Jan Bures, F. Bermudez-Rattoni, and T. Yamamoto
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198523475
- eISBN:
- 9780191712678
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523475.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Neuropsychology
Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a robust defence device protecting animals against the repeated consumption of toxic food. CTA is due to an association of the gustatory conditional stimulus (CS) ...
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Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a robust defence device protecting animals against the repeated consumption of toxic food. CTA is due to an association of the gustatory conditional stimulus (CS) with the delayed visceral unconditional stimulus (US). Chapter 1 gives a brief survey of the history of CTA. Chapter 2 describes the methodology of behavioral tests undertaken. Chapter 3 reviews the centers in the brainstem, the diencephalon and insular cortex: the removal of which interferes with CTA. Chapter 4 deals with CTA disruption by local inactivation of insular cortex and of various extracortical regions. Chapter 5 describes drugs which can serve as US in CTA experiments or can block CTA retrieval. Chapter 6 describes the electrophysiology of neurons during formation or retrieval of CTA. Chapter 7 analyzes the interaction of gustatory and visceral afferents manifested by c-fos early genes. Chapter 8 concentrates on the possible repair of CTA blocking lesions by transplantation of fetal grafts. Chapter 9 discusses the paradoxes of CTA research, e.g., learning without awareness, CTA formed during blockade of proteosynthesis, or by rewarding drugs.Less
Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a robust defence device protecting animals against the repeated consumption of toxic food. CTA is due to an association of the gustatory conditional stimulus (CS) with the delayed visceral unconditional stimulus (US). Chapter 1 gives a brief survey of the history of CTA. Chapter 2 describes the methodology of behavioral tests undertaken. Chapter 3 reviews the centers in the brainstem, the diencephalon and insular cortex: the removal of which interferes with CTA. Chapter 4 deals with CTA disruption by local inactivation of insular cortex and of various extracortical regions. Chapter 5 describes drugs which can serve as US in CTA experiments or can block CTA retrieval. Chapter 6 describes the electrophysiology of neurons during formation or retrieval of CTA. Chapter 7 analyzes the interaction of gustatory and visceral afferents manifested by c-fos early genes. Chapter 8 concentrates on the possible repair of CTA blocking lesions by transplantation of fetal grafts. Chapter 9 discusses the paradoxes of CTA research, e.g., learning without awareness, CTA formed during blockade of proteosynthesis, or by rewarding drugs.
Patrick Dattalo
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195378351
- eISBN:
- 9780199864645
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195378351.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Random sampling (RS) and random assignment (RA) are considered by many researchers to be the definitive methodological procedures for maximizing external and internal validity. However, there is a ...
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Random sampling (RS) and random assignment (RA) are considered by many researchers to be the definitive methodological procedures for maximizing external and internal validity. However, there is a daunting list of legal, ethical, and practical barriers to implementing RS and RA. While there are no easy ways to overcome these barriers, social workers should seek and utilize strategies that minimize sampling and assignment bias. This book is a single source of a diverse set of tools that will maximize a study's validity when RS and RA are neither possible nor practical. Readers are guided in selecting and implementing an appropriate strategy, including exemplar sampling, sequential sampling, randomization tests, multiple imputation, mean-score logistic regression, partial randomization, constructed comparison groups, propensity scores, and instrumental variables methods. Each approach is presented in such a way as to highlight its underlying assumptions, implementation strategies, and strengths and weaknesses.Less
Random sampling (RS) and random assignment (RA) are considered by many researchers to be the definitive methodological procedures for maximizing external and internal validity. However, there is a daunting list of legal, ethical, and practical barriers to implementing RS and RA. While there are no easy ways to overcome these barriers, social workers should seek and utilize strategies that minimize sampling and assignment bias. This book is a single source of a diverse set of tools that will maximize a study's validity when RS and RA are neither possible nor practical. Readers are guided in selecting and implementing an appropriate strategy, including exemplar sampling, sequential sampling, randomization tests, multiple imputation, mean-score logistic regression, partial randomization, constructed comparison groups, propensity scores, and instrumental variables methods. Each approach is presented in such a way as to highlight its underlying assumptions, implementation strategies, and strengths and weaknesses.
Mark Tatham and Katherine Morton
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199250677
- eISBN:
- 9780191719462
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199250677.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Phonetics / Phonology
Contemporary speech production theory is introduced as the basis for modelling expression and emotive content in speech. The necessity for a computational approach is argued, together with the need ...
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Contemporary speech production theory is introduced as the basis for modelling expression and emotive content in speech. The necessity for a computational approach is argued, together with the need for adequate testing of the models. Adding naturalness to synthetic speech, in the form of expressive content, is outlined as well as ideas about the inseparable relationship between production and perception.Less
Contemporary speech production theory is introduced as the basis for modelling expression and emotive content in speech. The necessity for a computational approach is argued, together with the need for adequate testing of the models. Adding naturalness to synthetic speech, in the form of expressive content, is outlined as well as ideas about the inseparable relationship between production and perception.
Donna Yarri
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195181791
- eISBN:
- 9780199835744
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195181794.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
The ultimate goal in animal experimentation is not necessarily to eliminate all experiments, but rather to establish a benign ethic for its practice. An interim ethic is described, which includes ...
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The ultimate goal in animal experimentation is not necessarily to eliminate all experiments, but rather to establish a benign ethic for its practice. An interim ethic is described, which includes changes in current animal legislation, specifically with regard to the Animal Welfare Act. Paying attention to animal husbandry conditions and utilizing preference tests can go a long way in establishing a more humane practice of animal experimentation. Finally, the idea of pet keeping is offered as a model for treating experimental animals much as we would pets. The result would be a movement away from simply an instrumental and often harmful use of animals, to one which is based on the intrinsic value of animals.Less
The ultimate goal in animal experimentation is not necessarily to eliminate all experiments, but rather to establish a benign ethic for its practice. An interim ethic is described, which includes changes in current animal legislation, specifically with regard to the Animal Welfare Act. Paying attention to animal husbandry conditions and utilizing preference tests can go a long way in establishing a more humane practice of animal experimentation. Finally, the idea of pet keeping is offered as a model for treating experimental animals much as we would pets. The result would be a movement away from simply an instrumental and often harmful use of animals, to one which is based on the intrinsic value of animals.
Donna Harrington
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195339888
- eISBN:
- 9780199863662
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195339888.001.0001
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
Measures that are reliable, valid, and can be used across diverse populations are vital to social work research, but the development of new measures is an expensive and time-consuming process. An ...
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Measures that are reliable, valid, and can be used across diverse populations are vital to social work research, but the development of new measures is an expensive and time-consuming process. An array of existing measures can provide a cost-effective alternative, but in order to take this expedient step with confidence, researchers must ensure that the existing measure is appropriate for the new study. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is one of the ways to do so. CFA has four primary functions—psychometric evaluation of measures, construct validation, testing method effects, and testing measurement invariance. This book provides an overview of the method, step-by-step guides to creating a CFA model and assessing its fit, and explanations of the requirements for using CFA, as well the book underscores the issues that are necessary to consider when using multiple groups or equivalent and multilevel models. Real-world examples, screenshots from the Amos software program that can be used to conduct CFA, and reading suggestions for each chapter form part of the book.Less
Measures that are reliable, valid, and can be used across diverse populations are vital to social work research, but the development of new measures is an expensive and time-consuming process. An array of existing measures can provide a cost-effective alternative, but in order to take this expedient step with confidence, researchers must ensure that the existing measure is appropriate for the new study. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is one of the ways to do so. CFA has four primary functions—psychometric evaluation of measures, construct validation, testing method effects, and testing measurement invariance. This book provides an overview of the method, step-by-step guides to creating a CFA model and assessing its fit, and explanations of the requirements for using CFA, as well the book underscores the issues that are necessary to consider when using multiple groups or equivalent and multilevel models. Real-world examples, screenshots from the Amos software program that can be used to conduct CFA, and reading suggestions for each chapter form part of the book.
Anthony Garratt, Kevin Lee, M. Hashem Pesaran, and Yongcheol Shin
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199296859
- eISBN:
- 9780191603853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199296855.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter describes the empirical work underlying the construction of the UK model, discusses the results obtained from testing its long-run properties, and compares the model with benchmark ...
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This chapter describes the empirical work underlying the construction of the UK model, discusses the results obtained from testing its long-run properties, and compares the model with benchmark univariate models of the variables. The description of the modelling work not only provides one of the first examples of the use of the long-run structural cointegrating VAR techniques in an applied context, but it also includes a discussion of bootstrap experiments designed to investigate the small-sample properties of the tests employed.Less
This chapter describes the empirical work underlying the construction of the UK model, discusses the results obtained from testing its long-run properties, and compares the model with benchmark univariate models of the variables. The description of the modelling work not only provides one of the first examples of the use of the long-run structural cointegrating VAR techniques in an applied context, but it also includes a discussion of bootstrap experiments designed to investigate the small-sample properties of the tests employed.
Søren Johansen
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198774501
- eISBN:
- 9780191596476
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198774508.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This monograph is concerned with the statistical analysis of multivariate systems of non‐stationary time series of type I(1). It applies the concepts of cointegration and common trends in the ...
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This monograph is concerned with the statistical analysis of multivariate systems of non‐stationary time series of type I(1). It applies the concepts of cointegration and common trends in the framework of the Gaussian vector autoregressive model. The main result on the structure of cointegrated processes as defined by the error correction model is Grangers representation theorem. The statistical results include derivation of the trace test for cointegrating rank, test on cointegrating relations, and test on adjustment coefficients and their asymptotic distributions.Less
This monograph is concerned with the statistical analysis of multivariate systems of non‐stationary time series of type I(1). It applies the concepts of cointegration and common trends in the framework of the Gaussian vector autoregressive model. The main result on the structure of cointegrated processes as defined by the error correction model is Grangers representation theorem. The statistical results include derivation of the trace test for cointegrating rank, test on cointegrating relations, and test on adjustment coefficients and their asymptotic distributions.
Søren Johansen
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198774501
- eISBN:
- 9780191596476
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198774508.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
The local power of the trace test is given for local alternatives. The results use the formulation of local alternatives and near integrated processes as formulated by Phillips. The limit process is ...
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The local power of the trace test is given for local alternatives. The results use the formulation of local alternatives and near integrated processes as formulated by Phillips. The limit process is an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process.Less
The local power of the trace test is given for local alternatives. The results use the formulation of local alternatives and near integrated processes as formulated by Phillips. The limit process is an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter shows how the firm can choose new product designs and pricing strategies when primary data (i.e., intentions studies, conjoint experiments, auctions, simulated test markets, and test ...
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This chapter shows how the firm can choose new product designs and pricing strategies when primary data (i.e., intentions studies, conjoint experiments, auctions, simulated test markets, and test markets) are available. It shows how the firm can use the MCT methodology to quantify the effects of competitive reaction and measure cannibalization and market-growth effects when it introduces new products into the market. In particular, it shows how the firm can filter out response error in the data from conjoint and intentions studies to obtain unbiased demand and market share estimates for new products.Less
This chapter shows how the firm can choose new product designs and pricing strategies when primary data (i.e., intentions studies, conjoint experiments, auctions, simulated test markets, and test markets) are available. It shows how the firm can use the MCT methodology to quantify the effects of competitive reaction and measure cannibalization and market-growth effects when it introduces new products into the market. In particular, it shows how the firm can filter out response error in the data from conjoint and intentions studies to obtain unbiased demand and market share estimates for new products.
Rein Taagepera
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199534661
- eISBN:
- 9780191715921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199534661.003.0013
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Economy
Models are tested with data, but also data are tested by agreement with conceptual models. When competing indices exist to measure the same phenomena, one should use the ones that agree with ...
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Models are tested with data, but also data are tested by agreement with conceptual models. When competing indices exist to measure the same phenomena, one should use the ones that agree with logically supported prediction. These indices need not be philosophically “truer” measures of the underlying concepts, but they are more useful for prediction. The choice between two accepted ways to measure cabinet duration and three ways to measure the number of parties illustrates this advice. Clearest results emerge when symmetric regression is used for testing.Less
Models are tested with data, but also data are tested by agreement with conceptual models. When competing indices exist to measure the same phenomena, one should use the ones that agree with logically supported prediction. These indices need not be philosophically “truer” measures of the underlying concepts, but they are more useful for prediction. The choice between two accepted ways to measure cabinet duration and three ways to measure the number of parties illustrates this advice. Clearest results emerge when symmetric regression is used for testing.
H. Peyton Young
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199269181
- eISBN:
- 9780191699375
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199269181.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This book is based on the Arne Ryde Lectures in 2002. The book suggests a conceptual framework for studying strategic learning and highlights theoretical developments in the area. It discusses the ...
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This book is based on the Arne Ryde Lectures in 2002. The book suggests a conceptual framework for studying strategic learning and highlights theoretical developments in the area. It discusses the interactive learning problem; reinforcement and regret; equilibrium; conditional no-regret learning; prediction, postdiction, and calibration; fictitious play and its variants; Bayesian learning; and hypothesis testing. The book’s framework emphasizes the amount of information required to implement different types of learning rules, criteria for evaluating their performance, and alternative notions of equilibrium to which they converge. The book also stresses the limits of what can be achieved: for a given type of game and a given amount of information, there may exist no learning procedure that satisfies certain reasonable criteria of performance and convergence.Less
This book is based on the Arne Ryde Lectures in 2002. The book suggests a conceptual framework for studying strategic learning and highlights theoretical developments in the area. It discusses the interactive learning problem; reinforcement and regret; equilibrium; conditional no-regret learning; prediction, postdiction, and calibration; fictitious play and its variants; Bayesian learning; and hypothesis testing. The book’s framework emphasizes the amount of information required to implement different types of learning rules, criteria for evaluating their performance, and alternative notions of equilibrium to which they converge. The book also stresses the limits of what can be achieved: for a given type of game and a given amount of information, there may exist no learning procedure that satisfies certain reasonable criteria of performance and convergence.
Roger M. Barker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199576814
- eISBN:
- 9780191722509
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199576814.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business, Corporate Governance and Accountability
A variety of statistical robustness tests confirm that the conclusions of Chapter 6 are not sensitive to the inclusion of particular countries or observations in the data set, or the choice of ...
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A variety of statistical robustness tests confirm that the conclusions of Chapter 6 are not sensitive to the inclusion of particular countries or observations in the data set, or the choice of individual control variables. The reestimation of the model in terms of first‐differences (i.e., a dynamic model specification) also gives rise to consistent results.Less
A variety of statistical robustness tests confirm that the conclusions of Chapter 6 are not sensitive to the inclusion of particular countries or observations in the data set, or the choice of individual control variables. The reestimation of the model in terms of first‐differences (i.e., a dynamic model specification) also gives rise to consistent results.
Marian Stamp Dawkins
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198569350
- eISBN:
- 9780191717512
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198569350.003.0008
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Although detailed statistical analyses are beyond the scope of this book, there are some important general principles about organizing and analyzing data. Hypotheses have to be phrased in such a way ...
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Although detailed statistical analyses are beyond the scope of this book, there are some important general principles about organizing and analyzing data. Hypotheses have to be phrased in such a way that they can be tested and a level of ‘significance’ set for the outcome. This chapter presents a brief review of the most frequently used statistical tests that are available, including a discussion of parametric and non-parametric tests. The presentation of results and writing the project report or paper is an important part of any project.Less
Although detailed statistical analyses are beyond the scope of this book, there are some important general principles about organizing and analyzing data. Hypotheses have to be phrased in such a way that they can be tested and a level of ‘significance’ set for the outcome. This chapter presents a brief review of the most frequently used statistical tests that are available, including a discussion of parametric and non-parametric tests. The presentation of results and writing the project report or paper is an important part of any project.
Francis G. Castles
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199270170
- eISBN:
- 9780191601514
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199270171.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Explores the themes of what follows. It argues that the welfare state literature of the past quarter century has been big on crisis theories of the welfare state and much weaker on facts. The chapter ...
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Explores the themes of what follows. It argues that the welfare state literature of the past quarter century has been big on crisis theories of the welfare state and much weaker on facts. The chapter suggests that, in order to say something meaningful about the future of the welfare state, we need to test crisis accounts, such as those built around globalization and population ageing, with facts drawn from comparative analysis to establish which are myths and which are realities.Less
Explores the themes of what follows. It argues that the welfare state literature of the past quarter century has been big on crisis theories of the welfare state and much weaker on facts. The chapter suggests that, in order to say something meaningful about the future of the welfare state, we need to test crisis accounts, such as those built around globalization and population ageing, with facts drawn from comparative analysis to establish which are myths and which are realities.
Jochen Clasen
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199270712
- eISBN:
- 9780191603266
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199270716.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
The chapter discusses three periods of policy change in the field of social protection for unemployed people. It explains basic parameters of unemployment protection systems, contrasting contemporary ...
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The chapter discusses three periods of policy change in the field of social protection for unemployed people. It explains basic parameters of unemployment protection systems, contrasting contemporary systems with those which existed in the late 1970s. Making use of several indicators, it assess the scale and profile of change in each country. The different reform profiles are identified and their genesis discussed in the context of major legislative changes. It argues that the specific links between unemployment protection systems and respective national political economy structures have impacted strongly on the emerging reform profiles. Dynamic power relations within and across government parties, as well as contextual changes impeded or facilitated policies, thus explaining cross-national variations in the pace and profile of reform.Less
The chapter discusses three periods of policy change in the field of social protection for unemployed people. It explains basic parameters of unemployment protection systems, contrasting contemporary systems with those which existed in the late 1970s. Making use of several indicators, it assess the scale and profile of change in each country. The different reform profiles are identified and their genesis discussed in the context of major legislative changes. It argues that the specific links between unemployment protection systems and respective national political economy structures have impacted strongly on the emerging reform profiles. Dynamic power relations within and across government parties, as well as contextual changes impeded or facilitated policies, thus explaining cross-national variations in the pace and profile of reform.
Richard Breen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- November 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199258451
- eISBN:
- 9780191601491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199258457.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
Introduces and explains, in a fairly non-technical fashion, the main quantitative methods employed in the study of intergenerational mobility. These include methods for modelling mobility tables, in ...
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Introduces and explains, in a fairly non-technical fashion, the main quantitative methods employed in the study of intergenerational mobility. These include methods for modelling mobility tables, in the light of hypotheses about the distribution of cases in these tables, and methods for assessing whether such a hypothesized model gives an adequate account of the observed data.Less
Introduces and explains, in a fairly non-technical fashion, the main quantitative methods employed in the study of intergenerational mobility. These include methods for modelling mobility tables, in the light of hypotheses about the distribution of cases in these tables, and methods for assessing whether such a hypothesized model gives an adequate account of the observed data.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for measuring the long-run effects of marketing policy under uncertainty. It distinguishes the cases where the firm sells multiple products or ...
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This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for measuring the long-run effects of marketing policy under uncertainty. It distinguishes the cases where the firm sells multiple products or has multiple divisions. Specifically, it analyzes how the firm can evaluate the effects of strategic flexibility in decision making; in particular, it shows how the firm can use the real options methodology to measure and reward managers so that they focus on long-run performance.Less
This chapter introduces key financial tools necessary for measuring the long-run effects of marketing policy under uncertainty. It distinguishes the cases where the firm sells multiple products or has multiple divisions. Specifically, it analyzes how the firm can evaluate the effects of strategic flexibility in decision making; in particular, it shows how the firm can use the real options methodology to measure and reward managers so that they focus on long-run performance.
Mary Briody Mahowald
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195176179
- eISBN:
- 9780199786558
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195176170.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
Cases illustrating variables relevant to women’s decisions about preconception counseling, preimplantation diagnosis, prenatal testing, misattributed paternity, and sex selection are presented. For ...
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Cases illustrating variables relevant to women’s decisions about preconception counseling, preimplantation diagnosis, prenatal testing, misattributed paternity, and sex selection are presented. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors are discussed from an “egalitarian perspective” that imputes privileged status to the standpoint of those who are “nondominant”, i.e., those whose input tends to be neglected. Implications of different positions about moral status of fetuses are also considered.Less
Cases illustrating variables relevant to women’s decisions about preconception counseling, preimplantation diagnosis, prenatal testing, misattributed paternity, and sex selection are presented. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors are discussed from an “egalitarian perspective” that imputes privileged status to the standpoint of those who are “nondominant”, i.e., those whose input tends to be neglected. Implications of different positions about moral status of fetuses are also considered.
Margaret Gilbert
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199274956
- eISBN:
- 9780191603976
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199274959.003.0003
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Political Philosophy
This chapter argues that a fully satisfactory theory of political obligation will pass certain tests. It will offer an affirmative answer to the membership problem and, among other things, it will ...
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This chapter argues that a fully satisfactory theory of political obligation will pass certain tests. It will offer an affirmative answer to the membership problem and, among other things, it will show how membership in a political society gives one obligations to uphold that society’s political institutions. There are discussions of A. John Simmons’s ‘generality test’ and of some broad notions of membership: membership through residence and imputed membership.Less
This chapter argues that a fully satisfactory theory of political obligation will pass certain tests. It will offer an affirmative answer to the membership problem and, among other things, it will show how membership in a political society gives one obligations to uphold that society’s political institutions. There are discussions of A. John Simmons’s ‘generality test’ and of some broad notions of membership: membership through residence and imputed membership.
Joshua S. Bloom
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145570
- eISBN:
- 9781400837007
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145570.003.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This introductory chapter presents the background story on the discovery and research on gamma-ray bursts (GRB). In 1963, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and U.S. President John F. Kennedy agreed to ...
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This introductory chapter presents the background story on the discovery and research on gamma-ray bursts (GRB). In 1963, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and U.S. President John F. Kennedy agreed to the Partial Test Ban Treaty. Ratifying nations agreed that all nuclear weapons testing would be conducted underground from then on: no longer would tests be conducted in oceans, in the atmosphere, or in space. The United States, led by a team at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, promptly began the ambitious Vela Satellite Program to test for “non-compliance” with the Treaty. Not long after Los Alamos employee Ray Klebesadel began detecting GRBs. In 1973, Klebesadel and his colleagues Ian Strong and Roy Olson published a paper entitled “Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts of Cosmic Origin” the Astrophysical Journal, which marked the beginning of the GRB enigma that to this day captivates the imagination and keeps astronomers scratching their heads.Less
This introductory chapter presents the background story on the discovery and research on gamma-ray bursts (GRB). In 1963, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and U.S. President John F. Kennedy agreed to the Partial Test Ban Treaty. Ratifying nations agreed that all nuclear weapons testing would be conducted underground from then on: no longer would tests be conducted in oceans, in the atmosphere, or in space. The United States, led by a team at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, promptly began the ambitious Vela Satellite Program to test for “non-compliance” with the Treaty. Not long after Los Alamos employee Ray Klebesadel began detecting GRBs. In 1973, Klebesadel and his colleagues Ian Strong and Roy Olson published a paper entitled “Observations of Gamma-Ray Bursts of Cosmic Origin” the Astrophysical Journal, which marked the beginning of the GRB enigma that to this day captivates the imagination and keeps astronomers scratching their heads.
