Holly Alliger Ruff and Mary Klevjord Rothbart
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195136326
- eISBN:
- 9780199894031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195136326.003.0013
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter briefly summarizes the two broad systems of attention: the orienting/investigative system observed from early infancy, and the second system emerging by one year, and supporting the ...
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This chapter briefly summarizes the two broad systems of attention: the orienting/investigative system observed from early infancy, and the second system emerging by one year, and supporting the development of voluntary and planned action throughout the pre-school period. Learning is influenced by both of these systems, but the nature of learning changes as the child develops greater internal control of attention. Individual differences in attention also develop across this period and are related to individual differences in temperamental activity, inhibitory control, and ability to control distress. Deficits in attention are related to extremes in reactivity, the ability to regulate arousal, and the ability to mobilize and sustain effort over time.Less
This chapter briefly summarizes the two broad systems of attention: the orienting/investigative system observed from early infancy, and the second system emerging by one year, and supporting the development of voluntary and planned action throughout the pre-school period. Learning is influenced by both of these systems, but the nature of learning changes as the child develops greater internal control of attention. Individual differences in attention also develop across this period and are related to individual differences in temperamental activity, inhibitory control, and ability to control distress. Deficits in attention are related to extremes in reactivity, the ability to regulate arousal, and the ability to mobilize and sustain effort over time.
Ádám Miklósi
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199295852
- eISBN:
- 9780191711688
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199295852.003.0010
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter discusses the difference between temperament and personality in dog behaviour. Although both concepts assume context independent aspects of behaviour, the former is believed to relate ...
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This chapter discusses the difference between temperament and personality in dog behaviour. Although both concepts assume context independent aspects of behaviour, the former is believed to relate more strongly to inherited factors whilst the latter is associated with the adult animal reflecting the influence of experience and learning. There are various ways to measure both temperament and personality in dogs, which has resulted in confusing results. The chapter critically examines the methods used and proposes a more ethologically-oriented approach. Finally, both physiological and genetic correlates of personality are presented, which could promote understanding of the biological factors underlying personality in dogs.Less
This chapter discusses the difference between temperament and personality in dog behaviour. Although both concepts assume context independent aspects of behaviour, the former is believed to relate more strongly to inherited factors whilst the latter is associated with the adult animal reflecting the influence of experience and learning. There are various ways to measure both temperament and personality in dogs, which has resulted in confusing results. The chapter critically examines the methods used and proposes a more ethologically-oriented approach. Finally, both physiological and genetic correlates of personality are presented, which could promote understanding of the biological factors underlying personality in dogs.
Jon McGinnis
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195331479
- eISBN:
- 9780199868032
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331479.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter returns to Avicenna’s theory of the intellect, but now with a focus on the practical intellect and its role in the formation of our moral temperaments. Since Avicenna believes that the ...
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This chapter returns to Avicenna’s theory of the intellect, but now with a focus on the practical intellect and its role in the formation of our moral temperaments. Since Avicenna believes that the proper formation of these temperaments and the life of the human species require communal association, there is a discussion of Avicenna’s political theory, which at its core has the Avicennan counterpart to the Platonic “Philosopher-King,” namely, Avicenna’s “Prophet-Lawgiver.” Once completing this background, Avicenna’s conception of the return or afterlife is taken up, along with a discussion of Avicenna’s vision of the pleasures and pains that one might expect to experience there depending upon the life one has lived here. The chapter concludes with Avicenna’s views about providence and his general account of why evil exists in a world created by a wholly good God.Less
This chapter returns to Avicenna’s theory of the intellect, but now with a focus on the practical intellect and its role in the formation of our moral temperaments. Since Avicenna believes that the proper formation of these temperaments and the life of the human species require communal association, there is a discussion of Avicenna’s political theory, which at its core has the Avicennan counterpart to the Platonic “Philosopher-King,” namely, Avicenna’s “Prophet-Lawgiver.” Once completing this background, Avicenna’s conception of the return or afterlife is taken up, along with a discussion of Avicenna’s vision of the pleasures and pains that one might expect to experience there depending upon the life one has lived here. The chapter concludes with Avicenna’s views about providence and his general account of why evil exists in a world created by a wholly good God.
Jon McGinnis
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195331479
- eISBN:
- 9780199868032
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331479.003.0009
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
This chapter first considers where Avicenna envisions medicine within his general classification of the sciences. It next presents the general principles of the humoral medicine that Avicenna adopts, ...
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This chapter first considers where Avicenna envisions medicine within his general classification of the sciences. It next presents the general principles of the humoral medicine that Avicenna adopts, and then discusses Avicenna’s views about health and the causes of disease or malady more generally. It concludes by considering a concrete issue of a medical-philosophical nature treated in Avicenna’s writings, namely, a problem associated with embryonic development and specifically whether embryonic development occurs gradually, as observation seems to suggest, or in stages, as theory seems to dictate. In the end, the chapter hopes to show how Avicenna successfully wed the best medicine of his time with his own philosophical system.Less
This chapter first considers where Avicenna envisions medicine within his general classification of the sciences. It next presents the general principles of the humoral medicine that Avicenna adopts, and then discusses Avicenna’s views about health and the causes of disease or malady more generally. It concludes by considering a concrete issue of a medical-philosophical nature treated in Avicenna’s writings, namely, a problem associated with embryonic development and specifically whether embryonic development occurs gradually, as observation seems to suggest, or in stages, as theory seems to dictate. In the end, the chapter hopes to show how Avicenna successfully wed the best medicine of his time with his own philosophical system.
Murray Campbell, Clive Greated, and Arnold Myers
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198165040
- eISBN:
- 9780191713675
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198165040.003.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This introductory chapter discusses how sound waves are generated by musical instruments, travel to the ear of a listener, and there evoke the sensation of music. Using the example of an orchestral ...
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This introductory chapter discusses how sound waves are generated by musical instruments, travel to the ear of a listener, and there evoke the sensation of music. Using the example of an orchestral score, the musical descriptors pitch, loudness, and timbre are related to scientifically measurable features of the sound waves, including frequency, amplitude, waveform, and spectrum. The distinction between travelling and standing waves is explained. The roles of the outer, middle, and inner ears in hearing musical sounds are briefly described. The importance of harmonic frequency spectra in pitch perception is emphasized, and a discussion of pitch intervals includes an introduction to musical temperaments. The relationship between decibel measurements of sound intensity and musical dynamic markings is discussed, and attempts to provide quantitative descriptions of timbre are reviewed.Less
This introductory chapter discusses how sound waves are generated by musical instruments, travel to the ear of a listener, and there evoke the sensation of music. Using the example of an orchestral score, the musical descriptors pitch, loudness, and timbre are related to scientifically measurable features of the sound waves, including frequency, amplitude, waveform, and spectrum. The distinction between travelling and standing waves is explained. The roles of the outer, middle, and inner ears in hearing musical sounds are briefly described. The importance of harmonic frequency spectra in pitch perception is emphasized, and a discussion of pitch intervals includes an introduction to musical temperaments. The relationship between decibel measurements of sound intensity and musical dynamic markings is discussed, and attempts to provide quantitative descriptions of timbre are reviewed.
Lisa D. Pearce and Melinda Lundquist Denton
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199753895
- eISBN:
- 9780199894949
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199753895.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Having previously delineated the religious characteristics of the five profiles of religiosity presented throughout this book, this chapter describes other nonreligious characteristics of youth who ...
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Having previously delineated the religious characteristics of the five profiles of religiosity presented throughout this book, this chapter describes other nonreligious characteristics of youth who belong to each of the five classes. This provides more insight into the demographic characteristics of these youth and suggests how families, peers, and religious institutions may contribute to how youth live out their religiosity. The chapter also examines associations between membership in the five classes and outcomes such as deviant behavior, health, and well-being. In other words, this chapter investigates other life situations and characteristics that are related to how adolescents live out their religiosity.Less
Having previously delineated the religious characteristics of the five profiles of religiosity presented throughout this book, this chapter describes other nonreligious characteristics of youth who belong to each of the five classes. This provides more insight into the demographic characteristics of these youth and suggests how families, peers, and religious institutions may contribute to how youth live out their religiosity. The chapter also examines associations between membership in the five classes and outcomes such as deviant behavior, health, and well-being. In other words, this chapter investigates other life situations and characteristics that are related to how adolescents live out their religiosity.
Charles A. Carpenter
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034058
- eISBN:
- 9780813038254
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034058.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century Literature and Modernism
This book offers a new perspective on one of the most puzzling questions faced by Shaw scholars—how to reconcile the artist's individualist leanings with his socialist Fabian ideals. The book does ...
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This book offers a new perspective on one of the most puzzling questions faced by Shaw scholars—how to reconcile the artist's individualist leanings with his socialist Fabian ideals. The book does this by viewing Shaw as a maverick whose approach was impossible to duplicate and grew out of his unique artistic temperament, his outlook, and his vocation. Shaw's activities in promoting the Fabians' goals of advancing social democracy were highly distinctive. He effectively used calculated irritation as an attention-getting tactic; he relied on devices that he had formulated as a creative rhetorician, rather than on the academic principles that were second nature to most of his fellow Fabians; and he devised and championed the use of indirect means to “persuade the world to take our ideas into account in reforming itself.”Less
This book offers a new perspective on one of the most puzzling questions faced by Shaw scholars—how to reconcile the artist's individualist leanings with his socialist Fabian ideals. The book does this by viewing Shaw as a maverick whose approach was impossible to duplicate and grew out of his unique artistic temperament, his outlook, and his vocation. Shaw's activities in promoting the Fabians' goals of advancing social democracy were highly distinctive. He effectively used calculated irritation as an attention-getting tactic; he relied on devices that he had formulated as a creative rhetorician, rather than on the academic principles that were second nature to most of his fellow Fabians; and he devised and championed the use of indirect means to “persuade the world to take our ideas into account in reforming itself.”
Andrew Steptoe (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198523734
- eISBN:
- 9780191688997
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198523734.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
Taking as examples the lives of creative individuals through history, this book considers the nature of creativity and genius from a psychological standpoint. Eleven chapters, contributed by leading ...
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Taking as examples the lives of creative individuals through history, this book considers the nature of creativity and genius from a psychological standpoint. Eleven chapters, contributed by leading researchers, span the range of approaches used to understand the subject. A discussion of heredity considers the extent to which genes play a part in giftedness. The importance of social context in defining and acknowledging creativity is explored. Several chapters look at training and skill development in exceptional individuals, and a number of contributions scrutinize the links between creativity, temperament, and mental health. Mozart's precocity, Byron's mania, the personalities of the Italian Renaissance painters, and the psychoses of many celebrated writers are all discussed.Less
Taking as examples the lives of creative individuals through history, this book considers the nature of creativity and genius from a psychological standpoint. Eleven chapters, contributed by leading researchers, span the range of approaches used to understand the subject. A discussion of heredity considers the extent to which genes play a part in giftedness. The importance of social context in defining and acknowledging creativity is explored. Several chapters look at training and skill development in exceptional individuals, and a number of contributions scrutinize the links between creativity, temperament, and mental health. Mozart's precocity, Byron's mania, the personalities of the Italian Renaissance painters, and the psychoses of many celebrated writers are all discussed.
Patricia L. Jordan and J. Bruce Morton
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195315455
- eISBN:
- 9780199979066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315455.003.0004
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology
Individual differences in child temperament longitudinally predict the development of anxiety disorders. The mechanisms that mediate this longitudinal relation, however, remain poorly understood. One ...
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Individual differences in child temperament longitudinally predict the development of anxiety disorders. The mechanisms that mediate this longitudinal relation, however, remain poorly understood. One possibility is that heightened behavioral inhibition promotes the development of threat-related attentional biases associated with anxiety. Although there is significant empirical evidence linking threat-related attentional biases with anxiety, there is little understanding of the relative contribution of reactive versus regulatory components of attention in conferring vulnerability. The chapter proposes a two-factor model that distinguishes between reactive biases in attentional orienting and effortful attentional regulation. Specifically, it is hypothesized that individuals with biases in both attentional orienting (i.e., toward threat-related information) and poor attentional regulation should be most vulnerable to the development of anxiety. The chapter concludes by outlining several empirical strategies for disentangling the relative contribution of reactive and regulatory components of attention in conferring vulnerability for anxiety.Less
Individual differences in child temperament longitudinally predict the development of anxiety disorders. The mechanisms that mediate this longitudinal relation, however, remain poorly understood. One possibility is that heightened behavioral inhibition promotes the development of threat-related attentional biases associated with anxiety. Although there is significant empirical evidence linking threat-related attentional biases with anxiety, there is little understanding of the relative contribution of reactive versus regulatory components of attention in conferring vulnerability. The chapter proposes a two-factor model that distinguishes between reactive biases in attentional orienting and effortful attentional regulation. Specifically, it is hypothesized that individuals with biases in both attentional orienting (i.e., toward threat-related information) and poor attentional regulation should be most vulnerable to the development of anxiety. The chapter concludes by outlining several empirical strategies for disentangling the relative contribution of reactive and regulatory components of attention in conferring vulnerability for anxiety.
Galen Strawson
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198250067
- eISBN:
- 9780191712593
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198250067.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind, Metaphysics/Epistemology
This introductory chapter begins by describing the eight parts of the book. It then explores the meaning of ‘I’ and the ‘self’. It argues for the transience view of the self — that there are many ...
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This introductory chapter begins by describing the eight parts of the book. It then explores the meaning of ‘I’ and the ‘self’. It argues for the transience view of the self — that there are many short-lived or transient selves, if there are any at all. It further argues that selves exist, and that they are things or objects or ‘substances’ of some sort, and hence, given materialism, physical objects. The chapter then discusses science and philosophy, philosophy and temperament, and temperament and time.Less
This introductory chapter begins by describing the eight parts of the book. It then explores the meaning of ‘I’ and the ‘self’. It argues for the transience view of the self — that there are many short-lived or transient selves, if there are any at all. It further argues that selves exist, and that they are things or objects or ‘substances’ of some sort, and hence, given materialism, physical objects. The chapter then discusses science and philosophy, philosophy and temperament, and temperament and time.
Kyle Gann
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780252040856
- eISBN:
- 9780252099366
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252040856.001.0001
- Subject:
- Music, History, American
In January 1921, New York insurance company executive Charles Ives mailed self-published scores of a piano sonata he had written to 200 strangers. Unprecedentedly complex and modern beyond any music ...
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In January 1921, New York insurance company executive Charles Ives mailed self-published scores of a piano sonata he had written to 200 strangers. Unprecedentedly complex and modern beyond any music the recipients had seen before, the piece was subtitled “Concord, Mass., 1840-1860,” and the four sonata movements were named for American authors: “Emerson,” “Hawthorne,” “The Alcotts,” “Thoreau.” Ridiculed in the press at first, the Concord Sonata gained admirers (including composers like Copland and Gershwin and writers like Henry Bellamann), and when finally given its complete world premiere by John Kirkpatrick in 1939, it was hailed as “the greatest music composed by an American.” The piece is so complex that it has never been fully analyzed before, and this book is the first to explore and detail its methods on every page. Likewise, Ives wrote a book to accompany the sonata, titled Essays Before a Sonata, purporting to explain his aesthetic thinking, and no one has ever before seriously examined Ives’s aesthetic through-argument.Less
In January 1921, New York insurance company executive Charles Ives mailed self-published scores of a piano sonata he had written to 200 strangers. Unprecedentedly complex and modern beyond any music the recipients had seen before, the piece was subtitled “Concord, Mass., 1840-1860,” and the four sonata movements were named for American authors: “Emerson,” “Hawthorne,” “The Alcotts,” “Thoreau.” Ridiculed in the press at first, the Concord Sonata gained admirers (including composers like Copland and Gershwin and writers like Henry Bellamann), and when finally given its complete world premiere by John Kirkpatrick in 1939, it was hailed as “the greatest music composed by an American.” The piece is so complex that it has never been fully analyzed before, and this book is the first to explore and detail its methods on every page. Likewise, Ives wrote a book to accompany the sonata, titled Essays Before a Sonata, purporting to explain his aesthetic thinking, and no one has ever before seriously examined Ives’s aesthetic through-argument.
Edward Grant
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195172256
- eISBN:
- 9780199835546
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195172256.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Science
Scientific values embodied in Aristotle’s natural philosophy and the civic virtues embedded in his practical sciences (ethics and politics), were used to improve the quality of government in the 14th ...
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Scientific values embodied in Aristotle’s natural philosophy and the civic virtues embedded in his practical sciences (ethics and politics), were used to improve the quality of government in the 14th century by King Charles V of France. This was readily feasible because of the separation of church and state, the favorable attitude toward natural philosophy by medieval theologians, and the institutionalization of the study of Aristotle’s theoretical and practical sciences in the medieval universities, which relied heavily on reasoned argumentation and a rejection of arguments from authority, as exemplified by Nicole Oresme. The intellectual habits developed in this process shaped a “scientific temperament” that ushered in early modern science. In stark contrast, Islam was a theocracy with no separation of church and state. Natural philosophy was viewed as a potential threat to religious faith and was marginalized, leading eventually to a gradual deterioration in the study of the exact sciences, which had previously attained the highest level in the civilized world.Less
Scientific values embodied in Aristotle’s natural philosophy and the civic virtues embedded in his practical sciences (ethics and politics), were used to improve the quality of government in the 14th century by King Charles V of France. This was readily feasible because of the separation of church and state, the favorable attitude toward natural philosophy by medieval theologians, and the institutionalization of the study of Aristotle’s theoretical and practical sciences in the medieval universities, which relied heavily on reasoned argumentation and a rejection of arguments from authority, as exemplified by Nicole Oresme. The intellectual habits developed in this process shaped a “scientific temperament” that ushered in early modern science. In stark contrast, Islam was a theocracy with no separation of church and state. Natural philosophy was viewed as a potential threat to religious faith and was marginalized, leading eventually to a gradual deterioration in the study of the exact sciences, which had previously attained the highest level in the civilized world.
Stewart Gordon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195177435
- eISBN:
- 9780199864690
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195177435.003.09
- Subject:
- Music, Performing Practice/Studies
This chapter returns to concepts considered in Chapter 1 in that it deals with self-esteem. It offers techniques for strengthening self-esteem on the eve of performance: delaying confrontation, ...
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This chapter returns to concepts considered in Chapter 1 in that it deals with self-esteem. It offers techniques for strengthening self-esteem on the eve of performance: delaying confrontation, replacing negative thought patterns with positive ones, taking into account the performer's basic temperament, and using internal imagery. The chapter concludes with several exercises.Less
This chapter returns to concepts considered in Chapter 1 in that it deals with self-esteem. It offers techniques for strengthening self-esteem on the eve of performance: delaying confrontation, replacing negative thought patterns with positive ones, taking into account the performer's basic temperament, and using internal imagery. The chapter concludes with several exercises.
Jennifer Radden
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195151657
- eISBN:
- 9780199849253
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195151657.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, General
This chapter is divided into four parts. The first part concerns themes that recur in the readings to follow: (1) the variety of forms melancholia takes and the diverse connotations of the terms ...
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This chapter is divided into four parts. The first part concerns themes that recur in the readings to follow: (1) the variety of forms melancholia takes and the diverse connotations of the terms melancholy and melancholia; (2) fear and sadness without cause as the distressing subjectivity most central to melancholic states; (3) the association between melancholy genius and creative energy; and (4) the link between melancholy and states of idleness. The second part focuses on aspects of this set of texts informed by distinctions and stresses brought to light by the scholarship of the late 20th century: the category of melancholic states as affective; melancholic complaints as subjective and private; ontological commitments about the nature of melancholy; melancholic states as mood states; gender issues; and, finally, the themes of narcissism and loss. The third part sketches a 19th-century shift whereby the hitherto encompassing category of melancholy divides, leaving a sharper distinction between the despondent moods and temperamental differences of normal experience, on the one hand, and, on the other, the clinical disorder of melancholia, which has come to be associated with the clinical depression of our own time. The fourth part notes themes and developments in post-Freudian analyses of the condition known in the 20th century as depression or clinical depression, identifying a typology of explanatory theories.Less
This chapter is divided into four parts. The first part concerns themes that recur in the readings to follow: (1) the variety of forms melancholia takes and the diverse connotations of the terms melancholy and melancholia; (2) fear and sadness without cause as the distressing subjectivity most central to melancholic states; (3) the association between melancholy genius and creative energy; and (4) the link between melancholy and states of idleness. The second part focuses on aspects of this set of texts informed by distinctions and stresses brought to light by the scholarship of the late 20th century: the category of melancholic states as affective; melancholic complaints as subjective and private; ontological commitments about the nature of melancholy; melancholic states as mood states; gender issues; and, finally, the themes of narcissism and loss. The third part sketches a 19th-century shift whereby the hitherto encompassing category of melancholy divides, leaving a sharper distinction between the despondent moods and temperamental differences of normal experience, on the one hand, and, on the other, the clinical disorder of melancholia, which has come to be associated with the clinical depression of our own time. The fourth part notes themes and developments in post-Freudian analyses of the condition known in the 20th century as depression or clinical depression, identifying a typology of explanatory theories.
Arthur Krystal
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300092165
- eISBN:
- 9780300145601
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300092165.001.0001
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
From small questions of taste to large questions concerning the nature of existence, intellectual debate takes up much of our time. This book examines what most commentators ignore: the role of ...
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From small questions of taste to large questions concerning the nature of existence, intellectual debate takes up much of our time. This book examines what most commentators ignore: the role of temperament and taste in the forming of aesthetic and ideological opinions. In provocative chapters about reading and writing, about the relation between life and literature, about knowledge and certainty, about God and death, and about a gradual disaffection with the literary scene, the book demonstrates that opposing points of view are based more on innate predilections than on disinterested thought or analysis. Not beholden to any fashionable theory or political agenda, the book interrogates the usual suspects in the cultural wars from an independent, though not impartial, vantage point. Clearly personal and unabashedly belletrist, the chapters ask important questions. What makes culture one thing and not another? What inspires aesthetic values? What drives us to make comparisons? And how does a bias for one kind of evidence as opposed to another contribute to the form and content of intellectual argument?Less
From small questions of taste to large questions concerning the nature of existence, intellectual debate takes up much of our time. This book examines what most commentators ignore: the role of temperament and taste in the forming of aesthetic and ideological opinions. In provocative chapters about reading and writing, about the relation between life and literature, about knowledge and certainty, about God and death, and about a gradual disaffection with the literary scene, the book demonstrates that opposing points of view are based more on innate predilections than on disinterested thought or analysis. Not beholden to any fashionable theory or political agenda, the book interrogates the usual suspects in the cultural wars from an independent, though not impartial, vantage point. Clearly personal and unabashedly belletrist, the chapters ask important questions. What makes culture one thing and not another? What inspires aesthetic values? What drives us to make comparisons? And how does a bias for one kind of evidence as opposed to another contribute to the form and content of intellectual argument?
Kathryn P. Meadow-Orlans, Patricia E. Spencer, and Lynne Sanford Koester (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195147902
- eISBN:
- 9780199893775
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195147902.001.0001
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Clinical Child Psychology / School Psychology
What is the impact of an infant's diminished hearing on the infant and its parents? How does communication develop in cases of diminished hearing? How does diminished hearing affect social and ...
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What is the impact of an infant's diminished hearing on the infant and its parents? How does communication develop in cases of diminished hearing? How does diminished hearing affect social and cognitive development? What types of early interventions can improve communication and development? This book presents the results of a fifteen-year research study which addresses these questions. Through this research, the book looks into the world of deaf infants. From a core group of eighty families which included all four combinations of parent-infant hearing status, data was collected longitudinally at nine, twelve, fifteen, and eighteen months. Mother-infant interactions were recorded and observed in both structured and unstructured settings; mothers' facial, vocal, and tactile behaviors during interactions were related to infants' temperament and stress; mothers' linguistic and communication behaviors, as well as their overall responsiveness, were related to children's language; and the effects of support provided to mothers were evaluated and explored. The results are dramatic, particularly with regard to infant attachment behaviors and the importance of visual attention in the overall development of deaf infants.Less
What is the impact of an infant's diminished hearing on the infant and its parents? How does communication develop in cases of diminished hearing? How does diminished hearing affect social and cognitive development? What types of early interventions can improve communication and development? This book presents the results of a fifteen-year research study which addresses these questions. Through this research, the book looks into the world of deaf infants. From a core group of eighty families which included all four combinations of parent-infant hearing status, data was collected longitudinally at nine, twelve, fifteen, and eighteen months. Mother-infant interactions were recorded and observed in both structured and unstructured settings; mothers' facial, vocal, and tactile behaviors during interactions were related to infants' temperament and stress; mothers' linguistic and communication behaviors, as well as their overall responsiveness, were related to children's language; and the effects of support provided to mothers were evaluated and explored. The results are dramatic, particularly with regard to infant attachment behaviors and the importance of visual attention in the overall development of deaf infants.
Michael Moriarty
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199589371
- eISBN:
- 9780191728808
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199589371.003.0015
- Subject:
- Literature, 17th-century and Restoration Literature, European Literature
This chapter examines that implication of many of the Maximes that a praiseworthy deed or behaviour-pattern reflects no credit on the nominal agent, because he or she cannot legitimately claim ...
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This chapter examines that implication of many of the Maximes that a praiseworthy deed or behaviour-pattern reflects no credit on the nominal agent, because he or she cannot legitimately claim responsibility for it. It encompasses two strands of argument: (i) the agent’s role in the action is in fact purely nominal: some other factor determined its performance, so that he or she is not truly responsible; (ii) the agent’s responsibility for the action is not in question, but he or she deserves no praise because he or she was not acting freely. La Rochefoucauld frequently personifies psychological traits or processes (vices or passions) in such a way as to suggest that they operate as independent agencies, over which we have no control. In cases where the agent is clearly making a moral effort, the effort itself is taken to indicate that the resultant virtue is not authentic.Less
This chapter examines that implication of many of the Maximes that a praiseworthy deed or behaviour-pattern reflects no credit on the nominal agent, because he or she cannot legitimately claim responsibility for it. It encompasses two strands of argument: (i) the agent’s role in the action is in fact purely nominal: some other factor determined its performance, so that he or she is not truly responsible; (ii) the agent’s responsibility for the action is not in question, but he or she deserves no praise because he or she was not acting freely. La Rochefoucauld frequently personifies psychological traits or processes (vices or passions) in such a way as to suggest that they operate as independent agencies, over which we have no control. In cases where the agent is clearly making a moral effort, the effort itself is taken to indicate that the resultant virtue is not authentic.
Holly Alliger Ruff and Mary Klevjord Rothbart
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195136326
- eISBN:
- 9780199894031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195136326.003.0010
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter discusses evidence for individual differences in dimensions of attention already identified. It reviews methods for determining whether reliable individual differences exist, and ...
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This chapter discusses evidence for individual differences in dimensions of attention already identified. It reviews methods for determining whether reliable individual differences exist, and discusses individual differences in reactivity to events, sustained visual orienting, and focused attention. Among newborns, differences are seen in both behavioral and physiological reactivity, but measures of these dimensions do not show stability until after early infancy. Children also differ in the amount of time they spend looking at visual displays, possibly reflecting the amount of time required to encode a display. Older infants show variability in sustained focused attention and the autonomic processes related to it. Lastly, the chapter reviews individual differences in three temperament dimensions that interact with attention: activity level, impulse control, and emotionality. All of these differences have implications for the socialization of children.Less
This chapter discusses evidence for individual differences in dimensions of attention already identified. It reviews methods for determining whether reliable individual differences exist, and discusses individual differences in reactivity to events, sustained visual orienting, and focused attention. Among newborns, differences are seen in both behavioral and physiological reactivity, but measures of these dimensions do not show stability until after early infancy. Children also differ in the amount of time they spend looking at visual displays, possibly reflecting the amount of time required to encode a display. Older infants show variability in sustained focused attention and the autonomic processes related to it. Lastly, the chapter reviews individual differences in three temperament dimensions that interact with attention: activity level, impulse control, and emotionality. All of these differences have implications for the socialization of children.
Holly Alliger Ruff and Mary Klevjord Rothbart
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195136326
- eISBN:
- 9780199894031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195136326.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
This chapter investigates the development of problems in children's control of attention, e.g. Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADHD) and attention deficit without hyperactivity. In ...
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This chapter investigates the development of problems in children's control of attention, e.g. Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADHD) and attention deficit without hyperactivity. In longitudinal studies, precursors to ADHD can be identified as early as 2 to 3 years of age and include restlessness, disobedience, and lower levels of concentration. Attention problems without hyperactivity are predicted by low attention at 1 and 2 years, accompanied by temperamental low activity and approach, low sensitivity to sounds and sights, low distractibility, and high negative mood. Inattention problems are also found in connection with regulatory disorders and early childhood autism. Hypotheses about underlying processes in the development of deficits are reviewed. These include neurodevelopmental lag, extremes in temperamental reactivity and self-regulation, and individual differences in optimal levels of arousal. Lastly, the chapter discusses imbalances in inhibition and activation, and problems in maintaining alertness and motor preparedness as sources of attention problems.Less
This chapter investigates the development of problems in children's control of attention, e.g. Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADHD) and attention deficit without hyperactivity. In longitudinal studies, precursors to ADHD can be identified as early as 2 to 3 years of age and include restlessness, disobedience, and lower levels of concentration. Attention problems without hyperactivity are predicted by low attention at 1 and 2 years, accompanied by temperamental low activity and approach, low sensitivity to sounds and sights, low distractibility, and high negative mood. Inattention problems are also found in connection with regulatory disorders and early childhood autism. Hypotheses about underlying processes in the development of deficits are reviewed. These include neurodevelopmental lag, extremes in temperamental reactivity and self-regulation, and individual differences in optimal levels of arousal. Lastly, the chapter discusses imbalances in inhibition and activation, and problems in maintaining alertness and motor preparedness as sources of attention problems.
Holly Alliger Ruff and Mary Klevjord Rothbart
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- April 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195136326
- eISBN:
- 9780199894031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195136326.003.0012
- Subject:
- Psychology, Developmental Psychology
How do differences in attention originate, and how are they related to development in other areas of the child's life? This chapter addresses these questions within two broad domains: organismic ...
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How do differences in attention originate, and how are they related to development in other areas of the child's life? This chapter addresses these questions within two broad domains: organismic variables, characteristics the child brings to a situation; and environmental variables, situational differences that interact with organismic variables in development. Organismic variables are initially biologically based, but are further influenced by the child's experiences and learning. The interactions found between organism and environment are described, with children reacting differently to variations in situation. To understand the individual child's development means going beyond group findings, using case studies to yield descriptive profiles of children that can be compared to profiles of other children. Both studies of commonalities across groups of children and studies of the unique individual development contribute to our understanding of individuality and development.Less
How do differences in attention originate, and how are they related to development in other areas of the child's life? This chapter addresses these questions within two broad domains: organismic variables, characteristics the child brings to a situation; and environmental variables, situational differences that interact with organismic variables in development. Organismic variables are initially biologically based, but are further influenced by the child's experiences and learning. The interactions found between organism and environment are described, with children reacting differently to variations in situation. To understand the individual child's development means going beyond group findings, using case studies to yield descriptive profiles of children that can be compared to profiles of other children. Both studies of commonalities across groups of children and studies of the unique individual development contribute to our understanding of individuality and development.
