John Cantwell
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199241828
- eISBN:
- 9780191596834
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199241821.003.0016
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
In recent years, there has been a steady expansion in the literature that relates the internationalization of production to the development and transfer of technology by multinational enterprises ...
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In recent years, there has been a steady expansion in the literature that relates the internationalization of production to the development and transfer of technology by multinational enterprises (MNEs). The first section of this chapter discusses this, and notes the current shift of attention away from technology transfer per se, and the parallel shift in the terms in which technology is now defined and conceptualized. The latter is further addressed in the second section, which considers technology in relation to MNEs in its broadest sense of international technology creation and innovation. The third section examines the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and the construction of corporate technological capabilities in the MNE, and the fourth examines intra‐ and inter‐firm international networks for technological development. The fifth section extends the discussion to the role of information and communications technology (ICT) within such international MNE networks.Less
In recent years, there has been a steady expansion in the literature that relates the internationalization of production to the development and transfer of technology by multinational enterprises (MNEs). The first section of this chapter discusses this, and notes the current shift of attention away from technology transfer per se, and the parallel shift in the terms in which technology is now defined and conceptualized. The latter is further addressed in the second section, which considers technology in relation to MNEs in its broadest sense of international technology creation and innovation. The third section examines the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and the construction of corporate technological capabilities in the MNE, and the fourth examines intra‐ and inter‐firm international networks for technological development. The fifth section extends the discussion to the role of information and communications technology (ICT) within such international MNE networks.
Donald Zillman, Martha Roggenkamp, LeRoy Paddock, and Lee Godden
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198822080
- eISBN:
- 9780191861161
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198822080.003.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
The editors in this chapter introduce the topic of innovation in energy technology and energy law. They highlight some of the pathbreaking changes that have occurred during recent years in both ...
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The editors in this chapter introduce the topic of innovation in energy technology and energy law. They highlight some of the pathbreaking changes that have occurred during recent years in both realms, which the chapter authors will address in detail. No factor stimulating energy innovation is more prominent than the need to address climate change around the world. Climate change is joined by other environmental concerns, sustainability, economic efficiency, energy security, energy justice, and geopolitical concerns in shaping the development of energy innovation. The authors also explore the academic topic of innovation and identify its relevance to legal innovation in the energy field.Less
The editors in this chapter introduce the topic of innovation in energy technology and energy law. They highlight some of the pathbreaking changes that have occurred during recent years in both realms, which the chapter authors will address in detail. No factor stimulating energy innovation is more prominent than the need to address climate change around the world. Climate change is joined by other environmental concerns, sustainability, economic efficiency, energy security, energy justice, and geopolitical concerns in shaping the development of energy innovation. The authors also explore the academic topic of innovation and identify its relevance to legal innovation in the energy field.
Xu Yi-chong
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190279523
- eISBN:
- 9780190279554
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190279523.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This chapter explains how SGCC engaged in learning and innovation and how, in so doing, it changed the rules of the game. It focuses on how SGCC ‘innovated’ around its UHV projects. Government ...
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This chapter explains how SGCC engaged in learning and innovation and how, in so doing, it changed the rules of the game. It focuses on how SGCC ‘innovated’ around its UHV projects. Government policies on science and technology development provided an incentive structure within which firms operated, but often quite differently. The research strategy adopted by SGCC was project-driven, inclusive, and supportive in collaboration, built on a technology innovation chain of education, research, application, and production. It centralised resources allocation and management of standard applications for patents and intellectual property rights. In so doing, it reshaped the rules of game in technology innovation with universities and manufacturing industries.Less
This chapter explains how SGCC engaged in learning and innovation and how, in so doing, it changed the rules of the game. It focuses on how SGCC ‘innovated’ around its UHV projects. Government policies on science and technology development provided an incentive structure within which firms operated, but often quite differently. The research strategy adopted by SGCC was project-driven, inclusive, and supportive in collaboration, built on a technology innovation chain of education, research, application, and production. It centralised resources allocation and management of standard applications for patents and intellectual property rights. In so doing, it reshaped the rules of game in technology innovation with universities and manufacturing industries.
Robyn Klingler-Vidra
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781501723377
- eISBN:
- 9781501723384
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501723377.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
Chapter Four investigates Hong Kong’s adaptation of the Silicon Valley VC policy anchor. It finds that Hong Kong’s Innovation and Technology Commission institutionalized their learning of the Silicon ...
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Chapter Four investigates Hong Kong’s adaptation of the Silicon Valley VC policy anchor. It finds that Hong Kong’s Innovation and Technology Commission institutionalized their learning of the Silicon Valley model by hiring managers experienced in Silicon Valley to design and oversee their VC policies. Knowing the importance of the right legal environment for its VC industry, attention was given to ensuring that Hong Kong’s legal fund structure was made available for VC managers to use. Initially, the Nightwatch-man State policymakers offered a low, horizontal capital gains tax rate in a manner consistent with the Silicon Valley anchor. But, feeling the “limits of laissez-faire” in competing against Singapore as a hub for VC activity, Hong Kong policymakers hired private VC managers to invest public money earmarked for VC investments. Also going beyond what they learned from the Silicon Valley model, policymakers offered tax exemptions for Hong Kong-based, offshore domiciled VC managers.Less
Chapter Four investigates Hong Kong’s adaptation of the Silicon Valley VC policy anchor. It finds that Hong Kong’s Innovation and Technology Commission institutionalized their learning of the Silicon Valley model by hiring managers experienced in Silicon Valley to design and oversee their VC policies. Knowing the importance of the right legal environment for its VC industry, attention was given to ensuring that Hong Kong’s legal fund structure was made available for VC managers to use. Initially, the Nightwatch-man State policymakers offered a low, horizontal capital gains tax rate in a manner consistent with the Silicon Valley anchor. But, feeling the “limits of laissez-faire” in competing against Singapore as a hub for VC activity, Hong Kong policymakers hired private VC managers to invest public money earmarked for VC investments. Also going beyond what they learned from the Silicon Valley model, policymakers offered tax exemptions for Hong Kong-based, offshore domiciled VC managers.
Donald Zillman, Lee Godden, LeRoy Paddock, and Martha Roggenkamp (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198822080
- eISBN:
- 9780191861161
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198822080.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Environmental and Energy Law
Technological and legal innovation have been central to energy development for centuries. Today’s era of accelerating change is transforming energy law. Disruption and change to established energy ...
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Technological and legal innovation have been central to energy development for centuries. Today’s era of accelerating change is transforming energy law. Disruption and change to established energy sources, supply, distribution, and energy consumer access is driven by legal innovations that, in turn, prompt or respond to technology. Interaction between legal and technological innovation is advancing the growing global effort to transition from high-carbon energy to low-energy or no-carbon energy—evidenced by the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change and the growing market demand for carbon-free electricity. This global transition to low-emission energy sources allows nations to take advantage of emerging economic opportunities and facilitates new forms of energy technology development, energy distribution, and governance. But progress is uneven and concerns such as energy security are initiating technological innovation in many existing energy technologies. These authors from twenty-one nations examine relevant developments in global energy law triggered by these innovations.Less
Technological and legal innovation have been central to energy development for centuries. Today’s era of accelerating change is transforming energy law. Disruption and change to established energy sources, supply, distribution, and energy consumer access is driven by legal innovations that, in turn, prompt or respond to technology. Interaction between legal and technological innovation is advancing the growing global effort to transition from high-carbon energy to low-energy or no-carbon energy—evidenced by the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change and the growing market demand for carbon-free electricity. This global transition to low-emission energy sources allows nations to take advantage of emerging economic opportunities and facilitates new forms of energy technology development, energy distribution, and governance. But progress is uneven and concerns such as energy security are initiating technological innovation in many existing energy technologies. These authors from twenty-one nations examine relevant developments in global energy law triggered by these innovations.
Steven T. Hunt, Joe Sherwood, and Lauren M. Pytel
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- April 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780190879860
- eISBN:
- 9780190051075
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190879860.003.0005
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter discusses how innovations in 360 Feedback are enabling significant improvements in performance management. This information resulted from asking the question: What are the most effective ...
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This chapter discusses how innovations in 360 Feedback are enabling significant improvements in performance management. This information resulted from asking the question: What are the most effective ways to use performance management technology to positively influence employee performance and development and improve talent decisions? Performance management methods used by hundreds of companies around the world were examined. One of the most important findings is that there is no single best way to conduct performance management. Methods that are effective in one company can fail in another. Common characteristics associated with successful performance management processes are identified. The chapter is divided into four sections: (a) a discussion of the work on which this chapter is based; (b) the definitions of 360 Feedback and performance management and key relationships between the two; (c) a discussion of how technology is transforming 360 Feedback used in performance management; (d) an exploration of the technological, process design, and environmental factors related to the use of 360 Feedback to support performance management.Less
This chapter discusses how innovations in 360 Feedback are enabling significant improvements in performance management. This information resulted from asking the question: What are the most effective ways to use performance management technology to positively influence employee performance and development and improve talent decisions? Performance management methods used by hundreds of companies around the world were examined. One of the most important findings is that there is no single best way to conduct performance management. Methods that are effective in one company can fail in another. Common characteristics associated with successful performance management processes are identified. The chapter is divided into four sections: (a) a discussion of the work on which this chapter is based; (b) the definitions of 360 Feedback and performance management and key relationships between the two; (c) a discussion of how technology is transforming 360 Feedback used in performance management; (d) an exploration of the technological, process design, and environmental factors related to the use of 360 Feedback to support performance management.
Brian Fitzgerald, Jay P. Kesan, Barbara Russo, Maha Shaikh, and Giancarlo Succi
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262516358
- eISBN:
- 9780262298261
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262516358.003.0006
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
This chapter examines the extensive adoption of open source software (OSS) in high schools and public offices in the Extremadura region of Spain. It discusses the establishment of the Fundación para ...
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This chapter examines the extensive adoption of open source software (OSS) in high schools and public offices in the Extremadura region of Spain. It discusses the establishment of the Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y Tecnología en Extremadura (FUNDECYT) to promote technology and innovation in the Extremadura region, and describes projects aimed to increase information technology (IT) culture. The chapter also provides a summary of the different aspects of OSS adoption in Extremadura.Less
This chapter examines the extensive adoption of open source software (OSS) in high schools and public offices in the Extremadura region of Spain. It discusses the establishment of the Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y Tecnología en Extremadura (FUNDECYT) to promote technology and innovation in the Extremadura region, and describes projects aimed to increase information technology (IT) culture. The chapter also provides a summary of the different aspects of OSS adoption in Extremadura.
Jeremias Prassl
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- April 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198797012
- eISBN:
- 9780191859458
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198797012.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Employment Law
This chapter turns to linguistic matters. It explores how, despite their focus on commercial labour intermediation, platforms were originally cast in a different light, operating under the mantle of ...
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This chapter turns to linguistic matters. It explores how, despite their focus on commercial labour intermediation, platforms were originally cast in a different light, operating under the mantle of a ‘sharing economy’. Superficial as this may seem, language matters—not least as a driver of regulatory approaches. To understand the gig economy, it is crucial that we look behind the language of innovation and technology, of sharing and collaborative consumption, and of ‘gigs’ and ‘tasks’. This chapter first focuses on arguments that the gig economy should not be regulated at all, discerning multiple iterations of this approach, with varying degrees of sophistication. At its crudest, this is the story that the law stands in the way of innovation and should leave ‘disruptive’ businesses well alone. At a more sophisticated level, we then encounter different proposals for new forms of regulation.Less
This chapter turns to linguistic matters. It explores how, despite their focus on commercial labour intermediation, platforms were originally cast in a different light, operating under the mantle of a ‘sharing economy’. Superficial as this may seem, language matters—not least as a driver of regulatory approaches. To understand the gig economy, it is crucial that we look behind the language of innovation and technology, of sharing and collaborative consumption, and of ‘gigs’ and ‘tasks’. This chapter first focuses on arguments that the gig economy should not be regulated at all, discerning multiple iterations of this approach, with varying degrees of sophistication. At its crudest, this is the story that the law stands in the way of innovation and should leave ‘disruptive’ businesses well alone. At a more sophisticated level, we then encounter different proposals for new forms of regulation.
Wolfram Schlenker (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780226619804
- eISBN:
- 9780226619941
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226619941.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Agriculture historically employed a large share of the overall population. For example, even in 1800, more than half the population in most European countries was working in agriculture. With the ...
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Agriculture historically employed a large share of the overall population. For example, even in 1800, more than half the population in most European countries was working in agriculture. With the start of the industrial revolution and the accompanying mechanization, labor shifted out of agriculture. Still, throughout the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, increases in agricultural production were mainly driven by an increase in the growing area, whereas yields (output per area) were rather constant. This changed abruptly in the middle of the 20th century: yields have been increasing at a steady pace ever since. At the same time, inflation-adjusted agricultural commodity prices have been trending downward as increases in supply outpaced increases in demand. Food is an essential good, and while its price is currently low due to its abundance, it is responsible for a large consumer surplus given the highly inelastic demand. Understanding what factors contribute to the upward trend in yields is hence of first order importance for food security and human welfare. This book contains eight chapters that were presented at a NBER conference in May 2017. They examine in further detail what contributes to the remarkably steady increase in yields around the globe and assess whether this can continue into the future and whether it will impose significant environmental externalities. The book offers new innovative analyses using the methodological innovations as well as recently available micro-level data sets.Less
Agriculture historically employed a large share of the overall population. For example, even in 1800, more than half the population in most European countries was working in agriculture. With the start of the industrial revolution and the accompanying mechanization, labor shifted out of agriculture. Still, throughout the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, increases in agricultural production were mainly driven by an increase in the growing area, whereas yields (output per area) were rather constant. This changed abruptly in the middle of the 20th century: yields have been increasing at a steady pace ever since. At the same time, inflation-adjusted agricultural commodity prices have been trending downward as increases in supply outpaced increases in demand. Food is an essential good, and while its price is currently low due to its abundance, it is responsible for a large consumer surplus given the highly inelastic demand. Understanding what factors contribute to the upward trend in yields is hence of first order importance for food security and human welfare. This book contains eight chapters that were presented at a NBER conference in May 2017. They examine in further detail what contributes to the remarkably steady increase in yields around the globe and assess whether this can continue into the future and whether it will impose significant environmental externalities. The book offers new innovative analyses using the methodological innovations as well as recently available micro-level data sets.
Xu Yi-chong
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190279523
- eISBN:
- 9780190279554
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190279523.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
SGCC is a new type of state-owned ‘profit-driven’ corporation: once it was given the mandate to construct and operate the national transmission and distribution (T&D) system, it used its new autonomy ...
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SGCC is a new type of state-owned ‘profit-driven’ corporation: once it was given the mandate to construct and operate the national transmission and distribution (T&D) system, it used its new autonomy to expand in a manner that was contentious for many domestic and international players. Similar to the emergence of modern corporations at the turn of the twentieth century in the United States and some European countries, the transformation of SGCC and other elite SOEs in the first decade of the twenty-first century changed the economic, social and political life in China. They tend to be managed by a group of political and economic entrepreneurs, whose Communist Party membership seldom dampened their enthusiasm to pursue corporate and individual interests that might not always align with those of the party-state (even assuming the latter did know what it wanted). As an embodiment of economic and political power, SGCC was willing and able to exercise such power. Its importance in the economy, its size, and its accumulated wealth and political influence present new challenges to the party-state.Less
SGCC is a new type of state-owned ‘profit-driven’ corporation: once it was given the mandate to construct and operate the national transmission and distribution (T&D) system, it used its new autonomy to expand in a manner that was contentious for many domestic and international players. Similar to the emergence of modern corporations at the turn of the twentieth century in the United States and some European countries, the transformation of SGCC and other elite SOEs in the first decade of the twenty-first century changed the economic, social and political life in China. They tend to be managed by a group of political and economic entrepreneurs, whose Communist Party membership seldom dampened their enthusiasm to pursue corporate and individual interests that might not always align with those of the party-state (even assuming the latter did know what it wanted). As an embodiment of economic and political power, SGCC was willing and able to exercise such power. Its importance in the economy, its size, and its accumulated wealth and political influence present new challenges to the party-state.
Yukon Huang
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- July 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190630034
- eISBN:
- 9780190630065
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190630034.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
Ongoing negotiations of bilateral investment treaties between China and the United States and European Union serve as the primary means for both sides to engage in economic policy discussions. Many ...
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Ongoing negotiations of bilateral investment treaties between China and the United States and European Union serve as the primary means for both sides to engage in economic policy discussions. Many believe that US firms are investing a lot in China, although the amounts have been modest in comparison with the flows between China and the European Union. This is largely due to the composition of their respective trade with each other and not just political sensitivities. Both the United States and the European Union are confronting China with concerns about its restrictive investment practices, pressures for technology transfer, and intellectual property theft at a time when China seeks to become more innovative by moving up the technology ladder. China complains about being subjected to excessive scrutiny by agencies such as the Committee on Foreign Investments in the United States. Views differ significantly, making it difficult to reach agreement on policy options.Less
Ongoing negotiations of bilateral investment treaties between China and the United States and European Union serve as the primary means for both sides to engage in economic policy discussions. Many believe that US firms are investing a lot in China, although the amounts have been modest in comparison with the flows between China and the European Union. This is largely due to the composition of their respective trade with each other and not just political sensitivities. Both the United States and the European Union are confronting China with concerns about its restrictive investment practices, pressures for technology transfer, and intellectual property theft at a time when China seeks to become more innovative by moving up the technology ladder. China complains about being subjected to excessive scrutiny by agencies such as the Committee on Foreign Investments in the United States. Views differ significantly, making it difficult to reach agreement on policy options.
Yi-chong Xu
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780190279523
- eISBN:
- 9780190279554
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190279523.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) is a state-owned electricity company, delivering electricity to 1.2 billion people. This book seeks to explain the evolution, development, and expansion of SGCC ...
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State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) is a state-owned electricity company, delivering electricity to 1.2 billion people. This book seeks to explain the evolution, development, and expansion of SGCC by examining two intertwined themes—electricity reforms and SOE reforms. It focuses on the relationship between the party-state and SOEs. It argues that this relationship is neither top-down nor unidimensional. While the government can profoundly influence the outcome of market activities by determining the rules governing economic behaviour, how it exercises its authority in decision making, and how it considers the potential adverse effects on large players in the economy, need to be explained. When SGCC was given the mandate to operate as a corporation, its development and expansion changed its relationship with government agencies, its industry peers, and provincial and local governments. This path of development was shaped to a large extent by its management’s political skills, entrepreneurship, willingness to take risks, skilful utilisation of its institutional capacities, and, most importantly, its ability to exploit differences between central government agencies.Less
State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) is a state-owned electricity company, delivering electricity to 1.2 billion people. This book seeks to explain the evolution, development, and expansion of SGCC by examining two intertwined themes—electricity reforms and SOE reforms. It focuses on the relationship between the party-state and SOEs. It argues that this relationship is neither top-down nor unidimensional. While the government can profoundly influence the outcome of market activities by determining the rules governing economic behaviour, how it exercises its authority in decision making, and how it considers the potential adverse effects on large players in the economy, need to be explained. When SGCC was given the mandate to operate as a corporation, its development and expansion changed its relationship with government agencies, its industry peers, and provincial and local governments. This path of development was shaped to a large extent by its management’s political skills, entrepreneurship, willingness to take risks, skilful utilisation of its institutional capacities, and, most importantly, its ability to exploit differences between central government agencies.
Brandon Valeriano, Benjamin Jensen, and Ryan C. Maness
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190618094
- eISBN:
- 9780190618124
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190618094.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Comparative Politics
This book examines how states integrate cyber capabilities with other instruments of power to achieve foreign policy outcomes. Given North Korea’s use of cyber intrusions to threaten the ...
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This book examines how states integrate cyber capabilities with other instruments of power to achieve foreign policy outcomes. Given North Korea’s use of cyber intrusions to threaten the international community and extort funds for its elites, Chinese espionage and the theft of government records through the Office of Personal Management (OPM) hack, and the Russian hack on the 2016 US election, this book is a timely contribution to debates about power and influence in the 21st century. Its goal is to understand how states apply cyber means to achieve political ends, a topic speculated and imagined, but investigated with very little analytical rigor. Following on Valeriano and Maness’s (2015) book, Cyber War versus Cyber Realities: Cyber Conflict in the International System, this new study explores how states apply cyber strategies, using empirical evidence and key theoretical insights largely missed by the academic and strategy community. It investigates cyber strategies in their integrated and isolated contexts, demonstrating that they are useful to managing escalation and sending ambiguous signals, but generally they fail to achieve coercive effect.Less
This book examines how states integrate cyber capabilities with other instruments of power to achieve foreign policy outcomes. Given North Korea’s use of cyber intrusions to threaten the international community and extort funds for its elites, Chinese espionage and the theft of government records through the Office of Personal Management (OPM) hack, and the Russian hack on the 2016 US election, this book is a timely contribution to debates about power and influence in the 21st century. Its goal is to understand how states apply cyber means to achieve political ends, a topic speculated and imagined, but investigated with very little analytical rigor. Following on Valeriano and Maness’s (2015) book, Cyber War versus Cyber Realities: Cyber Conflict in the International System, this new study explores how states apply cyber strategies, using empirical evidence and key theoretical insights largely missed by the academic and strategy community. It investigates cyber strategies in their integrated and isolated contexts, demonstrating that they are useful to managing escalation and sending ambiguous signals, but generally they fail to achieve coercive effect.