic and social development. Although relatively few historians have chosen to limit their writings wholly within the walls of strict theoretical models, more of them use the concepts that underpin them to assist in the tasks of sorting and interpreting evidence and formulating explanations of particular and short-term events and processes as well as general and long-term ones. It is in these and in many other ways that the conflicting tenets of the three leading models, derived in turn from the theories and concepts of Thomas Malthus, Karl Marx, and Adam Smith, continue to influence the ways in which people regard the medieval centuries.Less
This chapter sketches how and why historians and social scientists have constructed and adopted grand supermodels in their quest to describe and explain economic and social development. Although relatively few historians have chosen to limit their writings wholly within the walls of strict theoretical models, more of them use the concepts that underpin them to assist in the tasks of sorting and interpreting evidence and formulating explanations of particular and short-term events and processes as well as general and long-term ones. It is in these and in many other ways that the conflicting tenets of the three leading models, derived in turn from the theories and concepts of Thomas Malthus, Karl Marx, and Adam Smith, continue to influence the ways in which people regard the medieval centuries.
Kristin Kanthak and George A. Krause
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199891726
- eISBN:
- 9780199933433
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199891726.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter provides an empirical test of the formal model derived in the previous chapter, drawing on methods from the Empirical Implications of Theoretical Models (EITM) tradition. The dependent ...
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This chapter provides an empirical test of the formal model derived in the previous chapter, drawing on methods from the Empirical Implications of Theoretical Models (EITM) tradition. The dependent variable is member-to-member campaign contributions from legislators’ leadership PACs, which are PACs created for the sole purpose of channeling campaign contributions to other legislators. Although these contributions exist largely for electoral reasons, controlling for those reasons provides a measure of colleague valuation. The chapter describes a double-hurdle regression model, which is a generalization of the Tobit model that allows coefficients from the first and second stage to vary. The results show that as expected from the unified theory of colleague valuation, men devalue women more as the proportion of women increases. Contrary to the theory, women also devalue women as their proportion increases, a problem called asymmetric tokenism, which is addressed in more detail in the chapter that follows.Less
This chapter provides an empirical test of the formal model derived in the previous chapter, drawing on methods from the Empirical Implications of Theoretical Models (EITM) tradition. The dependent variable is member-to-member campaign contributions from legislators’ leadership PACs, which are PACs created for the sole purpose of channeling campaign contributions to other legislators. Although these contributions exist largely for electoral reasons, controlling for those reasons provides a measure of colleague valuation. The chapter describes a double-hurdle regression model, which is a generalization of the Tobit model that allows coefficients from the first and second stage to vary. The results show that as expected from the unified theory of colleague valuation, men devalue women more as the proportion of women increases. Contrary to the theory, women also devalue women as their proportion increases, a problem called asymmetric tokenism, which is addressed in more detail in the chapter that follows.
Matt J. Rossano
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195385816
- eISBN:
- 9780199870080
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195385816.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Chapter 9 summarizes the evolutionary model being proposed in three major steps: (1) the proto-religion that existed prior to the African Interregnum period, (2) the major social/cognitive ...
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Chapter 9 summarizes the evolutionary model being proposed in three major steps: (1) the proto-religion that existed prior to the African Interregnum period, (2) the major social/cognitive transitions that occurred during the African Interregnum and, (3) the important changes that occurred after the Interregnum. A number of the model’s general predictions are then discussed and various means of testing the model are presented. Finally, the book concludes with a discussion of religion’s future. Returning to the theme of religion-as-relationship, it argued that all relationships have costs and benefits. In our past, religion was adaptive because the benefits considerably outweighed the costs. In the modern world, this equation is much more variable. Given the general propensities of the human mind, there will likely always be religious believers, but whether religion has significant social impact or not depends much more on social factors that either increase or decrease religion’s cost/benefits ratio.Less
Chapter 9 summarizes the evolutionary model being proposed in three major steps: (1) the proto-religion that existed prior to the African Interregnum period, (2) the major social/cognitive transitions that occurred during the African Interregnum and, (3) the important changes that occurred after the Interregnum. A number of the model’s general predictions are then discussed and various means of testing the model are presented. Finally, the book concludes with a discussion of religion’s future. Returning to the theme of religion-as-relationship, it argued that all relationships have costs and benefits. In our past, religion was adaptive because the benefits considerably outweighed the costs. In the modern world, this equation is much more variable. Given the general propensities of the human mind, there will likely always be religious believers, but whether religion has significant social impact or not depends much more on social factors that either increase or decrease religion’s cost/benefits ratio.
Alexander Garthe and Gerd Kempermann
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199592388
- eISBN:
- 9780199949922
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592388.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Disorders of the Nervous System, Behavioral Neuroscience
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis has changed our view on the adult mammalian brain by adding a new kind of neuroplasticity with strong implications for cognition and behaviour of older mammals. Because ...
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Adult hippocampal neurogenesis has changed our view on the adult mammalian brain by adding a new kind of neuroplasticity with strong implications for cognition and behaviour of older mammals. Because the new neurons are found in the hippocampus, a structure well known to be the gateway to memory, adult neurogenesis appears to be of especially high relevance for humans. The integration of new neurons into existing and well-working networks depends on an intimate regulation of the divisions the putative stem cells undergo in the subgranular zone, the expansion of the precursor cell pool, the processes of maturation and differentiation, and, finally, the appropriate functional integration into the network of the dentate gyrus. While much progress has been made in the last decade on the genetic and molecular underpinnings of adult neurogenesis, as well as how these processes are regulated in the context of different ‘lifestyles’, its functional contribution remains unclear. From a clinical perspective, however, all the attention adult neurogenesis deserves depends on the specific functional contribution of the new neurons to hippocampal function. Only recently, a coherent picture is about to begin to emerge what the new neurons might be good for. Importantly, results from studies testing rodents in spatial learning paradigms suggest a similar role for adult neurogenesis in human spatial navigation. This chapter reviews the findings on the functional relevance of adult neurogenesis along with a recently published attempt to integrate the data into a common theoretical framework. Beside experimental data, results and implications from studies based on theoretical models regarding the function of the new neurons are considered.Less
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis has changed our view on the adult mammalian brain by adding a new kind of neuroplasticity with strong implications for cognition and behaviour of older mammals. Because the new neurons are found in the hippocampus, a structure well known to be the gateway to memory, adult neurogenesis appears to be of especially high relevance for humans. The integration of new neurons into existing and well-working networks depends on an intimate regulation of the divisions the putative stem cells undergo in the subgranular zone, the expansion of the precursor cell pool, the processes of maturation and differentiation, and, finally, the appropriate functional integration into the network of the dentate gyrus. While much progress has been made in the last decade on the genetic and molecular underpinnings of adult neurogenesis, as well as how these processes are regulated in the context of different ‘lifestyles’, its functional contribution remains unclear. From a clinical perspective, however, all the attention adult neurogenesis deserves depends on the specific functional contribution of the new neurons to hippocampal function. Only recently, a coherent picture is about to begin to emerge what the new neurons might be good for. Importantly, results from studies testing rodents in spatial learning paradigms suggest a similar role for adult neurogenesis in human spatial navigation. This chapter reviews the findings on the functional relevance of adult neurogenesis along with a recently published attempt to integrate the data into a common theoretical framework. Beside experimental data, results and implications from studies based on theoretical models regarding the function of the new neurons are considered.
Scott Ashworth, Christopher R. Berry, and Ethan Bueno De Mesquita
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- May 2022
- ISBN:
- 9780691213828
- eISBN:
- 9780691215006
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691213828.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter looks at the connection between theory and empirics from thirty thousand feet, providing a conceptual framework for thinking about how the entire enterprise fits together. It explains ...
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This chapter looks at the connection between theory and empirics from thirty thousand feet, providing a conceptual framework for thinking about how the entire enterprise fits together. It explains how theoretical models and empirical research designs relate to the world and to each other and what kinds of scientific claims are being learned, comparing a theoretical implication to an empirical finding. It also cites an extended example, drawn from the literature on women's underrepresentation in electoral politics. The chapter discusses how viewing the dialogue between theory and empirics through the lens can change the thinking about various kinds of theoretical and empirical contributions and can highlight opportunities for new research. It compares and contrasts the framework to two other prominent approaches to linking theory and empirics, namely structural modeling and causal mediation analysis.Less
This chapter looks at the connection between theory and empirics from thirty thousand feet, providing a conceptual framework for thinking about how the entire enterprise fits together. It explains how theoretical models and empirical research designs relate to the world and to each other and what kinds of scientific claims are being learned, comparing a theoretical implication to an empirical finding. It also cites an extended example, drawn from the literature on women's underrepresentation in electoral politics. The chapter discusses how viewing the dialogue between theory and empirics through the lens can change the thinking about various kinds of theoretical and empirical contributions and can highlight opportunities for new research. It compares and contrasts the framework to two other prominent approaches to linking theory and empirics, namely structural modeling and causal mediation analysis.
Stefan Tengblad
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199639724
- eISBN:
- 9780191738661
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199639724.003.0018
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies
In this chapter, the editor summarizes the theoretical themes presented in the book’s chapters and offers advice to future researchers, management educators, and managers. The unifying idea in the ...
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In this chapter, the editor summarizes the theoretical themes presented in the book’s chapters and offers advice to future researchers, management educators, and managers. The unifying idea in the book is that the study of management practices, based on actual managerial experience acquired in empirical investigations, may be more useful for practicing managers than the theoretical models more commonly taught in business schools. The reason is that theoretical and rationalistic models often are not well suited to dealing with the complexity, uncertainty, and relentless pace of work typically associated with management. The alternative practice-based theoretical framework is summarized in ten theses in the chapter.Less
In this chapter, the editor summarizes the theoretical themes presented in the book’s chapters and offers advice to future researchers, management educators, and managers. The unifying idea in the book is that the study of management practices, based on actual managerial experience acquired in empirical investigations, may be more useful for practicing managers than the theoretical models more commonly taught in business schools. The reason is that theoretical and rationalistic models often are not well suited to dealing with the complexity, uncertainty, and relentless pace of work typically associated with management. The alternative practice-based theoretical framework is summarized in ten theses in the chapter.
