Margaret P. Battin, Leslie P. Francis, Jay A. Jacobson, and Charles B. Smith
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195335842
- eISBN:
- 9780199868926
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335842.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
Antimicrobial resistance is growing at an alarming rate: reports of extensive multiple-drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB and MDR-TB) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are but ...
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Antimicrobial resistance is growing at an alarming rate: reports of extensive multiple-drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB and MDR-TB) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are but two of the most serious examples. Among the many causes of antibiotic resistance are overuse and a failure to complete courses of treatment. This chapter considers how patients, considering themselves as both potential victims and as potential vectors, might take risks of resistance into account in their decisions about treatment. Some analyses of antimicrobial resistance treat it as a tragedy of the commons: of rational individual decisions about use adding up to a catastrophe of overuse. This analysis is incomplete because it fails to take into account the interests of patients who might be victims in practices that continue to make antibiotics available to them. The chapter also suggests the possibility of a small surcharge on antibiotic use in the developing world, to be dedicated to research on new generation antimicrobials, as a reflection of this interest in continued available of therapies for dangerous pathogens.Less
Antimicrobial resistance is growing at an alarming rate: reports of extensive multiple-drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB and MDR-TB) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are but two of the most serious examples. Among the many causes of antibiotic resistance are overuse and a failure to complete courses of treatment. This chapter considers how patients, considering themselves as both potential victims and as potential vectors, might take risks of resistance into account in their decisions about treatment. Some analyses of antimicrobial resistance treat it as a tragedy of the commons: of rational individual decisions about use adding up to a catastrophe of overuse. This analysis is incomplete because it fails to take into account the interests of patients who might be victims in practices that continue to make antibiotics available to them. The chapter also suggests the possibility of a small surcharge on antibiotic use in the developing world, to be dedicated to research on new generation antimicrobials, as a reflection of this interest in continued available of therapies for dangerous pathogens.
Peter Fleming
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199547159
- eISBN:
- 9780191720024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547159.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, HRM / IR
Having introduced a strong political dimension in the last chapter, this chapter aims to explain the corporate interest in authenticity and place it in a political economy of the firm. What makes the ...
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Having introduced a strong political dimension in the last chapter, this chapter aims to explain the corporate interest in authenticity and place it in a political economy of the firm. What makes the ‘just be yourself’ managerial approach different to earlier corporate ideologies is the strong significance of non-work. If we feel more ourselves outside of work, then more of non-work is required to imbue the labour process and organizational climate. The boundaries of the organization haemorrhages as traditionally extra-employment themes feature within the space and time of work. The chapter then draws on the Italian autonomist movement and particularly the ideas of Hardt and Negri to explain this aspect of the discourse of authenticity. It is argued that the non-work being targeted here is what these authors call the commons — those non-commodified practices of co-operation and creativity that persists despite and because of the corporate form. The organization requires this commons to reproduce itself. This is why managerial practice is so interested in authenticity.Less
Having introduced a strong political dimension in the last chapter, this chapter aims to explain the corporate interest in authenticity and place it in a political economy of the firm. What makes the ‘just be yourself’ managerial approach different to earlier corporate ideologies is the strong significance of non-work. If we feel more ourselves outside of work, then more of non-work is required to imbue the labour process and organizational climate. The boundaries of the organization haemorrhages as traditionally extra-employment themes feature within the space and time of work. The chapter then draws on the Italian autonomist movement and particularly the ideas of Hardt and Negri to explain this aspect of the discourse of authenticity. It is argued that the non-work being targeted here is what these authors call the commons — those non-commodified practices of co-operation and creativity that persists despite and because of the corporate form. The organization requires this commons to reproduce itself. This is why managerial practice is so interested in authenticity.
Peter Fleming
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199547159
- eISBN:
- 9780191720024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547159.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, HRM / IR
One of the more surprising ‘extra-employment’ themes that corporations are now celebrating and utilizing is that of dissent. This chapter analyses a favourite topic in critical organization theory, ...
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One of the more surprising ‘extra-employment’ themes that corporations are now celebrating and utilizing is that of dissent. This chapter analyses a favourite topic in critical organization theory, namely worker resistance and struggle. The latest attempts to render workplaces authentic zones pre-empts serious criticism by encouraging resistance of an expressive and aesthetic kind. This designer resistance gains inspiration from the commons that is simulated and transmuted into an utilizable organization resource. The chapter explores the implications of this promoted ‘designer dissent’ and discovers the limitations around its expression. Only certain types of dissent are petitioned since more serious forms of resistance are still considered to be a serious challenge to the corporate form.Less
One of the more surprising ‘extra-employment’ themes that corporations are now celebrating and utilizing is that of dissent. This chapter analyses a favourite topic in critical organization theory, namely worker resistance and struggle. The latest attempts to render workplaces authentic zones pre-empts serious criticism by encouraging resistance of an expressive and aesthetic kind. This designer resistance gains inspiration from the commons that is simulated and transmuted into an utilizable organization resource. The chapter explores the implications of this promoted ‘designer dissent’ and discovers the limitations around its expression. Only certain types of dissent are petitioned since more serious forms of resistance are still considered to be a serious challenge to the corporate form.
Ken Binmore
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195300574
- eISBN:
- 9780199783748
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195300574.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
This chapter uses the Prisoner's Dilemma as the linking idea in an overview of many of the topics covered later in the book. The basic ideas are that of a dominated strategy and a Pareto-efficient ...
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This chapter uses the Prisoner's Dilemma as the linking idea in an overview of many of the topics covered later in the book. The basic ideas are that of a dominated strategy and a Pareto-efficient outcome. Various fallacies that promote the latter notion over the former are considered. At the same time, the chapter introduces problems in the private provision of public goods, the economic theory of imperfect competition, repeated games, the tragedy of the commons, and mechanism design. The idea of a Nash equilibrium is introduced.Less
This chapter uses the Prisoner's Dilemma as the linking idea in an overview of many of the topics covered later in the book. The basic ideas are that of a dominated strategy and a Pareto-efficient outcome. Various fallacies that promote the latter notion over the former are considered. At the same time, the chapter introduces problems in the private provision of public goods, the economic theory of imperfect competition, repeated games, the tragedy of the commons, and mechanism design. The idea of a Nash equilibrium is introduced.
Peter Fleming
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199547159
- eISBN:
- 9780191720024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547159.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, HRM / IR
One of the key aspects of the ‘just be yourself’ management discourse and its quest for personal authenticity is the fetishization of fun and play at work. This stands in stark contrast to earlier ...
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One of the key aspects of the ‘just be yourself’ management discourse and its quest for personal authenticity is the fetishization of fun and play at work. This stands in stark contrast to earlier modes of management thought that attempted to depersonalise the organization and drive out any ‘irrational’ human features (when at work we are serious, when work is finished we can have fun). The presumption is that fun is part of our authentic personhood and should be celebrated, often involving strange exercises and games. Employees are presumed to be motivated by this. Fun has always existed in organizations in the informal sphere, often played out against management. Now this form of life has entered official discourse. In order to make work fun a process of mimesis occurs in which non-work gestures are simulated inside the organization. An empirical case is investigated to demonstrate this process of mimesis or simulation. But what exactly is being simulated? Again, the chapter draws upon the Italian autonomist ideas of Hardt and Negri to show how managed fun is more of a controlling gesture rather than an act of liberation.Less
One of the key aspects of the ‘just be yourself’ management discourse and its quest for personal authenticity is the fetishization of fun and play at work. This stands in stark contrast to earlier modes of management thought that attempted to depersonalise the organization and drive out any ‘irrational’ human features (when at work we are serious, when work is finished we can have fun). The presumption is that fun is part of our authentic personhood and should be celebrated, often involving strange exercises and games. Employees are presumed to be motivated by this. Fun has always existed in organizations in the informal sphere, often played out against management. Now this form of life has entered official discourse. In order to make work fun a process of mimesis occurs in which non-work gestures are simulated inside the organization. An empirical case is investigated to demonstrate this process of mimesis or simulation. But what exactly is being simulated? Again, the chapter draws upon the Italian autonomist ideas of Hardt and Negri to show how managed fun is more of a controlling gesture rather than an act of liberation.
Frank Hendriks
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572786
- eISBN:
- 9780191722370
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572786.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Theory
In voter democracy the citizens are king, particularly as preference indicators in directly aggregative procedures – as citizens who raise hands on matters in town meetings, make choices between ...
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In voter democracy the citizens are king, particularly as preference indicators in directly aggregative procedures – as citizens who raise hands on matters in town meetings, make choices between options in referendums, tick preference boxes in user questionnaires, etc. The distinction between citizenship and leadership is smaller in voter democracy than in pendulum or consensus democracy; public leaders are often private persons who take the initiative, literally, and mobilize support behind a proposal. In today's world, voter democracy is most clearly exhibited in the USA and Switzerland, places where ‘fend for yourself’ – an emphasis on self‐rule combined with self‐protection – is crucial. The core quality of voter democracy is the mobilization of private responsibility, initiative, and trust in the voluntary association of citizens. But ‘tragedies of the commons’ loom large; for each individual separately, voter democracy may seem like a good idea, but for all individuals together it may have tragic – irrational, illiberal – effects.Less
In voter democracy the citizens are king, particularly as preference indicators in directly aggregative procedures – as citizens who raise hands on matters in town meetings, make choices between options in referendums, tick preference boxes in user questionnaires, etc. The distinction between citizenship and leadership is smaller in voter democracy than in pendulum or consensus democracy; public leaders are often private persons who take the initiative, literally, and mobilize support behind a proposal. In today's world, voter democracy is most clearly exhibited in the USA and Switzerland, places where ‘fend for yourself’ – an emphasis on self‐rule combined with self‐protection – is crucial. The core quality of voter democracy is the mobilization of private responsibility, initiative, and trust in the voluntary association of citizens. But ‘tragedies of the commons’ loom large; for each individual separately, voter democracy may seem like a good idea, but for all individuals together it may have tragic – irrational, illiberal – effects.
Peter Fleming
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199547159
- eISBN:
- 9780191720024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547159.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, HRM / IR
This concluding chapter draws together all of the treads and makes some final statements about the politics of authenticity in contemporary organizations. The analysis is especially indebted to the ...
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This concluding chapter draws together all of the treads and makes some final statements about the politics of authenticity in contemporary organizations. The analysis is especially indebted to the Italian autonomist ideas around non-work and the commons. If the non-commodifed commons is the inspiration for the ‘just be yourself’ managerial ideology, then a fuller authenticity might be best enjoyed when non-work becomes the central guiding norm of collective relations. Authenticity is not a relief from the toil of labour but a way of transplanting an alternative social universe in its place. This chapter argues that authenticity only seems important when it is absent — if the commons moved from its position of negativity and enjoyed a plush positivity, then perhaps the quest for personal authenticity at work would become obsolete. The implications of this conclusion are analysed in some detail before some final statement about the significance of the ‘just be yourself’ management approach are made.Less
This concluding chapter draws together all of the treads and makes some final statements about the politics of authenticity in contemporary organizations. The analysis is especially indebted to the Italian autonomist ideas around non-work and the commons. If the non-commodifed commons is the inspiration for the ‘just be yourself’ managerial ideology, then a fuller authenticity might be best enjoyed when non-work becomes the central guiding norm of collective relations. Authenticity is not a relief from the toil of labour but a way of transplanting an alternative social universe in its place. This chapter argues that authenticity only seems important when it is absent — if the commons moved from its position of negativity and enjoyed a plush positivity, then perhaps the quest for personal authenticity at work would become obsolete. The implications of this conclusion are analysed in some detail before some final statement about the significance of the ‘just be yourself’ management approach are made.
Peter Fleming
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199547159
- eISBN:
- 9780191720024
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547159.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, HRM / IR
Personal authenticity was once a reference point from which critics and labour activists sought to challenge the domination of the corporation. Now it has entered into the parlance of managerial ...
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Personal authenticity was once a reference point from which critics and labour activists sought to challenge the domination of the corporation. Now it has entered into the parlance of managerial discourse. This book critically investigates the increasing popularity of personal authenticity in corporate ideology and practice. Rather than have workers adhere to depersonalising bureaucratic rules or homogenous cultural norms, many large corporations now invite employees to simply be themselves. Alternative lifestyles, consumption, ethic identity, sexuality, fun, and even dissent are now celebrated since employees are presumed to be more motivated if they can just be themselves. Does this freedom to express ones authenticity in the workplace finally herald the end of corporate control? To answer this question, this book places this concern with authenticity within a political framework and demonstrates how it might represent an even more insidious form of cultural domination. The book especially focuses on the way in which private and non-work selves are prospected and put to work in the firm. The ideas of Hardt and Negri and the Italian autonomist movement are used to show how common forms of association and co-operation outside of commodified work is the inspiration for personal authenticity. It is the vibrancy, energy, and creativity of this non-commodified stratum of social life that managerialism now aims to exploit. Each chapter explores how this is achieved and highlights the worker resistance that is provoked as a result. The book concludes by demonstrating how the discourse of freedom underlying the managerial version of authenticity harbours potential for a radical transformation of the contemporary corporate form.Less
Personal authenticity was once a reference point from which critics and labour activists sought to challenge the domination of the corporation. Now it has entered into the parlance of managerial discourse. This book critically investigates the increasing popularity of personal authenticity in corporate ideology and practice. Rather than have workers adhere to depersonalising bureaucratic rules or homogenous cultural norms, many large corporations now invite employees to simply be themselves. Alternative lifestyles, consumption, ethic identity, sexuality, fun, and even dissent are now celebrated since employees are presumed to be more motivated if they can just be themselves. Does this freedom to express ones authenticity in the workplace finally herald the end of corporate control? To answer this question, this book places this concern with authenticity within a political framework and demonstrates how it might represent an even more insidious form of cultural domination. The book especially focuses on the way in which private and non-work selves are prospected and put to work in the firm. The ideas of Hardt and Negri and the Italian autonomist movement are used to show how common forms of association and co-operation outside of commodified work is the inspiration for personal authenticity. It is the vibrancy, energy, and creativity of this non-commodified stratum of social life that managerialism now aims to exploit. Each chapter explores how this is achieved and highlights the worker resistance that is provoked as a result. The book concludes by demonstrating how the discourse of freedom underlying the managerial version of authenticity harbours potential for a radical transformation of the contemporary corporate form.
ROBERT V. DODGE
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199857203
- eISBN:
- 9780199932597
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199857203.003.0016
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Behavioural Economics
This chapter looks at self-interest and group welfare in society. It introduces Schelling's view of a social contract to restrict self-interest from overcoming the general good, which is followed by ...
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This chapter looks at self-interest and group welfare in society. It introduces Schelling's view of a social contract to restrict self-interest from overcoming the general good, which is followed by an example he uses. The chapter is then concerned with Hardin's “The Tragedy of the Commons” as an explanation for the failure of individual cooperation in society's interest. Hardin described a multi-person prisoner's dilemma where it was in everyone's interest to cooperate but nobody had individual incentive to do so. Overfishing, pollution, and congestion are common problems which illustrate this. The remainder of the chapter is about the idea of fair division. Historical references come from Herodotus and the Bible. The method of “one cuts, the other chooses,” introduces Hugo Steinhaus, who expanded it to encompass “the last diminisher” as a way for physical objects to be distributed among “n” number of players. Steinhaus's method for “adding value” follows, where the total can exceed 100% of what is being divided. This involves the division of objects when claimants place different values on what is to be divided. The use of lottery and auction as methods for fair division are introduced and the chapter concludes with a Schelling problem, “Overbooked Airline Flight.” No solutionis provided; just guidelines to consider in determining what would be fair and what would be seen to be fair.Less
This chapter looks at self-interest and group welfare in society. It introduces Schelling's view of a social contract to restrict self-interest from overcoming the general good, which is followed by an example he uses. The chapter is then concerned with Hardin's “The Tragedy of the Commons” as an explanation for the failure of individual cooperation in society's interest. Hardin described a multi-person prisoner's dilemma where it was in everyone's interest to cooperate but nobody had individual incentive to do so. Overfishing, pollution, and congestion are common problems which illustrate this. The remainder of the chapter is about the idea of fair division. Historical references come from Herodotus and the Bible. The method of “one cuts, the other chooses,” introduces Hugo Steinhaus, who expanded it to encompass “the last diminisher” as a way for physical objects to be distributed among “n” number of players. Steinhaus's method for “adding value” follows, where the total can exceed 100% of what is being divided. This involves the division of objects when claimants place different values on what is to be divided. The use of lottery and auction as methods for fair division are introduced and the chapter concludes with a Schelling problem, “Overbooked Airline Flight.” No solutionis provided; just guidelines to consider in determining what would be fair and what would be seen to be fair.
Jean-Marie Baland and Jean-Philippe Platteau
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198290612
- eISBN:
- 9780191601613
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198290616.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book focuses on the efficient and equitable management of local or village-level natural resources. It is divided into two parts. Part 1 provides an in-depth analysis on the optimal use of ...
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This book focuses on the efficient and equitable management of local or village-level natural resources. It is divided into two parts. Part 1 provides an in-depth analysis on the optimal use of natural resources. It dwells on the “tragedy of the commons”, which attributes inefficient resource use to the absence of well-defined property rights. Non-cooperative game theory is used to examine the impact of human interactions on resource management, and discusses the implications of the privatisation of common property resources. In Part 2, the main lessons drawn from Part 1 are compared against evidence obtained from field settings, particularly traditional village societies in developing countries.Less
This book focuses on the efficient and equitable management of local or village-level natural resources. It is divided into two parts. Part 1 provides an in-depth analysis on the optimal use of natural resources. It dwells on the “tragedy of the commons”, which attributes inefficient resource use to the absence of well-defined property rights. Non-cooperative game theory is used to examine the impact of human interactions on resource management, and discusses the implications of the privatisation of common property resources. In Part 2, the main lessons drawn from Part 1 are compared against evidence obtained from field settings, particularly traditional village societies in developing countries.
Peter J. Marshall
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199640355
- eISBN:
- 9780191739279
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199640355.003.0015
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
Ardent republicans hoped that the American Revolution would not only lead to self‐government but to a revolution in ideas and manners that would make America independent of British influences. ...
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Ardent republicans hoped that the American Revolution would not only lead to self‐government but to a revolution in ideas and manners that would make America independent of British influences. Americans and Britons had, however, too much in common for such a revolution to take quick effect. Both saw themselves as free people, whose rights were guaranteed by the English common law, which, suitably modified, Americans cherished as their own inheritance. Although often exhorted to, Americans were not prepared to renounce English fashions and models of genteel living. Most of the books they read were published in Britain. They sought recognition of their cultural and artistic achievements in Britain. Americans aspired to eminence in scientific learning, but here too they craved British recognition and created learned societies following British models.Less
Ardent republicans hoped that the American Revolution would not only lead to self‐government but to a revolution in ideas and manners that would make America independent of British influences. Americans and Britons had, however, too much in common for such a revolution to take quick effect. Both saw themselves as free people, whose rights were guaranteed by the English common law, which, suitably modified, Americans cherished as their own inheritance. Although often exhorted to, Americans were not prepared to renounce English fashions and models of genteel living. Most of the books they read were published in Britain. They sought recognition of their cultural and artistic achievements in Britain. Americans aspired to eminence in scientific learning, but here too they craved British recognition and created learned societies following British models.
Jean‐Marie Baland and Jean‐Philippe Platteau
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198290612
- eISBN:
- 9780191601613
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198290616.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter analyses the pessimistic view implied by the ‘tragedy of commons’, that uncoordinated human behaviour leads to the destruction of the commons. It identifies the limitations of Ronald ...
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This chapter analyses the pessimistic view implied by the ‘tragedy of commons’, that uncoordinated human behaviour leads to the destruction of the commons. It identifies the limitations of Ronald Coase’s theory that agents may get involved in voluntary exchanges of their rights to impose externalities on the others. The possibility of spontaneous cooperative behaviour in a strategic framework is examined based on recent developments in non-cooperative game theory. It is argued that many of the problems encountered in unregulated common property are problems of coordination and leadership, thus not adequately represented by the prisoner’s dilemma.Less
This chapter analyses the pessimistic view implied by the ‘tragedy of commons’, that uncoordinated human behaviour leads to the destruction of the commons. It identifies the limitations of Ronald Coase’s theory that agents may get involved in voluntary exchanges of their rights to impose externalities on the others. The possibility of spontaneous cooperative behaviour in a strategic framework is examined based on recent developments in non-cooperative game theory. It is argued that many of the problems encountered in unregulated common property are problems of coordination and leadership, thus not adequately represented by the prisoner’s dilemma.
Jean‐Marie Baland and Jean‐Philippe Platteau
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198290612
- eISBN:
- 9780191601613
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198290616.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter analyses the ‘tragedy of the commons’, which attributes the inefficiency in managing natural resources to the absence of well-defined property rights and the regime of open access that ...
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This chapter analyses the ‘tragedy of the commons’, which attributes the inefficiency in managing natural resources to the absence of well-defined property rights and the regime of open access that characterizes them. It discusses the problem of open access and problem of common property, the Pareto-inefficiency of the Nash equilibrium under common property, and the Lindahl equilibrium.Less
This chapter analyses the ‘tragedy of the commons’, which attributes the inefficiency in managing natural resources to the absence of well-defined property rights and the regime of open access that characterizes them. It discusses the problem of open access and problem of common property, the Pareto-inefficiency of the Nash equilibrium under common property, and the Lindahl equilibrium.
James D. Tracy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199209118
- eISBN:
- 9780191706134
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199209118.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, European Early Modern History
The provincial excise and land taxes had once funded Holland's underline renten. From 1572, these revenues, now called “the common means” (underline gemene middelen), were allocated to wages for ...
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The provincial excise and land taxes had once funded Holland's underline renten. From 1572, these revenues, now called “the common means” (underline gemene middelen), were allocated to wages for garrison companies, both within and beyond Holland's borders. When fighting resumed after a two‐year lull, military costs rose steeply. Hence the states relied on war loans, many of which were raised from burghers by town magistrates, in keeping with quotas set by the states. As Holland's debt accumulated, some creditors agreed to renew their loans, others were put off with pleas for patience. For those demanding payment, some new source of revenue was needed. After difficult negotiations, Amsterdam settled outstanding differences with the Lords States late in 1581. This opened the door for a tax on real property (the underline verponding) that was to be dedicated to debt settlement.Less
The provincial excise and land taxes had once funded Holland's underline renten. From 1572, these revenues, now called “the common means” (underline gemene middelen), were allocated to wages for garrison companies, both within and beyond Holland's borders. When fighting resumed after a two‐year lull, military costs rose steeply. Hence the states relied on war loans, many of which were raised from burghers by town magistrates, in keeping with quotas set by the states. As Holland's debt accumulated, some creditors agreed to renew their loans, others were put off with pleas for patience. For those demanding payment, some new source of revenue was needed. After difficult negotiations, Amsterdam settled outstanding differences with the Lords States late in 1581. This opened the door for a tax on real property (the underline verponding) that was to be dedicated to debt settlement.
Dana D. Nelson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780823268382
- eISBN:
- 9780823272525
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823268382.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, American History: early to 18th Century
Chapter 3 studies Cooper’s early novel The Pioneers (1826). So familiarly analyzed by the myth and symbol critics as an account of the conflict between “nature and civilization,” and by environmental ...
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Chapter 3 studies Cooper’s early novel The Pioneers (1826). So familiarly analyzed by the myth and symbol critics as an account of the conflict between “nature and civilization,” and by environmental critics as a depiction of man’s inherent greed and wastefulness, it becomes something more nuanced and historical when viewed with questions of the commons in mind. From this angle, Cooper’s novel, set in the 1790s, appears less a simple, mythic account of “man’s” transition from the state of “nature” into “civilization,” and more a carefully historicized account of how people distributed access to shared goods and constructed vernacular systems of social order, “fair play,” or “the peace,” on the frontier. In particular, it details how local actors reacted to the imposition of a top-down and more systematized (“modern”) legal system, engineered through the combined force of state/federal government and private capital.Less
Chapter 3 studies Cooper’s early novel The Pioneers (1826). So familiarly analyzed by the myth and symbol critics as an account of the conflict between “nature and civilization,” and by environmental critics as a depiction of man’s inherent greed and wastefulness, it becomes something more nuanced and historical when viewed with questions of the commons in mind. From this angle, Cooper’s novel, set in the 1790s, appears less a simple, mythic account of “man’s” transition from the state of “nature” into “civilization,” and more a carefully historicized account of how people distributed access to shared goods and constructed vernacular systems of social order, “fair play,” or “the peace,” on the frontier. In particular, it details how local actors reacted to the imposition of a top-down and more systematized (“modern”) legal system, engineered through the combined force of state/federal government and private capital.
Elinor Ostrom
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199239979
- eISBN:
- 9780191716874
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239979.003.0029
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Upon thinking deeply about Kenneth Arrow's ‘Impossibility Theorem’, Amartya Sen advises scholars not to despair, but to engage seriously the impossibility result so that we understand it better and ...
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Upon thinking deeply about Kenneth Arrow's ‘Impossibility Theorem’, Amartya Sen advises scholars not to despair, but to engage seriously the impossibility result so that we understand it better and know how to cope with the problems identified. This chapter follows Sen's advice. It engages another impossibility result — that of Garrett Hardin who convinced many economists and policy analysts that it was impossible for those harvesting from a resource to self-organize to sustain that resource over time. The chapter briefly reviews evidence from field and experimental research that challenge the generalizability of Hardin's result. It then presents a theoretical argument for the factors affecting the likelihood that the users of common-pool resource will self-organized to develop new rules restrict how a common-pool resource should be used.Less
Upon thinking deeply about Kenneth Arrow's ‘Impossibility Theorem’, Amartya Sen advises scholars not to despair, but to engage seriously the impossibility result so that we understand it better and know how to cope with the problems identified. This chapter follows Sen's advice. It engages another impossibility result — that of Garrett Hardin who convinced many economists and policy analysts that it was impossible for those harvesting from a resource to self-organize to sustain that resource over time. The chapter briefly reviews evidence from field and experimental research that challenge the generalizability of Hardin's result. It then presents a theoretical argument for the factors affecting the likelihood that the users of common-pool resource will self-organized to develop new rules restrict how a common-pool resource should be used.
Geoffrey Brennan and Philip Pettit
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199246489
- eISBN:
- 9780191601460
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199246483.003.0015
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
The intangible hand is distinguished by the way in which it gives rise to social norms, where these are distinct from the laws that the polity coercively supports and the regularities that emerge ...
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The intangible hand is distinguished by the way in which it gives rise to social norms, where these are distinct from the laws that the polity coercively supports and the regularities that emerge spontaneously from the operation of the market. There is a well-known argument that norms are not going to be available when they are needed–in particular, when they are needed to help people escape collective predicaments–but this would apply only if the giving of esteem required intentional effort; it does not apply to esteem in the sense in which it may involve only the formation of an attitude. The chapter illustrates the many different ways in which norms may emerge and be sustained under the influence of esteem forces.Less
The intangible hand is distinguished by the way in which it gives rise to social norms, where these are distinct from the laws that the polity coercively supports and the regularities that emerge spontaneously from the operation of the market. There is a well-known argument that norms are not going to be available when they are needed–in particular, when they are needed to help people escape collective predicaments–but this would apply only if the giving of esteem required intentional effort; it does not apply to esteem in the sense in which it may involve only the formation of an attitude. The chapter illustrates the many different ways in which norms may emerge and be sustained under the influence of esteem forces.
Stephen M. Gardiner
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195379440
- eISBN:
- 9780199897100
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195379440.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
This chapter continues the investigation of the global storm. The chapter asks the question: if the optimistic analysis fails for climate change, what are the alternatives? The chapter especially ...
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This chapter continues the investigation of the global storm. The chapter asks the question: if the optimistic analysis fails for climate change, what are the alternatives? The chapter especially looks at what might explain the last two decades of climate policy and hopes for a better model for the problem in the future. The chapter states that one option is to invoke the prisoner's dilemma and the model of the tragedy of the commons. The chapter explores the strengths and weaknesses of this account. The chapter considers the standard prisoner's dilemma model, and argues that climate change deviates from it in significant ways. It then claims that those deviations reflect important differences between the prisoner's dilemma and the tragedy of the commons metaphors. Climate change is an evolving tragedy, the chapter states. Finally the chapter looks at some issues raised by this analysis.Less
This chapter continues the investigation of the global storm. The chapter asks the question: if the optimistic analysis fails for climate change, what are the alternatives? The chapter especially looks at what might explain the last two decades of climate policy and hopes for a better model for the problem in the future. The chapter states that one option is to invoke the prisoner's dilemma and the model of the tragedy of the commons. The chapter explores the strengths and weaknesses of this account. The chapter considers the standard prisoner's dilemma model, and argues that climate change deviates from it in significant ways. It then claims that those deviations reflect important differences between the prisoner's dilemma and the tragedy of the commons metaphors. Climate change is an evolving tragedy, the chapter states. Finally the chapter looks at some issues raised by this analysis.
Nicholas Tyacke
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201847
- eISBN:
- 9780191675041
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201847.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History, History of Religion
The House of Commons failed to prosecute Richard Montagu before the House of Lords. In 1624, the Commons referred the Montagu case to the Archbishop Abbot and forwarded a complaint against Bishop ...
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The House of Commons failed to prosecute Richard Montagu before the House of Lords. In 1624, the Commons referred the Montagu case to the Archbishop Abbot and forwarded a complaint against Bishop Harsnett of Norwich to the House of Lords. A conference was held in February 1626 under the chairmanship of Buckingham and the second session of this conference was attended by Montagu, at Buckingham's residence, York House in the Strand. The subject of this conference was the published view of Montagu and according to Buckingham the conference had been arranged at the request of the Earl of Warwick. The York House conference was designed to defeat the prosecution of Montagu by the House of Commons.Less
The House of Commons failed to prosecute Richard Montagu before the House of Lords. In 1624, the Commons referred the Montagu case to the Archbishop Abbot and forwarded a complaint against Bishop Harsnett of Norwich to the House of Lords. A conference was held in February 1626 under the chairmanship of Buckingham and the second session of this conference was attended by Montagu, at Buckingham's residence, York House in the Strand. The subject of this conference was the published view of Montagu and according to Buckingham the conference had been arranged at the request of the Earl of Warwick. The York House conference was designed to defeat the prosecution of Montagu by the House of Commons.
W. J. Mander
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199559299
- eISBN:
- 9780191725531
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559299.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
In addition to and connected with its fresh metaphysics and philosophy of religion, the British Idealist school put forward a radically new kind of moral theory; one which might be called the ...
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In addition to and connected with its fresh metaphysics and philosophy of religion, the British Idealist school put forward a radically new kind of moral theory; one which might be called the idealist ethic of social self-realization. Rapidly gaining popularity, its re-construal of the moral problem came to be the dominant mode of thought in ethics for twenty years, and a major force for twenty more after that. This chapter examines that system of ethics, through detailed consideration of the theories of Bradley, Green, and Edward Caird. Particular attention is paid to the concepts of self-realization, the common good, ‘My Station and its Duties’, and the social conception of the self. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the various textbooks and manuals which popularized this conception of ethics.Less
In addition to and connected with its fresh metaphysics and philosophy of religion, the British Idealist school put forward a radically new kind of moral theory; one which might be called the idealist ethic of social self-realization. Rapidly gaining popularity, its re-construal of the moral problem came to be the dominant mode of thought in ethics for twenty years, and a major force for twenty more after that. This chapter examines that system of ethics, through detailed consideration of the theories of Bradley, Green, and Edward Caird. Particular attention is paid to the concepts of self-realization, the common good, ‘My Station and its Duties’, and the social conception of the self. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the various textbooks and manuals which popularized this conception of ethics.
