Peter A. Hall
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199250158
- eISBN:
- 9780191599439
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199250154.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union
The purpose of this chapter is to place contemporary debate about European democracy in a wider historical context by considering how analyses of the institutions that underpin democracy in Europe ...
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The purpose of this chapter is to place contemporary debate about European democracy in a wider historical context by considering how analyses of the institutions that underpin democracy in Europe have evolved over time in tandem with political developments. It is said that those who neglect history are doomed to repeat it, and that can be also true of social science. We depend on the insights of successive generations of scholars for much of what we know about democracy, and by examining how their analyses shifted as European governance itself evolved, we can develop perspectives with which to understand the problems confronting Europe today. The survey is necessarily brief survey, but references are provided that lead to deeper debates. The different sections of the chapter are: The Feasibility of Popular Government; The Importance of Culture, Organization, and Social Conditions; Technocracy, Neo–Corporatism, and the Romantic Revolt; The Move to the Market; and Contemporary European Democracy.Less
The purpose of this chapter is to place contemporary debate about European democracy in a wider historical context by considering how analyses of the institutions that underpin democracy in Europe have evolved over time in tandem with political developments. It is said that those who neglect history are doomed to repeat it, and that can be also true of social science. We depend on the insights of successive generations of scholars for much of what we know about democracy, and by examining how their analyses shifted as European governance itself evolved, we can develop perspectives with which to understand the problems confronting Europe today. The survey is necessarily brief survey, but references are provided that lead to deeper debates. The different sections of the chapter are: The Feasibility of Popular Government; The Importance of Culture, Organization, and Social Conditions; Technocracy, Neo–Corporatism, and the Romantic Revolt; The Move to the Market; and Contemporary European Democracy.
John O. McGinnis
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151021
- eISBN:
- 9781400845453
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151021.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
Successful democracies throughout history have used the technology of their time to gather information for better governance. Our challenge is no different today, but it is more urgent because the ...
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Successful democracies throughout history have used the technology of their time to gather information for better governance. Our challenge is no different today, but it is more urgent because the accelerating pace of technological change creates potentially enormous dangers as well as benefits. This book shows how to adapt democracy to new information technologies that can enhance political decision making and enable us to navigate the social rapids ahead. This book demonstrates how these new technologies combine to address a problem as old as democracy itself—how to help citizens better evaluate the consequences of their political choices. As society became more complex in the nineteenth century, social planning became a top-down enterprise delegated to experts and bureaucrats. Today, technology increasingly permits information to bubble up from below and filter through more dispersed and competitive sources. The book explains how to use fast-evolving information technologies to more effectively analyze past public policy, bring unprecedented intensity of scrutiny to current policy proposals, and more accurately predict the results of future policy. But he argues that we can do so only if government keeps pace with technological change. For instance, it must revive federalism to permit different jurisdictions to test different policies so that their results can be evaluated, and it must legalize information markets to permit people to bet on what the consequences of a policy will be even before that policy is implemented. This book reveals how we can achieve a democracy that is informed by expertise and social-scientific knowledge while shedding the arrogance and insularity of a technocracy.Less
Successful democracies throughout history have used the technology of their time to gather information for better governance. Our challenge is no different today, but it is more urgent because the accelerating pace of technological change creates potentially enormous dangers as well as benefits. This book shows how to adapt democracy to new information technologies that can enhance political decision making and enable us to navigate the social rapids ahead. This book demonstrates how these new technologies combine to address a problem as old as democracy itself—how to help citizens better evaluate the consequences of their political choices. As society became more complex in the nineteenth century, social planning became a top-down enterprise delegated to experts and bureaucrats. Today, technology increasingly permits information to bubble up from below and filter through more dispersed and competitive sources. The book explains how to use fast-evolving information technologies to more effectively analyze past public policy, bring unprecedented intensity of scrutiny to current policy proposals, and more accurately predict the results of future policy. But he argues that we can do so only if government keeps pace with technological change. For instance, it must revive federalism to permit different jurisdictions to test different policies so that their results can be evaluated, and it must legalize information markets to permit people to bet on what the consequences of a policy will be even before that policy is implemented. This book reveals how we can achieve a democracy that is informed by expertise and social-scientific knowledge while shedding the arrogance and insularity of a technocracy.
Luis Moreno-Caballud
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781781381939
- eISBN:
- 9781781382295
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781781381939.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This book studies the emergence of collaborative and non-hierarchical cultures in the context of the Spanish economic crisis of 2008. It explains how peer-to-peer social networks that have arisen ...
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This book studies the emergence of collaborative and non-hierarchical cultures in the context of the Spanish economic crisis of 2008. It explains how peer-to-peer social networks that have arisen online and through social movements such as the Indignados have challenged a longstanding cultural tradition of intellectual elitism and capitalist technocracy in Spain. From the establishment of a technocratic and consumerist culture during the second part of the Franco dictatorship to the transition to neoliberalism that accompanied the ‘transition to democracy’, intellectuals and ‘experts’ have legitimized contemporary Spanish history as a series of unavoidable steps in a process of ‘modernization’. But when unemployment skyrocketed and a growing number of people began to feel that the consequences of this Spanish ‘modernization’ had increasingly led to precariousness, this paradigm collapsed. In the wake of Spain's financial meltdown of 2008, new ‘cultures of anyone’ have emerged around the idea that the people affected by or involved in a situation should be the ones to participate in changing it. Growing through grassroots social movements, digital networks, and spaces traditionally reserved for ‘high culture’ and institutional politics, these cultures promote processes of empowerment and collaborative learning that allow the development of the abilities and knowledge base of ‘anyone’, regardless of their economic status or institutional affiliations.Less
This book studies the emergence of collaborative and non-hierarchical cultures in the context of the Spanish economic crisis of 2008. It explains how peer-to-peer social networks that have arisen online and through social movements such as the Indignados have challenged a longstanding cultural tradition of intellectual elitism and capitalist technocracy in Spain. From the establishment of a technocratic and consumerist culture during the second part of the Franco dictatorship to the transition to neoliberalism that accompanied the ‘transition to democracy’, intellectuals and ‘experts’ have legitimized contemporary Spanish history as a series of unavoidable steps in a process of ‘modernization’. But when unemployment skyrocketed and a growing number of people began to feel that the consequences of this Spanish ‘modernization’ had increasingly led to precariousness, this paradigm collapsed. In the wake of Spain's financial meltdown of 2008, new ‘cultures of anyone’ have emerged around the idea that the people affected by or involved in a situation should be the ones to participate in changing it. Growing through grassroots social movements, digital networks, and spaces traditionally reserved for ‘high culture’ and institutional politics, these cultures promote processes of empowerment and collaborative learning that allow the development of the abilities and knowledge base of ‘anyone’, regardless of their economic status or institutional affiliations.
Eric Jabbari
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199289639
- eISBN:
- 9780191730863
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289639.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
The advocacy of corporatism found a receptive audience in interwar during the thirties, as many of Laroque’s contemporaries had come to believe that the Third Republic had failed to resolve the ...
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The advocacy of corporatism found a receptive audience in interwar during the thirties, as many of Laroque’s contemporaries had come to believe that the Third Republic had failed to resolve the social, political and economic problems which confronted interwar France. It was in this context that he participated in various intellectual forums which sought to develop solutions to these questions, such as the Groupe du 9 Juillet and X-crise, while publishing articles in likeminded reviews such as L’Homme Nouveau and Les Nouveaux Cahiers, activities which associated him with the neosocialist and technocratic movements of the time. By the end of the decade Laroque had become an expert in the field of industrial relations, as was demonstrated by the publication of Les rapports entre patrons et ouvriers in 1938. It was during this same period, moreover, that he came to believe that it was incumbent upon social policy to address the cultural and psychological aspects of industrial strife, since it was a sense of inferiority which accounted for the alienation of labour in contemporary France.Less
The advocacy of corporatism found a receptive audience in interwar during the thirties, as many of Laroque’s contemporaries had come to believe that the Third Republic had failed to resolve the social, political and economic problems which confronted interwar France. It was in this context that he participated in various intellectual forums which sought to develop solutions to these questions, such as the Groupe du 9 Juillet and X-crise, while publishing articles in likeminded reviews such as L’Homme Nouveau and Les Nouveaux Cahiers, activities which associated him with the neosocialist and technocratic movements of the time. By the end of the decade Laroque had become an expert in the field of industrial relations, as was demonstrated by the publication of Les rapports entre patrons et ouvriers in 1938. It was during this same period, moreover, that he came to believe that it was incumbent upon social policy to address the cultural and psychological aspects of industrial strife, since it was a sense of inferiority which accounted for the alienation of labour in contemporary France.
Luis Moreno-Caballud
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781781381939
- eISBN:
- 9781781382295
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5949/liverpool/9781781381939.003.0002
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Cultural Studies
This chapter examines some distinctive characteristics of the forms of cultural authority prevailing in Spain during a period of neoliberal crisis. It first traces the genealogy of these forms of ...
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This chapter examines some distinctive characteristics of the forms of cultural authority prevailing in Spain during a period of neoliberal crisis. It first traces the genealogy of these forms of cultural authority, focusing on the ways in which big communications media, experts, politicians and intellectuals have presented the crisis. It then considers the tendency of agencies of cultural authority to promote a competitive, individualistic way of life that lies at the heart of neoliberalism. It also discusses the cultural elites' attempts to make the rest of the population adapt to the capitalist mode of production and distribution of value, a practice that occurred during the second phase of Francoism and enshrined through the technoscientific legitimacy of certain expert elites who claimed to be modernizing the country. The chapter concludes by assessing the impact of capitalist ‘modernization’ and technocracy on the traditional rural community-based peasantry.Less
This chapter examines some distinctive characteristics of the forms of cultural authority prevailing in Spain during a period of neoliberal crisis. It first traces the genealogy of these forms of cultural authority, focusing on the ways in which big communications media, experts, politicians and intellectuals have presented the crisis. It then considers the tendency of agencies of cultural authority to promote a competitive, individualistic way of life that lies at the heart of neoliberalism. It also discusses the cultural elites' attempts to make the rest of the population adapt to the capitalist mode of production and distribution of value, a practice that occurred during the second phase of Francoism and enshrined through the technoscientific legitimacy of certain expert elites who claimed to be modernizing the country. The chapter concludes by assessing the impact of capitalist ‘modernization’ and technocracy on the traditional rural community-based peasantry.
Chris J. Bickerton
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199606252
- eISBN:
- 9780191751639
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199606252.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, International Relations and Politics
European integration has traditionally been understood as a struggle between national sovereignty and pan-European supranational governance. Optimists see in the EU’s evolution an inexorable step ...
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European integration has traditionally been understood as a struggle between national sovereignty and pan-European supranational governance. Optimists see in the EU’s evolution an inexorable step towards a federal Europe. Pessimists point to enduring national rivalries and conflicts, made all the more bitter by the ongoing economic crisis in Europe. This book argues that both sides to this debate fail to explain key features of today’s EU. Whilst cooperation between national governments becomes deeper and more extensive, we see no grand leaps towards supranationalism. At the same time, though national representatives entrench their role in European integration, they act in ways different from what we would expect from traditional national politicians. They seek consensus rather than conflict and they identify with each other as much as with their own domestic populations. In order to grasp these developments, the book argues that we need to go beyond the clash of national sovereignty versus supranationalism and to understand European integration as a process of state transformation. Focusing on the post-1945 Keynesian consensus and its dismantling in the 1970s and 1980s, this book argues that European states have undergone a profound transformation—from nation states to what it calls member states. Developing the argument both historically and theoretically, and engaging with a wide variety of different literatures, the book argues that by understanding European integration as a process of state transformation we are better able to grasp those mysteries of the EU that have long puzzled researchers and have so frustrated citizens.Less
European integration has traditionally been understood as a struggle between national sovereignty and pan-European supranational governance. Optimists see in the EU’s evolution an inexorable step towards a federal Europe. Pessimists point to enduring national rivalries and conflicts, made all the more bitter by the ongoing economic crisis in Europe. This book argues that both sides to this debate fail to explain key features of today’s EU. Whilst cooperation between national governments becomes deeper and more extensive, we see no grand leaps towards supranationalism. At the same time, though national representatives entrench their role in European integration, they act in ways different from what we would expect from traditional national politicians. They seek consensus rather than conflict and they identify with each other as much as with their own domestic populations. In order to grasp these developments, the book argues that we need to go beyond the clash of national sovereignty versus supranationalism and to understand European integration as a process of state transformation. Focusing on the post-1945 Keynesian consensus and its dismantling in the 1970s and 1980s, this book argues that European states have undergone a profound transformation—from nation states to what it calls member states. Developing the argument both historically and theoretically, and engaging with a wide variety of different literatures, the book argues that by understanding European integration as a process of state transformation we are better able to grasp those mysteries of the EU that have long puzzled researchers and have so frustrated citizens.
Albert W. Dzur
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199874095
- eISBN:
- 9780199980024
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199874095.003.0008
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This book concludes by considering Socrates’ critique of the jury in the Apology, which misleadingly contrasts expert justice with democratic injustice. While producing an unjust outcome, Socrates’ ...
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This book concludes by considering Socrates’ critique of the jury in the Apology, which misleadingly contrasts expert justice with democratic injustice. While producing an unjust outcome, Socrates’ trial was nevertheless thoroughly public because of the court’s lay membership: It addressed the people, was transparent, well understood, held the people accountable for justice, and influenced public discourse on punishment for centuries. Though a failure of justice, it was a public failure, a lesson for Athens and the wider world. The enduring need for public engagement in criminal justice explains why the jury form persists, why it is being reintroduced in Japan and elsewhere. The jury brings people together not as an assumed public, a voice of an already existing community, but as a deliberately constructed public; it provides a procedural rather than substantive foundation for the public interests represented in criminal adjudication. Contemporary proponents of Socrates’ expert justice, like Whitman, fail to see the threats this technocratic model poses to the civic capacity of a democracy. Reviving the jury in the fashion suggested in the previous chapter, or developing related institutional forms of load-bearing lay participation, would increase public sobriety about contemporary punishment and broaden responsibility for more humane criminal justice.Less
This book concludes by considering Socrates’ critique of the jury in the Apology, which misleadingly contrasts expert justice with democratic injustice. While producing an unjust outcome, Socrates’ trial was nevertheless thoroughly public because of the court’s lay membership: It addressed the people, was transparent, well understood, held the people accountable for justice, and influenced public discourse on punishment for centuries. Though a failure of justice, it was a public failure, a lesson for Athens and the wider world. The enduring need for public engagement in criminal justice explains why the jury form persists, why it is being reintroduced in Japan and elsewhere. The jury brings people together not as an assumed public, a voice of an already existing community, but as a deliberately constructed public; it provides a procedural rather than substantive foundation for the public interests represented in criminal adjudication. Contemporary proponents of Socrates’ expert justice, like Whitman, fail to see the threats this technocratic model poses to the civic capacity of a democracy. Reviving the jury in the fashion suggested in the previous chapter, or developing related institutional forms of load-bearing lay participation, would increase public sobriety about contemporary punishment and broaden responsibility for more humane criminal justice.
Daniel A. Crane
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195372656
- eISBN:
- 9780199893287
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372656.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Competition Law
This chapter describes antitrust's 20th-century shift towards “technocracy”. This shift was considered dramatic, but only partial, as it disappeared from the public's imagination and lost the ...
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This chapter describes antitrust's 20th-century shift towards “technocracy”. This shift was considered dramatic, but only partial, as it disappeared from the public's imagination and lost the interest of political leaders, but through daily implementation it once again became the province of bureaucrats and private sector specialists. There were relatively few formal changes in the institutional infrastructure of antitrust that gave it reason to retain its populist institutions, even while shifting on an ideological level toward technocracy. This shift has important implications for the functioning of antitrust's institutions as well as the possible direction of future development.Less
This chapter describes antitrust's 20th-century shift towards “technocracy”. This shift was considered dramatic, but only partial, as it disappeared from the public's imagination and lost the interest of political leaders, but through daily implementation it once again became the province of bureaucrats and private sector specialists. There were relatively few formal changes in the institutional infrastructure of antitrust that gave it reason to retain its populist institutions, even while shifting on an ideological level toward technocracy. This shift has important implications for the functioning of antitrust's institutions as well as the possible direction of future development.
Ian Johnstone
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195394931
- eISBN:
- 9780199894543
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394931.003.0009
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
This chapter looks at whether the World Trade Organization (WTO) really is a “technocracy” through the lens of “trade-environment” issues, focusing on the Shrimp-Turtle case. It begins with an ...
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This chapter looks at whether the World Trade Organization (WTO) really is a “technocracy” through the lens of “trade-environment” issues, focusing on the Shrimp-Turtle case. It begins with an overview of the democratic deficit critique as it applies to the WTO. It then turns to describing the deliberative features of two of the three principal functions of the WTO-dispute settlement, and what has been called the “missing middle” between the negotiation of treaties and dispute settlement. The fourth section is devoted to an analysis of the Shrimp-Turtle case. The chapter concludes with an assessment of how “technocratic” the WTO really is. It argues that it is not dominated by a “trade elite” to the extent that critics have charged, but the impact of environmental activists does not necessarily make it a more deliberatively democratic institution.Less
This chapter looks at whether the World Trade Organization (WTO) really is a “technocracy” through the lens of “trade-environment” issues, focusing on the Shrimp-Turtle case. It begins with an overview of the democratic deficit critique as it applies to the WTO. It then turns to describing the deliberative features of two of the three principal functions of the WTO-dispute settlement, and what has been called the “missing middle” between the negotiation of treaties and dispute settlement. The fourth section is devoted to an analysis of the Shrimp-Turtle case. The chapter concludes with an assessment of how “technocratic” the WTO really is. It argues that it is not dominated by a “trade elite” to the extent that critics have charged, but the impact of environmental activists does not necessarily make it a more deliberatively democratic institution.
Eric Schatzberg
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226583839
- eISBN:
- 9780226584027
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226584027.003.0009
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
The new meaning of technology spread among English-speaking academics in the early 1900s, often in ways that can be traced directly to Veblen. Yet even as the concept of technology spread, it lost ...
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The new meaning of technology spread among English-speaking academics in the early 1900s, often in ways that can be traced directly to Veblen. Yet even as the concept of technology spread, it lost much of the critical edge that Veblen had used to analyze capitalism. Most social scientists, even those directly influenced by Veblen, jettisoned his antideterminism and his emphasis on human agency. Instead, they embraced technology as an autonomous, largely beneficent agent of social change. In this way, technology became linked to the ideology of progress. At the same time, scholars continued their unconscious appropriation of the German discourse of Technik, even when they were familiar with Veblen’s work. This engagement with the German concept of Technik added confusion about the meaning of technology.Less
The new meaning of technology spread among English-speaking academics in the early 1900s, often in ways that can be traced directly to Veblen. Yet even as the concept of technology spread, it lost much of the critical edge that Veblen had used to analyze capitalism. Most social scientists, even those directly influenced by Veblen, jettisoned his antideterminism and his emphasis on human agency. Instead, they embraced technology as an autonomous, largely beneficent agent of social change. In this way, technology became linked to the ideology of progress. At the same time, scholars continued their unconscious appropriation of the German discourse of Technik, even when they were familiar with Veblen’s work. This engagement with the German concept of Technik added confusion about the meaning of technology.
Ioannis Lianos
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780804789394
- eISBN:
- 9780804791625
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804789394.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Competition Law
Current accounts of the interaction between competition law and state activities are based on a clear-cut old liberalism style distinction between “state”/“government” and “market” that does not take ...
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Current accounts of the interaction between competition law and state activities are based on a clear-cut old liberalism style distinction between “state”/“government” and “market” that does not take into account the emergence of the neoliberal state. By advancing a “bureaucratic-centered theory” of the competition law and state interaction, this chapter offers an alternative interdisciplinary theoretical framework that can be successfully transposed into different institutional and cultural settings.Less
Current accounts of the interaction between competition law and state activities are based on a clear-cut old liberalism style distinction between “state”/“government” and “market” that does not take into account the emergence of the neoliberal state. By advancing a “bureaucratic-centered theory” of the competition law and state interaction, this chapter offers an alternative interdisciplinary theoretical framework that can be successfully transposed into different institutional and cultural settings.
Yannis Papadopoulos
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198748977
- eISBN:
- 9780191811616
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198748977.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
‘Multilevel’ governance (MLG) refers to the fact that, in contemporary established democracies, collectively binding decisions are frequently formulated or implemented in a cooperative manner by ...
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‘Multilevel’ governance (MLG) refers to the fact that, in contemporary established democracies, collectively binding decisions are frequently formulated or implemented in a cooperative manner by networks composed of public actors attached to different jurisdictional levels (from the local to the supranational) and of non-public actors such as experts, interest representatives, and members of cause groups. This chapter develops the expectation that the occurrence and magnitude of depoliticization in MLG depend on a number of its defining traits, and that the presence and intensity of these traits depend in turn on the specific empirical configuration and actor constellation of governance arrangements. The chapter first lays out the relationships that may exist between different facets of depoliticization in MLG, and then explores how MLG is depoliticized when technocratic rule, deficits of representation, lack of political control, and lack of public debate tend to prevail.Less
‘Multilevel’ governance (MLG) refers to the fact that, in contemporary established democracies, collectively binding decisions are frequently formulated or implemented in a cooperative manner by networks composed of public actors attached to different jurisdictional levels (from the local to the supranational) and of non-public actors such as experts, interest representatives, and members of cause groups. This chapter develops the expectation that the occurrence and magnitude of depoliticization in MLG depend on a number of its defining traits, and that the presence and intensity of these traits depend in turn on the specific empirical configuration and actor constellation of governance arrangements. The chapter first lays out the relationships that may exist between different facets of depoliticization in MLG, and then explores how MLG is depoliticized when technocratic rule, deficits of representation, lack of political control, and lack of public debate tend to prevail.
Christopher J. Bickerton
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199606252
- eISBN:
- 9780191751639
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199606252.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, European Union, International Relations and Politics
The conclusion focuses on the implications of the rise of member statehood for political life in contemporary Europe. It argues that in member states we see the crystallization of two important ...
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The conclusion focuses on the implications of the rise of member statehood for political life in contemporary Europe. It argues that in member states we see the crystallization of two important features of contemporary European politics: the rise of technocracy and the rise of populism. The conclusion argues that both these trends are complimentary rather than contradictory as both rest upon a critique of the idea of political representation. Technocracy and populism are thus the two sides of the member state coin and are products of the long process of state transformation described in the book. The conclusion looks at the future avenues of research generated by this member state paradigm. These include comparative work on policy domains and on the transition to member statehood in individual countries and a study of member statehood as a way into the broader study of international organization.Less
The conclusion focuses on the implications of the rise of member statehood for political life in contemporary Europe. It argues that in member states we see the crystallization of two important features of contemporary European politics: the rise of technocracy and the rise of populism. The conclusion argues that both these trends are complimentary rather than contradictory as both rest upon a critique of the idea of political representation. Technocracy and populism are thus the two sides of the member state coin and are products of the long process of state transformation described in the book. The conclusion looks at the future avenues of research generated by this member state paradigm. These include comparative work on policy domains and on the transition to member statehood in individual countries and a study of member statehood as a way into the broader study of international organization.
Shellen Xiao Wu
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780804792844
- eISBN:
- 9780804794732
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9780804792844.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
Chapter Four examines the large-scale modern enterprises opened in the interior by the Chinese themselves, including influential government figures such as Li Hongzhang and Zhang Zhidong. This ...
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Chapter Four examines the large-scale modern enterprises opened in the interior by the Chinese themselves, including influential government figures such as Li Hongzhang and Zhang Zhidong. This chapter focuses on the people who made possible the expansion of the first modern Chinese industries while also promoting European influence on China’s future development-engineers who carried their skills from technical schools and mining academies in Europe to the far reaches of empire. The German engineers who began working for Chinese industries transitioned easily when Germany acquired a leasehold in Shandong province in 1898.Less
Chapter Four examines the large-scale modern enterprises opened in the interior by the Chinese themselves, including influential government figures such as Li Hongzhang and Zhang Zhidong. This chapter focuses on the people who made possible the expansion of the first modern Chinese industries while also promoting European influence on China’s future development-engineers who carried their skills from technical schools and mining academies in Europe to the far reaches of empire. The German engineers who began working for Chinese industries transitioned easily when Germany acquired a leasehold in Shandong province in 1898.
Tom Ginsburg
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814728437
- eISBN:
- 9780814728789
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814728437.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter demonstrates skepticism about the idea that a nation can do a better job in postconflict intervention and institutional construction with more resources, better knowledge, and improved ...
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This chapter demonstrates skepticism about the idea that a nation can do a better job in postconflict intervention and institutional construction with more resources, better knowledge, and improved coordination—an argument of technocratic nature. For the difficult situations of postconflict reconstruction, only intervention on a far more intrusive scale, something no longer politically acceptable—such as imperialism—has the potential to truly transform the societies and to enable them to achieve anything approaching the “rule of law.” The chapter begins by examining significant studies on self-enforcing institutions, and records of successful postconflict intervention, specifically within modern Japanese legal history. The final section contains some thoughts on international criminal justice.Less
This chapter demonstrates skepticism about the idea that a nation can do a better job in postconflict intervention and institutional construction with more resources, better knowledge, and improved coordination—an argument of technocratic nature. For the difficult situations of postconflict reconstruction, only intervention on a far more intrusive scale, something no longer politically acceptable—such as imperialism—has the potential to truly transform the societies and to enable them to achieve anything approaching the “rule of law.” The chapter begins by examining significant studies on self-enforcing institutions, and records of successful postconflict intervention, specifically within modern Japanese legal history. The final section contains some thoughts on international criminal justice.
Nicolas Langlitz
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780520274815
- eISBN:
- 9780520954908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520274815.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Medical Anthropology
Chapter 2, “Swiss Psilocybin and US Dollars,” turns to the situation in Switzerland where proto-countercultural experiments in living have blossomed since the beginning of the twentieth century ...
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Chapter 2, “Swiss Psilocybin and US Dollars,” turns to the situation in Switzerland where proto-countercultural experiments in living have blossomed since the beginning of the twentieth century without ever leading to the kind of aggressive confrontations that the United States experienced in the 1960s. The government official overseeing the comeback of hallucinogen research in this part of the world explains how he came to support this development, which he locates in a broader transformation of Swiss drug policy. The competitive advantage granted by a pragmatic technocracy is part of the reason how Franz Vollenweider’s laboratory in Zurich became the most important human research facility in the global assemblage of psychedelic science.Less
Chapter 2, “Swiss Psilocybin and US Dollars,” turns to the situation in Switzerland where proto-countercultural experiments in living have blossomed since the beginning of the twentieth century without ever leading to the kind of aggressive confrontations that the United States experienced in the 1960s. The government official overseeing the comeback of hallucinogen research in this part of the world explains how he came to support this development, which he locates in a broader transformation of Swiss drug policy. The competitive advantage granted by a pragmatic technocracy is part of the reason how Franz Vollenweider’s laboratory in Zurich became the most important human research facility in the global assemblage of psychedelic science.
Jean Drèze
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780198833468
- eISBN:
- 9780191871900
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198833468.003.0009
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter scrutinises the growing influence of corporate power on public policy in India. The opening essay discusses a startling case of attempted invasion of child nutrition programmes by ...
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This chapter scrutinises the growing influence of corporate power on public policy in India. The opening essay discusses a startling case of attempted invasion of child nutrition programmes by commercial interests: in 2008, the biscuit industry used devious means to lobby for the replacement of cooked midday meals in Indian schools with biscuit packets. The attempt failed, but similar efforts continue to this day. Corporate interests also loom large on the annual Union Budget, as discussed in the second essay. The rest of this chapter is largely concerned with Aadhaar, India's attempt to give everyone a unique identity number linked with his or her biometrics. The official purpose of Aadhaar is to reduce corruption in social programmes, but a more plausible reading is that social programmes have been used to fast‐track Aadhaar enrolment. Whatever its initial or intended purpose, the Aadhaar project is increasingly driven by the personal data business.Less
This chapter scrutinises the growing influence of corporate power on public policy in India. The opening essay discusses a startling case of attempted invasion of child nutrition programmes by commercial interests: in 2008, the biscuit industry used devious means to lobby for the replacement of cooked midday meals in Indian schools with biscuit packets. The attempt failed, but similar efforts continue to this day. Corporate interests also loom large on the annual Union Budget, as discussed in the second essay. The rest of this chapter is largely concerned with Aadhaar, India's attempt to give everyone a unique identity number linked with his or her biometrics. The official purpose of Aadhaar is to reduce corruption in social programmes, but a more plausible reading is that social programmes have been used to fast‐track Aadhaar enrolment. Whatever its initial or intended purpose, the Aadhaar project is increasingly driven by the personal data business.
Jonathan R. Eller
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- April 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780252036293
- eISBN:
- 9780252093357
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Illinois Press
- DOI:
- 10.5406/illinois/9780252036293.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This chapter focuses on Ray Bradbury's fanzine Futuria Fantasia, in which he championed the Technocracy movement based on the premise that if the technological infrastructure were more efficient, ...
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This chapter focuses on Ray Bradbury's fanzine Futuria Fantasia, in which he championed the Technocracy movement based on the premise that if the technological infrastructure were more efficient, then everyone's life would be better. It discusses Bradbury's editorship of Futuria Fantasia, the second issue of which reflected his emerging editorial insight; it contained essays written by Henry Hasse and Henry Kuttner. It suggests that, in soliciting the Hasse and Kuttner contributions, Bradbury was initiating a debate on the state of writing in the science fiction field. The second issue also featured two stories by Hannes Bok, whose illustrations graced all of the fanzine's covers, as well as Bradbury's anonymous story “The Pendulum” and a poem entitled “Satan's Mistress.” The chapter concludes with an assessment of Bradbury's problems with the production of Futuria Fantasia, culminating in its demise after the fourth issue, which carried Bradbury's story “The Piper,” his first solo sale to the genre prozines.Less
This chapter focuses on Ray Bradbury's fanzine Futuria Fantasia, in which he championed the Technocracy movement based on the premise that if the technological infrastructure were more efficient, then everyone's life would be better. It discusses Bradbury's editorship of Futuria Fantasia, the second issue of which reflected his emerging editorial insight; it contained essays written by Henry Hasse and Henry Kuttner. It suggests that, in soliciting the Hasse and Kuttner contributions, Bradbury was initiating a debate on the state of writing in the science fiction field. The second issue also featured two stories by Hannes Bok, whose illustrations graced all of the fanzine's covers, as well as Bradbury's anonymous story “The Pendulum” and a poem entitled “Satan's Mistress.” The chapter concludes with an assessment of Bradbury's problems with the production of Futuria Fantasia, culminating in its demise after the fourth issue, which carried Bradbury's story “The Piper,” his first solo sale to the genre prozines.
Scott O’Bryan
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832827
- eISBN:
- 9780824870621
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832827.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, Asian History
This chapter examines the concerted efforts by former wartime planners to resuscitate and redeem the ideal of planning in postwar Japan. It begins with a discussion of planning dilemmas faced by ...
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This chapter examines the concerted efforts by former wartime planners to resuscitate and redeem the ideal of planning in postwar Japan. It begins with a discussion of planning dilemmas faced by individuals in and around the bureaucracy as they began to set their sights on the postwar economy. It then considers the principles of planning laid out by the Special Survey Committee that self-consciously recast planning in terms of a new democratic and scientific humanism, and specifically as science “without compulsion.” It also discusses the efforts of Inaba Hidezō to mobilize the ideal of humanistic technocracy to articulate a new vision of planning deemed more appropriate to a “new,” open Japan.Less
This chapter examines the concerted efforts by former wartime planners to resuscitate and redeem the ideal of planning in postwar Japan. It begins with a discussion of planning dilemmas faced by individuals in and around the bureaucracy as they began to set their sights on the postwar economy. It then considers the principles of planning laid out by the Special Survey Committee that self-consciously recast planning in terms of a new democratic and scientific humanism, and specifically as science “without compulsion.” It also discusses the efforts of Inaba Hidezō to mobilize the ideal of humanistic technocracy to articulate a new vision of planning deemed more appropriate to a “new,” open Japan.
Peter Murray and Maria Feeney
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781526100788
- eISBN:
- 9781526120823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526100788.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Chapter 7 concludes the study by first noting how ambivalently clerical sociologists responded to the changes wrought by state planning practice in the 1960s. Demands from champions of such planning ...
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Chapter 7 concludes the study by first noting how ambivalently clerical sociologists responded to the changes wrought by state planning practice in the 1960s. Demands from champions of such planning that the discipline should begin to play a different societal role are next examined. During the 1970s the Hierarchy combined failure to plan for a continuation of a significant clerical presence among practitioners of sociology with the casting of itself as the conscience of Irish society. The warding off of abortion, contraception and divorce was thereby entrusted to a highly selective but this-worldly `sociological’ empiricism rather than to theological dogmatism. Initially successful, this strategy has become progressively less effective as popular confidence in church leaders has declined dramatically. Detached from the institution the framed the working lives of their disciplinary predecessors, today’s sociologists debate the respective contributions that factors such as higher education levels, economic marginalisation of the poorly educated and the uncovering of hidden histories of the abuse of clerical power have made to this decline.Less
Chapter 7 concludes the study by first noting how ambivalently clerical sociologists responded to the changes wrought by state planning practice in the 1960s. Demands from champions of such planning that the discipline should begin to play a different societal role are next examined. During the 1970s the Hierarchy combined failure to plan for a continuation of a significant clerical presence among practitioners of sociology with the casting of itself as the conscience of Irish society. The warding off of abortion, contraception and divorce was thereby entrusted to a highly selective but this-worldly `sociological’ empiricism rather than to theological dogmatism. Initially successful, this strategy has become progressively less effective as popular confidence in church leaders has declined dramatically. Detached from the institution the framed the working lives of their disciplinary predecessors, today’s sociologists debate the respective contributions that factors such as higher education levels, economic marginalisation of the poorly educated and the uncovering of hidden histories of the abuse of clerical power have made to this decline.
