Tyler Burge
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199581405
- eISBN:
- 9780191723223
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199581405.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This chapter discusses some relatively basic sorts of perceptual attribution: body, numerosity, spatial relations, and temporal relations. It elaborates accounts of constitutive conditions for having ...
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This chapter discusses some relatively basic sorts of perceptual attribution: body, numerosity, spatial relations, and temporal relations. It elaborates accounts of constitutive conditions for having each of these four types of representation. It also discusses the form and content of these types, and whether each type is constitutive to perceptual representation. These accounts further develop the notions perception and representation.Less
This chapter discusses some relatively basic sorts of perceptual attribution: body, numerosity, spatial relations, and temporal relations. It elaborates accounts of constitutive conditions for having each of these four types of representation. It also discusses the form and content of these types, and whether each type is constitutive to perceptual representation. These accounts further develop the notions perception and representation.
Michael Tooley
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198250746
- eISBN:
- 9780191598623
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198250746.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Defends a dynamic, or tensed, conception of time, according to which the past and the present are real while the future is not. This conception differs from traditional tensed views, according to ...
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Defends a dynamic, or tensed, conception of time, according to which the past and the present are real while the future is not. This conception differs from traditional tensed views, according to which tensed facts are more basic than tenseless ones; on the contrary, tensed facts reduce to tenseless ones.The conception of time defended is supported by arguments from causation: there can be causation only in a world where the past and the present are real, while the future is not.Further, the direction of time can be defined by the direction of causation, and causation can be used to analyse temporal relations such as the relations of simultaneity and temporal priority.The dynamic conception of time developed is contrasted with alternative views and defended against numerous philosophical objections.It is also defended against implications of the Special Theory of Relativity: A modified version of the Special Theory of Relativity that allows for absolute simultaneity is suggested.Less
Defends a dynamic, or tensed, conception of time, according to which the past and the present are real while the future is not. This conception differs from traditional tensed views, according to which tensed facts are more basic than tenseless ones; on the contrary, tensed facts reduce to tenseless ones.
The conception of time defended is supported by arguments from causation: there can be causation only in a world where the past and the present are real, while the future is not.
Further, the direction of time can be defined by the direction of causation, and causation can be used to analyse temporal relations such as the relations of simultaneity and temporal priority.
The dynamic conception of time developed is contrasted with alternative views and defended against numerous philosophical objections.
It is also defended against implications of the Special Theory of Relativity: A modified version of the Special Theory of Relativity that allows for absolute simultaneity is suggested.
Michael Tooley
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198250746
- eISBN:
- 9780191598623
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198250746.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Provides an analysis of temporal relations in causal terms. Qualitative temporal relations, that is, the relations of simultaneity and temporal priority, are analysed in terms of actual causal ...
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Provides an analysis of temporal relations in causal terms. Qualitative temporal relations, that is, the relations of simultaneity and temporal priority, are analysed in terms of actual causal relations and spatial relations. A reduction of quantitative temporal relations, such as the relation of temporal distance, in causal terms is feasible as well, but, the chapter argues, a realist view should be preferred. The causal theory of time put forward is defended against charges of circularity and against putative counterexamples.Less
Provides an analysis of temporal relations in causal terms. Qualitative temporal relations, that is, the relations of simultaneity and temporal priority, are analysed in terms of actual causal relations and spatial relations. A reduction of quantitative temporal relations, such as the relation of temporal distance, in causal terms is feasible as well, but, the chapter argues, a realist view should be preferred. The causal theory of time put forward is defended against charges of circularity and against putative counterexamples.
Tal Goldfajn
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198269533
- eISBN:
- 9780191683671
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198269533.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This introductory chapter explains the coverage and objective of this book, which is the temporal interpretation of word order and expression of time in the biblical Hebrew (BH) verb. This book ...
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This introductory chapter explains the coverage and objective of this book, which is the temporal interpretation of word order and expression of time in the biblical Hebrew (BH) verb. This book postulates that the use of BH verb forms in classical BH is not arbitrary. It proposes two parameters that may be used to organize more consistently the observations concerning the time indications of the BH verb. The first parameter deals with the existence of two initial temporal set-ups and the second is about the role of verb order sequences in setting the temporal relations between the events within each temporal set-up.Less
This introductory chapter explains the coverage and objective of this book, which is the temporal interpretation of word order and expression of time in the biblical Hebrew (BH) verb. This book postulates that the use of BH verb forms in classical BH is not arbitrary. It proposes two parameters that may be used to organize more consistently the observations concerning the time indications of the BH verb. The first parameter deals with the existence of two initial temporal set-ups and the second is about the role of verb order sequences in setting the temporal relations between the events within each temporal set-up.
Tal Goldfajn
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198269533
- eISBN:
- 9780191683671
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198269533.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This chapter examines how the basic relations of anteriority, simultaneity, and posteriority between different events are realized within each temporal set-up in a number of classical biblical Hebrew ...
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This chapter examines how the basic relations of anteriority, simultaneity, and posteriority between different events are realized within each temporal set-up in a number of classical biblical Hebrew (BH) narrative texts. It identifies the common verb order sequences commonly employed to convey anteriority, simultaneity, and posteriority in the basic temporal set-ups. It provides examples to show how some common verb forms are used in narrative to express temporal relations.Less
This chapter examines how the basic relations of anteriority, simultaneity, and posteriority between different events are realized within each temporal set-up in a number of classical biblical Hebrew (BH) narrative texts. It identifies the common verb order sequences commonly employed to convey anteriority, simultaneity, and posteriority in the basic temporal set-ups. It provides examples to show how some common verb forms are used in narrative to express temporal relations.
Jan Westerhoff
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195375213
- eISBN:
- 9780199871360
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195375213.003.0005
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
This chapter deals with Nāgārjuna’s critique of the notion of causation. It first discusses the interdependence of cause and effect, followed by an analysis of the critique of the four ways of causal ...
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This chapter deals with Nāgārjuna’s critique of the notion of causation. It first discusses the interdependence of cause and effect, followed by an analysis of the critique of the four ways of causal production: self-production, production from another object, production from itself and another object, and causeless production. A second set of arguments Nāgārjuna presents against causation deal with the possible relations between cause and effect: cause and effect being successive, overlapping or simultaneous. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of Nāgārjuna’s thought on time.Less
This chapter deals with Nāgārjuna’s critique of the notion of causation. It first discusses the interdependence of cause and effect, followed by an analysis of the critique of the four ways of causal production: self-production, production from another object, production from itself and another object, and causeless production. A second set of arguments Nāgārjuna presents against causation deal with the possible relations between cause and effect: cause and effect being successive, overlapping or simultaneous. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of Nāgārjuna’s thought on time.
David Bostock
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199651443
- eISBN:
- 9780191741197
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199651443.003.0010
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Russell initially rejected neutral monism, but later came to accept a version of it, aiming to construct both matter and minds from the same ‘neutral’ stuff. This neutral stuff was sensibilia (or, as ...
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Russell initially rejected neutral monism, but later came to accept a version of it, aiming to construct both matter and minds from the same ‘neutral’ stuff. This neutral stuff was sensibilia (or, as they became, events of sensing), except that minds also have an extra ingredient, namely events of imaging. The idea is that a mind may be identified with the class of all those events of sensing and imaging which occur in it. Russell explains that two such events occur in the same mind when there are experiences of temporal relations between them, but he also adds connecting links of ‘mnemic causation’. To obtain the right results one must invoke merely possible experiences and causation, and this is awkward. Russell tries to account for beliefs, desires, and other mental states (including being conscious of something), all in terms of sensings and imagings, but these analyses are highly questionable.Less
Russell initially rejected neutral monism, but later came to accept a version of it, aiming to construct both matter and minds from the same ‘neutral’ stuff. This neutral stuff was sensibilia (or, as they became, events of sensing), except that minds also have an extra ingredient, namely events of imaging. The idea is that a mind may be identified with the class of all those events of sensing and imaging which occur in it. Russell explains that two such events occur in the same mind when there are experiences of temporal relations between them, but he also adds connecting links of ‘mnemic causation’. To obtain the right results one must invoke merely possible experiences and causation, and this is awkward. Russell tries to account for beliefs, desires, and other mental states (including being conscious of something), all in terms of sensings and imagings, but these analyses are highly questionable.
Tal Goldfajn
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198269533
- eISBN:
- 9780191683671
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198269533.003.0010
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the relation between the four main biblical Hebrew (BH) verb forms and the temporal ordering of classical BH text narrative. It has ...
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This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the relation between the four main biblical Hebrew (BH) verb forms and the temporal ordering of classical BH text narrative. It has suggested that the differences in the use of the BH verb forms should be analysed in their intersentential use and proposed that a tense marker can only be properly understood when its place and role in the text has been determined. The general argument of this study is that the main function of the BH verb forms is to indicate the temporal relations holding between the events in the text.Less
This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the relation between the four main biblical Hebrew (BH) verb forms and the temporal ordering of classical BH text narrative. It has suggested that the differences in the use of the BH verb forms should be analysed in their intersentential use and proposed that a tense marker can only be properly understood when its place and role in the text has been determined. The general argument of this study is that the main function of the BH verb forms is to indicate the temporal relations holding between the events in the text.
Jan Westerhoff
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195375213
- eISBN:
- 9780199871360
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195375213.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
This chapter deals with the theory of negation described in the non-Buddhist Nāgārjuna school of thought. Since many of Nāgārjuna’s arguments are formulated against the background of this theory and ...
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This chapter deals with the theory of negation described in the non-Buddhist Nāgārjuna school of thought. Since many of Nāgārjuna’s arguments are formulated against the background of this theory and set out to refute it it is important to gain a clear understanding of the Nāgārjuna account in order to grasp the point of Nāgārjuna’s arguments. The chapter deals in particular with the problem of negating non-denoting terms (such as ‘unicorn’) and the problem of the temporal relation between the negation and the negated object.Less
This chapter deals with the theory of negation described in the non-Buddhist Nāgārjuna school of thought. Since many of Nāgārjuna’s arguments are formulated against the background of this theory and set out to refute it it is important to gain a clear understanding of the Nāgārjuna account in order to grasp the point of Nāgārjuna’s arguments. The chapter deals in particular with the problem of negating non-denoting terms (such as ‘unicorn’) and the problem of the temporal relation between the negation and the negated object.
Tal Goldfajn
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198269533
- eISBN:
- 9780191683671
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198269533.003.0007
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This chapter examines the temporal ordering of the biblical Hebrew (BH) narrative text in chapter 41 of the Book of Genesis. It attempts to show that there are two basic temporal sets underlying the ...
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This chapter examines the temporal ordering of the biblical Hebrew (BH) narrative text in chapter 41 of the Book of Genesis. It attempts to show that there are two basic temporal sets underlying the more general temporal organization of the BH narrative text. It analyses the distribution of the verb forms within each set and concludes that the primary function of the BH verb forms is to establish the specific temporal relations that exist between the sentences in the text.Less
This chapter examines the temporal ordering of the biblical Hebrew (BH) narrative text in chapter 41 of the Book of Genesis. It attempts to show that there are two basic temporal sets underlying the more general temporal organization of the BH narrative text. It analyses the distribution of the verb forms within each set and concludes that the primary function of the BH verb forms is to establish the specific temporal relations that exist between the sentences in the text.
Jan Westerhoff
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195375213
- eISBN:
- 9780199871360
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195375213.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Buddhism
Nāgārjuna’s discussion of epistemology focuses on the relation between means of knowledge (pramāṇa) and objects of knowledge (prameya). He investigates in particular how the means of knowledge ...
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Nāgārjuna’s discussion of epistemology focuses on the relation between means of knowledge (pramāṇa) and objects of knowledge (prameya). He investigates in particular how the means of knowledge themselves are supposed to be established: are they somehow self-established, or do the objects of knowledge establish them? Nāgārjuna concludes that neither of these alternatives is satisfactory. Another question concerns the temporal relation between objects and means of knowledge. Do they come into existence at the same time or does one precede the other? Neither of these it taken to be acceptable by Nāgārjuna either. The chapter concludes by outlining the aims of Nāgārjuna’s epistemological theory.Less
Nāgārjuna’s discussion of epistemology focuses on the relation between means of knowledge (pramāṇa) and objects of knowledge (prameya). He investigates in particular how the means of knowledge themselves are supposed to be established: are they somehow self-established, or do the objects of knowledge establish them? Nāgārjuna concludes that neither of these alternatives is satisfactory. Another question concerns the temporal relation between objects and means of knowledge. Do they come into existence at the same time or does one precede the other? Neither of these it taken to be acceptable by Nāgārjuna either. The chapter concludes by outlining the aims of Nāgārjuna’s epistemological theory.
Tal Goldfajn
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198269533
- eISBN:
- 9780191683671
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198269533.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
This chapter examines the syntactic phenomenon of word order in biblical Hebrew (BH) narrative. It argues that variation of verb order is neither random nor explicable solely in terms of stylistic ...
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This chapter examines the syntactic phenomenon of word order in biblical Hebrew (BH) narrative. It argues that variation of verb order is neither random nor explicable solely in terms of stylistic choice and claims that verb order alterations have important effects on the temporal relations between the situations described in a narrative. This chapter suggests that the word order phenomena in BH should be considered as playing a major role in conveying temporal shifts and nuances within the biblical text.Less
This chapter examines the syntactic phenomenon of word order in biblical Hebrew (BH) narrative. It argues that variation of verb order is neither random nor explicable solely in terms of stylistic choice and claims that verb order alterations have important effects on the temporal relations between the situations described in a narrative. This chapter suggests that the word order phenomena in BH should be considered as playing a major role in conveying temporal shifts and nuances within the biblical text.
John L. Pollock
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195304817
- eISBN:
- 9780199850907
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304817.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter discusses the familiar difficulties originating from Newcomb's problem. Those problems gave rise to “causal decision theory”, which differs from classical decision theory in the manner ...
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This chapter discusses the familiar difficulties originating from Newcomb's problem. Those problems gave rise to “causal decision theory”, which differs from classical decision theory in the manner in which probabilities enter into the definition of expected value. This chapter proposes that one can replace the appeal to causal dependence by appeal to temporal relations and statistical relevance between mixed physical/epistemic probabilities. The basic idea is simply that causes propagate through the world in temporal order. The resulting analysis handles the known counterexamples to classical decision theory in essentially the same way Skymis' theory does, but without appealing to vaguely understood concepts like causal dependence.Less
This chapter discusses the familiar difficulties originating from Newcomb's problem. Those problems gave rise to “causal decision theory”, which differs from classical decision theory in the manner in which probabilities enter into the definition of expected value. This chapter proposes that one can replace the appeal to causal dependence by appeal to temporal relations and statistical relevance between mixed physical/epistemic probabilities. The basic idea is simply that causes propagate through the world in temporal order. The resulting analysis handles the known counterexamples to classical decision theory in essentially the same way Skymis' theory does, but without appealing to vaguely understood concepts like causal dependence.
Philip N. Johnson-Laird
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199551330
- eISBN:
- 9780191701580
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551330.003.0009
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter discusses reasoning about identities and other relations. In relational reasoning, a novel relation that holds between arguments in the premises is derived. These inferences can be made ...
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This chapter discusses reasoning about identities and other relations. In relational reasoning, a novel relation that holds between arguments in the premises is derived. These inferences can be made without relying on a memory for a similar inference, and without using rules of inference with a particular content. The use of models in reasoning is confirmed. Three important experiments are described that would demonstrate that people rely on one method rather than the other. The first experiment used descriptions of two-dimensional spatial layouts of household objects that can be found on a table. A second experiment examined reasoning about temporal relations, but it depended on verbs and their tenses to convey the order of events. A third experiment showed a still greater difficulty for meaning postulates. It can be stated that the model theory postulates that the reasoning depends on the significance of propositions.Less
This chapter discusses reasoning about identities and other relations. In relational reasoning, a novel relation that holds between arguments in the premises is derived. These inferences can be made without relying on a memory for a similar inference, and without using rules of inference with a particular content. The use of models in reasoning is confirmed. Three important experiments are described that would demonstrate that people rely on one method rather than the other. The first experiment used descriptions of two-dimensional spatial layouts of household objects that can be found on a table. A second experiment examined reasoning about temporal relations, but it depended on verbs and their tenses to convey the order of events. A third experiment showed a still greater difficulty for meaning postulates. It can be stated that the model theory postulates that the reasoning depends on the significance of propositions.
Michael Tooley
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198250746
- eISBN:
- 9780191598623
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198250746.003.0013
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Gives a brief summary of the results reached in the book and their advantages. It recapitulates the differences between the dynamic view of the world defended in the book and traditional tensed ...
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Gives a brief summary of the results reached in the book and their advantages. It recapitulates the differences between the dynamic view of the world defended in the book and traditional tensed conceptions of time. While the latter hold that tensed facts are fundamental, the former holds that tensed facts reduce to tenseless facts even in a dynamic world, where what tenseless facts there are depends on what time it is. The different roles of causation for the present approach are summed up: Causation defines the direction of time, and can be used to analyse temporal relations; There can be causation only in a world where the past and the present are real, while the future is not.Less
Gives a brief summary of the results reached in the book and their advantages. It recapitulates the differences between the dynamic view of the world defended in the book and traditional tensed conceptions of time. While the latter hold that tensed facts are fundamental, the former holds that tensed facts reduce to tenseless facts even in a dynamic world, where what tenseless facts there are depends on what time it is. The different roles of causation for the present approach are summed up: Causation defines the direction of time, and can be used to analyse temporal relations; There can be causation only in a world where the past and the present are real, while the future is not.
Annika Wagener and Joachim Hoffmann
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199563456
- eISBN:
- 9780191701863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199563456.003.0016
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter examines to what extent repeated temporal relations between stimuli automatically lead to preferential treatment of those stimuli that have frequently been experienced at some given ...
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This chapter examines to what extent repeated temporal relations between stimuli automatically lead to preferential treatment of those stimuli that have frequently been experienced at some given point in time. It reviews the main findings of the foreperiod paradigm and suggests that the observed target-specific effects of temporal validity are based on associations between the critical points in time at which targets appear and the task-relevant features of the targets that are frequently experienced at these points in time, such as target identity and required response.Less
This chapter examines to what extent repeated temporal relations between stimuli automatically lead to preferential treatment of those stimuli that have frequently been experienced at some given point in time. It reviews the main findings of the foreperiod paradigm and suggests that the observed target-specific effects of temporal validity are based on associations between the critical points in time at which targets appear and the task-relevant features of the targets that are frequently experienced at these points in time, such as target identity and required response.
Wolf Singer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262014717
- eISBN:
- 9780262289818
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262014717.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Research and Theory
Information processing systems must identify and encode relations that can be defined in space and time. Both dimensions are used by the nervous systems to handle relations. Relations among signals ...
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Information processing systems must identify and encode relations that can be defined in space and time. Both dimensions are used by the nervous systems to handle relations. Relations among signals of different origin are established via selective convergence of connections on target cells in the anatomical layout of the nervous systems. Furthermore, relations can be expressed more dynamically by adjusting the signals’ temporal rather than spatial contiguity. This chapter examines rhythmic modulation of neuronal activity and context as well as task-dependent modulation of oscillation frequencies and phases in the neocortex. More specifically, it discusses precise temporal relations among the discharges of neurons and synchrony as a tag of relatedness, oscillations as a timing mechanism, and the duration of synchronized events. It also considers functions attributed to synchronization, including binding, attention, and stimulus selection. Finally, the chapter looks at how signals become part of consciousness and analyzes the link between abnormal synchrony and mental disorders.Less
Information processing systems must identify and encode relations that can be defined in space and time. Both dimensions are used by the nervous systems to handle relations. Relations among signals of different origin are established via selective convergence of connections on target cells in the anatomical layout of the nervous systems. Furthermore, relations can be expressed more dynamically by adjusting the signals’ temporal rather than spatial contiguity. This chapter examines rhythmic modulation of neuronal activity and context as well as task-dependent modulation of oscillation frequencies and phases in the neocortex. More specifically, it discusses precise temporal relations among the discharges of neurons and synchrony as a tag of relatedness, oscillations as a timing mechanism, and the duration of synchronized events. It also considers functions attributed to synchronization, including binding, attention, and stimulus selection. Finally, the chapter looks at how signals become part of consciousness and analyzes the link between abnormal synchrony and mental disorders.
Boynton Robert M.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262518420
- eISBN:
- 9780262314213
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262518420.003.0037
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Research and Theory
This chapter presents three psychophysical experiments involving temporal relations in vision. The first shows that, even with improved experimental technique, high-intensity short flashes can indeed ...
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This chapter presents three psychophysical experiments involving temporal relations in vision. The first shows that, even with improved experimental technique, high-intensity short flashes can indeed look brighter than longer flashes of the same intensity, thus indicating that the classical Broca-Sulzer effect is not an artifact. The second experiment was a study of the transitional fraction of a second between dark adaptation and the beginning of light adaptation, using the conditioning-stimulus-test-flash technique. The third experiment concerns the successful measurement of test-flash thresholds in the presence of a 30-cps flickering stimulus. Each of these experiments raises a number of questions regarding the neurophysiological organization, function, and interactions of the visual systems serving the two eyes. A common unifying principle is the idea of temporal quantization of the visual input by the higher visual nervous system.Less
This chapter presents three psychophysical experiments involving temporal relations in vision. The first shows that, even with improved experimental technique, high-intensity short flashes can indeed look brighter than longer flashes of the same intensity, thus indicating that the classical Broca-Sulzer effect is not an artifact. The second experiment was a study of the transitional fraction of a second between dark adaptation and the beginning of light adaptation, using the conditioning-stimulus-test-flash technique. The third experiment concerns the successful measurement of test-flash thresholds in the presence of a 30-cps flickering stimulus. Each of these experiments raises a number of questions regarding the neurophysiological organization, function, and interactions of the visual systems serving the two eyes. A common unifying principle is the idea of temporal quantization of the visual input by the higher visual nervous system.
Alexander Bird
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198796572
- eISBN:
- 9780191837838
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198796572.003.0009
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Temporal and spatial relations are often regarded as paradigmatic categorical properties that pro-vide a counterexamples to the claim that all fundamental natural properties powers ...
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Temporal and spatial relations are often regarded as paradigmatic categorical properties that pro-vide a counterexamples to the claim that all fundamental natural properties powers (potencies)—properties that are dispositional in nature/essence. In this chapter, I consider the consequences for this debate of thinking that a good physical theory should be background-independent. I propose that the conception of time and space not as a background but as an active component of the physical universe help show that temporal and spatial properties and relations need not be considered as necessarily categorical.Less
Temporal and spatial relations are often regarded as paradigmatic categorical properties that pro-vide a counterexamples to the claim that all fundamental natural properties powers (potencies)—properties that are dispositional in nature/essence. In this chapter, I consider the consequences for this debate of thinking that a good physical theory should be background-independent. I propose that the conception of time and space not as a background but as an active component of the physical universe help show that temporal and spatial properties and relations need not be considered as necessarily categorical.