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This introductory chapter lays out the premise for the rest of the volume, which draws from the analysis of the current crisis to make a fairly comprehensive and ambitious set of policy proposals in the fields of national and global regulation, national macroeconomic management, and reform of the world monetary system. At the time of sending the book to the press, debates on national and global policy responses to the crisis were quite active. Some interesting initiatives have been put forth, such as the renewed issuance of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), and steps towards better international regulation. However, many concerns remained as to the adequacy of the fiscal stimulus throughout the world and the unsettled position of banks in industrial countries, but particularly in the United States.

The demand for all areas of Nordic film and television culture outside the borders of the Nordic countries may come as no surprise. The popularity of television shows such as The Killing (Forbrydelsen, 2007) and The Bridge (Bron|Broen, 2011) both domestically and internationally have increased the profile of Nordic media while the crime novels of Henning Mankell and Stieg Larsson have penetrated the American market – the barometer for global Commercial ‘relevance’. The Guardian in the UK has published several articles on the craze, noting how the protagonist of the original Danish version of The Killing, detective Sarah Lund, has become an unlikely fashion icon with her knitted sweaters. While a certain type of Nordic film – the existential artistry of a Dreyer, a Bergman or a Kaurismäki – has existed at the periphery of this global consciousness, such perceptions are clearly shifting as the contemporary situation seems to be more characterised by Nordic contributions to global popular culture instead of the more traditional frameworks of artistic or experimental relevance. How did we get to this situation? In short, how did the media products of this small region of the world become part of global popular culture?

We are looking for the key decisions which have altered the course of world economic history in recent times, and which have shaped the development of the world economy and determined shifts in the costs and benefits, the profits and losses, the risks and opportunities amongst nations, classes and other social groups. But it is important at the start to be clear as to what we mean by a key decision and what we should be prepared to look for and include. In the first place we are analysing the monetary system. Decisions here are not quite the same as in the study of international diplomatic relations, for instance. There, states decide to make war or to make peace, to make alliances and to intervene in the affairs of others. The action is between foreign ministers and diplomats and the key decisions are up to them. Monetary systems are different. In the real world – though not always in the fairyland of economic theory – a monetary system must have both political authority and a market. The market is essential whenever economic exchange between buyers and sellers is not all done by command of a third party. If buyers and sellers are free to exercise some degree of choice, however limited, and if their transaction is not conducted through barter, there must be money. But a monetary system cannot work efficiently unless there is political authority to say what money must be used or may be used; to enforce the execution of agreed monetary transactions; and to license, and if necessary support, major operators in the system.

The problem of managing and stabilizing a financial system that is fundamentally out of order and control is a global one. But the solution is a national one. It is absolutely no use looking to international organizations to wave a magic wand and restore financial order and with it world prosperity. Any survey of recently proposed solutions (as in the last chapter) leads to the conclusion that the reform must start with a change of mind in Washington.

This essay shows how the idea of the South Atlantic as a space of dictatorships and banana republics was contested on the ground by literary experimentation and transoceanic influence. Armillas- Tiseyra uses Sony Labou Tansi’s La vie et demie (Life and a Half 1979) as an example of a dictator novel, a genre that spans the Global South. Armillas-Tiseyra argues for the term “constellation” to be used in place of “magical realism” to classify the genre. “Constellation” here serves as a figure both for the relationship of individual texts or textual features to each other (a loose configuration or grouping) and for a mode of comparison that proceeds by juxtaposition and collage rather than more rigid hierarchical systematization. The allows Armillas-Tiseyra to approach and grapple with the difficult relationship between critique and narrative form.

This introduction provides an intellectual road map for the individual contributions to the volume that are summarized in the latter section. Five themes frame the analyses of the transnational movement of knowledge: the centrality of travel, the role of the regulatory state, the meaning of "borders" and networks, the significance of nationality and political allegiance, and the intersection between the local and the global. By focusing on the practices of state power to police "borders," these themes demolish a widespread assumption that, in a global world, knowledge moves "by itself." The political economy of knowledge production and cross-border movement produces lumpy networks of unevenly distributed power. They are held together by various factors, including the ideology of scientific internationalism, the adoption or imposition of standards that facilitate knowledge exchange (including the increasingly dominant role of English in scientific exchanges) and the principle of reciprocity whereby both members of a dyad benefit, sometimes in quite different ways, from the transnational transaction, including the urge to be "modern." The performance of transnational history in these essays confirms its value as a way of seeing, opening new intellectual and political perspectives on how knowledge moves in an interconnected world that is not "flat."

This chapter explores the “global geography of the spirit” evident among Catholic charismatic communities. It takes geography as having both literal and metaphorical implications, which thus refers to a figurative conceptual terrain as well as to the physical features on the face of the earth. Both of these meanings are at play in an examination of the “cartographic self-representation” of Catholic charismatics, who draw for instance on websites to exhibit a powerful sense of international presence and progress toward world evangelization. The chapter includes but goes beyond the examination of maps, however, as it traces the workings of the geography of the spirit in the everyday lives of members, their verbal and body languages, and their (often gendered) experiences of space.

This chapter places Winnie: The Opera (Bongani Ndodana-Breen, Warren Wilensky, and Mfundi Vundla, 2011) in a larger comparative framework that includes the Western opera tradition, opera in the United States, and the representation of blackness in opera more generally. With a reading of postcolonial and post-apartheid theorists (for example, Homi Bhabha and the “unhomely,” Karin Barber and entextualization, and Sarah Nuttal’s entanglement), this chapter also draws upon the Global South (and global studies) along with transnationalism. This chapter examines events from the opera in Winnie Mandela’s life (torture, the Mandela United Football Club, and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission) as they are characterized musically and in the drama.

As a small and relatively peripheral nation, Ireland's film industry is largely state-funded with additional support from European sources and co-production deals with the commercial industry. It produces between 10 and 15 feature films per year as well as a range of shorts, documentaries and animation films. Ireland is also a popular location for large-scale American and British film and television productions, which bring additional economic and training benefits to the local indigenous industry. Although this industry only emerged relatively recently in the 1980s/1990s, Ireland has had a presence in the American and British film industries since the earliest days of filmmaking and a range of dominant tropes has emerged in the representation of Ireland and the Irish. Much indigenous filmmaking is a response to these traditions of representation as well as a response to the rapid economic and social changes that have characterised Ireland since the 1980s. Indeed, Irish cinema has played a key role in tracking and representing these transformations so that, despite the low profile of Irish cinema internationally (with the exception of Neil Jordan and Jim Sheridan) the indigenous cinema has played a key role in the cultural re-imagining of Ireland and the Irish at home.

This chapter focuses on the emergence of the AIDS pandemic. It covers the emergence of symptoms associated with HIV, the discovery of the virus, and the understanding of its transmission. It emphasizes the importance of AIDS activists in acceleration of the development of drugs that changed the disease from a terminal to chronic disease. AIDS activists throughout the world then worked together to fight for equitable distribution of AIDS treatment. The movement drew an explicit connection between the AIDS pandemic and the right to health and succeeded in garnering novel funding for global health delivery. AIDS changed many things in global health, from patient-led activism to drug discovery to the long-term provision of care. In this book, the global health era is defined as the period after 2000, when AIDS activism helped shift the health paradigm in impoverished countries from prevention only to the delivery of health care.

Focusing on shopping malls, this chapter seeks to track the ways in which ‘social’ and consuming life are imagined within narratives of their design, operation, and use. It is concerned with competing and complementary meanings of space that circulate through the web of relationships between mall visitors and planners. It is through a discussion of spaces that the chapter explores the ways in which consumers are imagined as differentiated consuming units located between multiple binaries such as ‘global’ and ‘local, and ‘modern’ and ‘traditional’. Through explorations of spatial discourses of mall planners, architects, managers, and theoreticians (such as those who write in trade magazines)–the chapter seeks to outline what is specific about the ways in which Indian malls produce spatial ‘myths of identity’

A contextual discussion of the context and problem of violence in Sao Paulo as it relates to policing, organized crime, and the city in the contemporary period. We position the book vis-à-vis some theoretical considerations surrounding notions of the state, sovereignty, marginality, and police reform before providing a background on methodology, episteme, and research access for the present study.

The global financial crisis originated in select advanced economies with financial sectors being severely affected. The linkages between financial and fiscal situations in such significantly affected countries are the main thrust of this chapter. No doubt, several developing countries were also affected, but that was essentially through contagion. This chapter, therefore, concentrates on the relevant advanced economies and in particular, on the US and seeks to give, by way of background, a broad overview of the causes of the crisis, its global fiscal impact, responses to the crisis, and their fiscal implications (including the larger fiscal consequences on public debt). It concludes by stressing the importance of the different dimensions of imbalances, of the need for rebalancing them and, of reassessing fiscal, financial, and monetary linkages that may be necessary in distilling lessons from the crisis for the future.

Seldom have studies of overseas huiguan, i.e., Chinese benevolent associations, covered their charitable service of repatriating coffins/bones of the deceased from their host countries to their hometowns in China for burial. This peculiar long-standing Chinese “modern tradition,” till the early 1950s, can now be solidly evidenced by the voluminous Tung Wah Coffin Home Archives in Hong Kong after the materials have been made known in recent years. According to the correspondence between the Tung Wah Hospital (a charitable organization itself) and huiguan all over the world, thousands of coffins and boxes of bones were shipped back to native places of most Chinese emigrants from the “Gold Rush” era every year through Hong Kong during the first half of the last century, especially after the Tung Wah Coffin Home was built by the Hospital to house coffins and exhumed bones awaiting shipment. Starting with a mapping of the sending points, this chapter attempts to first delineate the function of Chinese benevolent associations there as key organizations in the charity network of the global Chinese world. The implications of their operation in the historical connection between the host countries and hometowns of overseas Chinese via Hong Kong are also exemplified and explicated.

This chapter discusses the movie Twelve Hours to Midnight— How Brazil Has Responded to the Global Financial Crisis, a documentary about how a country emerges from an economic crisis and ultimately redeems itself. Above all, it is the story of five men, Oded Grajew, Helio Mattar, Paulo Itacarambi, Ricardo Young, and Raymundo Magliano, who helped found the corporate social responsibility movement and later the Instituto Ethos in Brazil. It is a documentary about what happens to a country when it realizes it has hit “rock bottom” and has no choice but to face traditionally repressed realities and begin the long hard road to reforming itself. In short, it is where this conference should end, rather than begin, and I think it is also a fitting tribute to Hannah Arendt, the thinker whose ideas inform and inspire it.

The depth and spread of the global financial crisis was of such magnitude that most nations plunged into action with conventional and unconventional globally coordinated measures. Remedial stimulus measures were both monetary and fiscal, by central banks and national governments, respectively, recognizing that monetary or fiscal actions alone might not suffice. To begin with, the actions were at a national level but soon converged to globally concerted and coordinated action. With traditional monetary easing of lowering interest rates knocking against the zero-bound limit, some monetary authorities even resorted to extraordinary monetary actions like quantitative easing. Stimulus measures inevitably have fiscal consequences, even monetary stimulus action because of latent quasi-fiscal implications. What emerges from this chapter is that the various ramifications of the global financial crisis ultimately and inevitably have fiscal consequences, thus underscoring the centrality of fiscal issues, which are to be addressed at a national level.

The climate refugee problem will dwarf the current political refugee problem facing western Europe. Bangladesh with millions of people on the delta will provide the greatest number of refugees that will flee to India or Myanmar. India is building the Great Wall of India in anticipation of this future flow of humanity. Currently, most people leaving the delta are fleeing to Dhaka or to other major cities near deltas. On a local scale all over the world, beachfront dwellers will be moving back, often into already crowded cities.

The chapter traces writing about American Indian people in Hawaiian-language newspapers from the 1830s to the end of the century. It argues that over the course of the nineteenth-century, Kānaka came to see a likeness between themselves and American Indian people, and that act of recognizing likeness was part of the process of thinking about the global category of the indigenous--a conversation that is very current today.