Geoffrey Lloyd
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199214617
- eISBN:
- 9780191706493
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214617.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This book presents a study of the problems posed by the unity and diversity of the human mind. On the one hand, as humans we all share broadly the same anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and certain ...
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This book presents a study of the problems posed by the unity and diversity of the human mind. On the one hand, as humans we all share broadly the same anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and certain psychological capabilities — the capacity to learn a language, for instance. On the other, different individuals and groups have very different talents, tastes, and beliefs, for instance about how they see themselves, other humans and the world around them. These issues are highly charged, for any denial of psychic unity savours of racism, while many assertions of psychic diversity raise the spectres of arbitrary relativism, the incommensurability of beliefs systems, and their mutual unintelligibility. The book examines where different types of arguments, scientific, philosophical, anthropological and historical, can take us. It discusses colour perception, spatial cognition, animal and plant taxonomy, the emotions, ideas of health and well-being, concepts of the self, agency and causation, varying perceptions of the distinction between nature and culture, and reasoning itself. It pays attention to the multidimensionality of the phenomena to be apprehended and to the diversity of manners, or styles, of apprehending them. The weight to be given to different factors, physical, biological, psychological, cultural, ideological, varies as between different subject areas and sometimes even within a single area. The book uses recent work in social anthropology, linguistics, cognitive science, neurophysiology, and the history of ideas to redefine the problems and clarify how our evident psychic diversity can be reconciled with our shared humanity.Less
This book presents a study of the problems posed by the unity and diversity of the human mind. On the one hand, as humans we all share broadly the same anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and certain psychological capabilities — the capacity to learn a language, for instance. On the other, different individuals and groups have very different talents, tastes, and beliefs, for instance about how they see themselves, other humans and the world around them. These issues are highly charged, for any denial of psychic unity savours of racism, while many assertions of psychic diversity raise the spectres of arbitrary relativism, the incommensurability of beliefs systems, and their mutual unintelligibility. The book examines where different types of arguments, scientific, philosophical, anthropological and historical, can take us. It discusses colour perception, spatial cognition, animal and plant taxonomy, the emotions, ideas of health and well-being, concepts of the self, agency and causation, varying perceptions of the distinction between nature and culture, and reasoning itself. It pays attention to the multidimensionality of the phenomena to be apprehended and to the diversity of manners, or styles, of apprehending them. The weight to be given to different factors, physical, biological, psychological, cultural, ideological, varies as between different subject areas and sometimes even within a single area. The book uses recent work in social anthropology, linguistics, cognitive science, neurophysiology, and the history of ideas to redefine the problems and clarify how our evident psychic diversity can be reconciled with our shared humanity.
G. E. R. Lloyd
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199214617
- eISBN:
- 9780191706493
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214617.003.0004
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
This chapter discusses the lack of a definitive taxonomy for either animals or plants. It is argued that there are conflicts between the ‘common-sense’ taxonomy advanced by some universalists and the ...
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This chapter discusses the lack of a definitive taxonomy for either animals or plants. It is argued that there are conflicts between the ‘common-sense’ taxonomy advanced by some universalists and the findings of science as represented by recent studies in biology. It is also argued that there is no reason to think that the cognitive equipment humans possess to classify animals and plants varies in any significant way.Less
This chapter discusses the lack of a definitive taxonomy for either animals or plants. It is argued that there are conflicts between the ‘common-sense’ taxonomy advanced by some universalists and the findings of science as represented by recent studies in biology. It is also argued that there is no reason to think that the cognitive equipment humans possess to classify animals and plants varies in any significant way.
Crawford Gribben
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195325317
- eISBN:
- 9780199785605
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325317.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Church History
This chapter summarizes the argument of the book and offers a number of concluding reflections of more general significance. It argues that the theological debates cannot be explained by the emerging ...
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This chapter summarizes the argument of the book and offers a number of concluding reflections of more general significance. It argues that the theological debates cannot be explained by the emerging denominational structures and allegiances, and it notes the importance of an unpredictable prophetic individualism. It comments on the taxonomy of “mainstream” and “periphery,” reflects on the issues that made these debates distinctively Irish, and recognizes the dangers of elevating the importance of books and reading as primary factors in reformation in the early modern period. It concludes by noting the similarity between early modern protestants and contemporary evangelicals in Ireland.Less
This chapter summarizes the argument of the book and offers a number of concluding reflections of more general significance. It argues that the theological debates cannot be explained by the emerging denominational structures and allegiances, and it notes the importance of an unpredictable prophetic individualism. It comments on the taxonomy of “mainstream” and “periphery,” reflects on the issues that made these debates distinctively Irish, and recognizes the dangers of elevating the importance of books and reading as primary factors in reformation in the early modern period. It concludes by noting the similarity between early modern protestants and contemporary evangelicals in Ireland.
Fulvio Castellacci, Tommy H. Clausen, Svein Olav Nås, and Bart Verspagen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199551552
- eISBN:
- 9780191720819
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551552.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy, Innovation
This chapter presents an empirical analysis of the patterns of innovation, economic structure, and industrial dynamics that characterize the Norwegian system at present. It investigates whether the ...
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This chapter presents an empirical analysis of the patterns of innovation, economic structure, and industrial dynamics that characterize the Norwegian system at present. It investigates whether the three historical paths of Norwegian economic development identified in Chapter 2 have left ‘fingerprints’ on the present characteristics of the Norwegian innovation system. It argues that these paths have favoured the strengthening of a resource-based economic structure, and this represents one important factor to explain the low innovation intensity that characterizes the Norwegian system at present. The empirical analysis identifies three major sectoral patterns of innovation, which by and large reflect the development of the three historical paths: science-based innovators, low-intensity innovators, and resource-based innovators. In contrast to previous findings in the industrial dynamics literature, the chapter finds the former group of industries to be less entrepreneurial than commonly assumed, and the latter type of industries to be more turbulent and competitive than it is the case in other countries.Less
This chapter presents an empirical analysis of the patterns of innovation, economic structure, and industrial dynamics that characterize the Norwegian system at present. It investigates whether the three historical paths of Norwegian economic development identified in Chapter 2 have left ‘fingerprints’ on the present characteristics of the Norwegian innovation system. It argues that these paths have favoured the strengthening of a resource-based economic structure, and this represents one important factor to explain the low innovation intensity that characterizes the Norwegian system at present. The empirical analysis identifies three major sectoral patterns of innovation, which by and large reflect the development of the three historical paths: science-based innovators, low-intensity innovators, and resource-based innovators. In contrast to previous findings in the industrial dynamics literature, the chapter finds the former group of industries to be less entrepreneurial than commonly assumed, and the latter type of industries to be more turbulent and competitive than it is the case in other countries.
Jeffrey Stacey
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199584765
- eISBN:
- 9780191723506
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584765.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, European Union
This is the first of four chapters that present the evidence for testing the book's theory. The chapter begins by briefly discussing the book's methodology, before constructing a comprehensive test ...
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This is the first of four chapters that present the evidence for testing the book's theory. The chapter begins by briefly discussing the book's methodology, before constructing a comprehensive test of the predictions of the book's theoretical model. After a brief recapitulation of the argument, the next section comprises a rich taxonomy of the EU's informal accords that provides some of the book's most compelling empirical evidence. This section takes stock of the cumulative effect of informal accords, providing part of the capstone evidence necessary to evaluate the book's primary hypothesis test. Before going on to present comprehensive case study evidence in the ensuing chapters, this chapter's third and fourth sections serve to present a bevy of evidence in support of the argument's core hypotheses including the results of Eurobarometer polling data that highlights how the pressure on EU Member States to augment European democracy has increased over time.Less
This is the first of four chapters that present the evidence for testing the book's theory. The chapter begins by briefly discussing the book's methodology, before constructing a comprehensive test of the predictions of the book's theoretical model. After a brief recapitulation of the argument, the next section comprises a rich taxonomy of the EU's informal accords that provides some of the book's most compelling empirical evidence. This section takes stock of the cumulative effect of informal accords, providing part of the capstone evidence necessary to evaluate the book's primary hypothesis test. Before going on to present comprehensive case study evidence in the ensuing chapters, this chapter's third and fourth sections serve to present a bevy of evidence in support of the argument's core hypotheses including the results of Eurobarometer polling data that highlights how the pressure on EU Member States to augment European democracy has increased over time.
Toni Rønnow-Rasmussen
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199603787
- eISBN:
- 9780191729294
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199603787.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Metaphysics/Epistemology
Certain things, like justice, have impersonal value, other things carry personal values: they have value for some person rather than have value, period. The philosophical literature as well as ...
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Certain things, like justice, have impersonal value, other things carry personal values: they have value for some person rather than have value, period. The philosophical literature as well as non-philosophical literature is inundated with suggestions about the kinds of thing that are good for us or, if it is a negative personal value, what is bad for us. This is a stimulating and vivid area of philosophical research, but it has tended to monopolize the notion of ‘good-for’, linking it necessarily to welfare or well-being. Since these more or less well-grounded pieces of advice are seldom accompanied by an analysis of the notion of ‘good-for’, there is a need for such an analysis. This book aims to remedy this need, by offering a novel way of analyzing the notion of personal value. It defends the idea that we have reason to expand our classical value taxonomy with these personal values. By fine-tuning a pattern of value analysis which has roots in the writings of the Austrian philosopher Franz Brentano, this sort of analysis will come to cover personal values, too. In addition the book makes contributions to a number of issues, including hedonism vs. preferentialism, subjectivism vs. objectivism, value bearer monism vs. value bearer pluralism, and the wrong kind of reason problem — all of which are much debated among today's value theorists.Less
Certain things, like justice, have impersonal value, other things carry personal values: they have value for some person rather than have value, period. The philosophical literature as well as non-philosophical literature is inundated with suggestions about the kinds of thing that are good for us or, if it is a negative personal value, what is bad for us. This is a stimulating and vivid area of philosophical research, but it has tended to monopolize the notion of ‘good-for’, linking it necessarily to welfare or well-being. Since these more or less well-grounded pieces of advice are seldom accompanied by an analysis of the notion of ‘good-for’, there is a need for such an analysis. This book aims to remedy this need, by offering a novel way of analyzing the notion of personal value. It defends the idea that we have reason to expand our classical value taxonomy with these personal values. By fine-tuning a pattern of value analysis which has roots in the writings of the Austrian philosopher Franz Brentano, this sort of analysis will come to cover personal values, too. In addition the book makes contributions to a number of issues, including hedonism vs. preferentialism, subjectivism vs. objectivism, value bearer monism vs. value bearer pluralism, and the wrong kind of reason problem — all of which are much debated among today's value theorists.
Thomas S. Bianchi and Elizabeth A. Canuel
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691134147
- eISBN:
- 9781400839100
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691134147.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
This chapter examines the primary photosynthetic pigments used in absorbing photosynthetically active radiation, which include chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilins—with chlorophyll representing ...
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This chapter examines the primary photosynthetic pigments used in absorbing photosynthetically active radiation, which include chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilins—with chlorophyll representing the dominant photosynthetic pigment. Although a greater amount of chlorophyll is found on land, 75% of the annual global turnover occurs in oceans, lakes, and rivers/estuaries. All of the light-harvesting pigments are bound to proteins making up distinct carotenoid and chlorophyll-protein complexes. The chapter considers the chemistry and application of these very important chemical biomarkers and discusses their limitations in aquatic systems. The matrix factorization program CHEMical TAXonomy (CHEMTAX) was introduced to calculate the relative abundance of major algal groups based on concentrations of diagnostic pigments and is also discussed.Less
This chapter examines the primary photosynthetic pigments used in absorbing photosynthetically active radiation, which include chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilins—with chlorophyll representing the dominant photosynthetic pigment. Although a greater amount of chlorophyll is found on land, 75% of the annual global turnover occurs in oceans, lakes, and rivers/estuaries. All of the light-harvesting pigments are bound to proteins making up distinct carotenoid and chlorophyll-protein complexes. The chapter considers the chemistry and application of these very important chemical biomarkers and discusses their limitations in aquatic systems. The matrix factorization program CHEMical TAXonomy (CHEMTAX) was introduced to calculate the relative abundance of major algal groups based on concentrations of diagnostic pigments and is also discussed.
Jie W Weiss and David J Weiss
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195322989
- eISBN:
- 9780199869206
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195322989.003.0015
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter argues that the rejection of human capability to perform probabilistic tasks is extremely premature. Studies which are often cited as showing that people perform such tasks poorly can be ...
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This chapter argues that the rejection of human capability to perform probabilistic tasks is extremely premature. Studies which are often cited as showing that people perform such tasks poorly can be interpreted to argue for the opposite conclusion. The “generalized normal adult human mind” is also the wrong target for research on human intellectual performance. It must be recognized that minds vary, that tools and expertise can help, presumably both expertise in the subject matter of the task and expertise in probability itself. There is a need to develop a taxonomy of intellectual tasks themselves. Only with the aid of such a taxonomy can we think with reasonable sophistication about how to identify among the myriad kinds of experts and the myriad kinds of tasks such experts normally perform just exactly what kinds of people and tasks especially deserve our attention.Less
This chapter argues that the rejection of human capability to perform probabilistic tasks is extremely premature. Studies which are often cited as showing that people perform such tasks poorly can be interpreted to argue for the opposite conclusion. The “generalized normal adult human mind” is also the wrong target for research on human intellectual performance. It must be recognized that minds vary, that tools and expertise can help, presumably both expertise in the subject matter of the task and expertise in probability itself. There is a need to develop a taxonomy of intellectual tasks themselves. Only with the aid of such a taxonomy can we think with reasonable sophistication about how to identify among the myriad kinds of experts and the myriad kinds of tasks such experts normally perform just exactly what kinds of people and tasks especially deserve our attention.
Thomas T. Struhsaker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198529583
- eISBN:
- 9780191712746
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529583.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Based on field studies spanning nearly 40 years, this reference book summarizes and integrates past research with new and previously unpublished information on the behavioral ecology of Africa's red ...
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Based on field studies spanning nearly 40 years, this reference book summarizes and integrates past research with new and previously unpublished information on the behavioral ecology of Africa's red colobus monkeys from study sites as diverse as Senegal, Uganda, and Zanzibar. It provides an unparalleled compilation of information on taxonomy, genetics, vocalizations, demography, social organization, dispersal, social behavior, reproduction, mortality factors, diet, ranging patterns, interspecific relations, and conservation. Social relationships in red colobus are less rigidly structured than in other African monkeys, resulting in considerable variation in social organization and group composition, both within and between taxa. This provides a unique opportunity to examine the extent to which social variables correlate with differences in habitat quality, demography, and predation by chimpanzees, and humans. Unfortunately, at least half of the 18 taxa of red colobus are now threatened with extinction. Conservation problems are described, causal factors identified, and solutions proposed. This volume is intended not only to serve as a reference book, but to stimulate and guide future long-term research and to encourage effective conservation action.Less
Based on field studies spanning nearly 40 years, this reference book summarizes and integrates past research with new and previously unpublished information on the behavioral ecology of Africa's red colobus monkeys from study sites as diverse as Senegal, Uganda, and Zanzibar. It provides an unparalleled compilation of information on taxonomy, genetics, vocalizations, demography, social organization, dispersal, social behavior, reproduction, mortality factors, diet, ranging patterns, interspecific relations, and conservation. Social relationships in red colobus are less rigidly structured than in other African monkeys, resulting in considerable variation in social organization and group composition, both within and between taxa. This provides a unique opportunity to examine the extent to which social variables correlate with differences in habitat quality, demography, and predation by chimpanzees, and humans. Unfortunately, at least half of the 18 taxa of red colobus are now threatened with extinction. Conservation problems are described, causal factors identified, and solutions proposed. This volume is intended not only to serve as a reference book, but to stimulate and guide future long-term research and to encourage effective conservation action.
Ted R. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304114
- eISBN:
- 9780199790012
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304114.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
This chapter examines the taxonomic relationships of the genus Passer, as well as the species boundaries of the House Sparrow with particular reference to the taxonomic position of the “Italian” ...
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This chapter examines the taxonomic relationships of the genus Passer, as well as the species boundaries of the House Sparrow with particular reference to the taxonomic position of the “Italian” Sparrow (a well-marked population thought to be the result of hybridization between House Sparrows and Spanish Sparrows). The geographic distribution of the House Sparrow is also described, including the history of introductions of the species. The rate of range expansion following introductions is also discussed.Less
This chapter examines the taxonomic relationships of the genus Passer, as well as the species boundaries of the House Sparrow with particular reference to the taxonomic position of the “Italian” Sparrow (a well-marked population thought to be the result of hybridization between House Sparrows and Spanish Sparrows). The geographic distribution of the House Sparrow is also described, including the history of introductions of the species. The rate of range expansion following introductions is also discussed.
Frederick Rowe Davis
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195310771
- eISBN:
- 9780199790098
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195310771.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Aquatic Biology
Thomas Barbour occupied many roles in the lives of Archie and Marjorie Carr: mentor, parent figure, colleague, collaborator, benefactor, role model, and most of all, friend. Over the course of their ...
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Thomas Barbour occupied many roles in the lives of Archie and Marjorie Carr: mentor, parent figure, colleague, collaborator, benefactor, role model, and most of all, friend. Over the course of their friendship with Barbour, the Carrs matured as scientists. Archie in particular published extensively as a result of his taxonomic research on the turtle collections at the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ). Later, when his interests shifted from systematics to ecology and conservation, Carr continued to draw on taxonomy to determine which species most needed protection. In fact, throughout his long career, he cited taxonomy as one of the critical components of conservation. The Carrs reciprocated Barbour's kindness in many ways, from sending oranges to arranging for an honorary doctorate to heaping lavish praise on his popular books. It is possible to identify in the long friendship with Barbour the seeds of the characteristics that would make Carr a renowned scientist, conservationist, and writer.Less
Thomas Barbour occupied many roles in the lives of Archie and Marjorie Carr: mentor, parent figure, colleague, collaborator, benefactor, role model, and most of all, friend. Over the course of their friendship with Barbour, the Carrs matured as scientists. Archie in particular published extensively as a result of his taxonomic research on the turtle collections at the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ). Later, when his interests shifted from systematics to ecology and conservation, Carr continued to draw on taxonomy to determine which species most needed protection. In fact, throughout his long career, he cited taxonomy as one of the critical components of conservation. The Carrs reciprocated Barbour's kindness in many ways, from sending oranges to arranging for an honorary doctorate to heaping lavish praise on his popular books. It is possible to identify in the long friendship with Barbour the seeds of the characteristics that would make Carr a renowned scientist, conservationist, and writer.
Thomas T. Struhsaker
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198529583
- eISBN:
- 9780191712746
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198529583.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Members of the Colobinae subfamily of Old World monkeys occur in both Africa and Asia. The red colobus monkeys are one of three major groups of colobine monkeys in Africa, that is, red, olive, and ...
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Members of the Colobinae subfamily of Old World monkeys occur in both Africa and Asia. The red colobus monkeys are one of three major groups of colobine monkeys in Africa, that is, red, olive, and black-and-white colobus. This chapter summarizes the biological attributes of red colobus. Topics discussed include paleontology, intrataxon variation in colour, facial colour, and taxonomy.Less
Members of the Colobinae subfamily of Old World monkeys occur in both Africa and Asia. The red colobus monkeys are one of three major groups of colobine monkeys in Africa, that is, red, olive, and black-and-white colobus. This chapter summarizes the biological attributes of red colobus. Topics discussed include paleontology, intrataxon variation in colour, facial colour, and taxonomy.
Roger W. Shuy
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195328837
- eISBN:
- 9780199870165
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195328837.003.0015
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
A mid-level manager in his fifties was dismissed by a large company that provided no reasons for dismissal concerning his performance or attitude. He then brought an age discrimination case against ...
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A mid-level manager in his fifties was dismissed by a large company that provided no reasons for dismissal concerning his performance or attitude. He then brought an age discrimination case against that company, which subsequently defied a court order to turn over all relevant company files related to this employee. Nevertheless, electronic searches were then made for media articles about the company, toward the effort of finding evidence of discrimination in quoted statements of company officials and spokespersons. The search turned up thirty-two documents including four public speeches by the president of the company. Research on age-related language stereotyping provided clues to age bias. This was compared with the quotations of company executives that enabled the creation of taxonomies of the lexicon and expressions of the company's view of desirable managers, older employees, and younger employees, all of which indicated age bias against older workers in the selection, retention, and promotion of managers.Less
A mid-level manager in his fifties was dismissed by a large company that provided no reasons for dismissal concerning his performance or attitude. He then brought an age discrimination case against that company, which subsequently defied a court order to turn over all relevant company files related to this employee. Nevertheless, electronic searches were then made for media articles about the company, toward the effort of finding evidence of discrimination in quoted statements of company officials and spokespersons. The search turned up thirty-two documents including four public speeches by the president of the company. Research on age-related language stereotyping provided clues to age bias. This was compared with the quotations of company executives that enabled the creation of taxonomies of the lexicon and expressions of the company's view of desirable managers, older employees, and younger employees, all of which indicated age bias against older workers in the selection, retention, and promotion of managers.
Bernhard Wälchli
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199276219
- eISBN:
- 9780191706042
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199276219.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter introduces co-compounds and their basic formal, semantic, and use-oriented (distributional) properties, as well as tight coordination patterns, such as bare binomials, which have in ...
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This chapter introduces co-compounds and their basic formal, semantic, and use-oriented (distributional) properties, as well as tight coordination patterns, such as bare binomials, which have in common with co-compounds the expression natural coordination. It is argued that co-compounds are not a form of parallelism, even if they share the use of word pairs with some forms of parallelism and word association. The chapter provides a brief historical survey of co-compounds in the literature in spoken and in sign languages, and a general outline of the methods and material used in the study. Crucial issues in semantics relevant for the study are discussed, including taxonomy, cover meanings, semantic relativity, and contextual semantic sharpening.Less
This chapter introduces co-compounds and their basic formal, semantic, and use-oriented (distributional) properties, as well as tight coordination patterns, such as bare binomials, which have in common with co-compounds the expression natural coordination. It is argued that co-compounds are not a form of parallelism, even if they share the use of word pairs with some forms of parallelism and word association. The chapter provides a brief historical survey of co-compounds in the literature in spoken and in sign languages, and a general outline of the methods and material used in the study. Crucial issues in semantics relevant for the study are discussed, including taxonomy, cover meanings, semantic relativity, and contextual semantic sharpening.
Colin Dayan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691070919
- eISBN:
- 9781400838592
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691070919.003.0004
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
This chapter describes how Herman Melville recognized the existence of what he had once called not “ordinarily human”: the chattels that gave new meaning to persons, the human anomaly constituted by ...
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This chapter describes how Herman Melville recognized the existence of what he had once called not “ordinarily human”: the chattels that gave new meaning to persons, the human anomaly constituted by law as property. Melville is obsessed with the making and unmaking of human materials as well as humans and animals. The chapter then assesses what it means in times of torture and dissembling to be like an animal. It all began with chattels. Their treatment helps one to understand the limits of cruelty. They are used as examples when humans need most to categorize, to dominate, and to justify slavery, genocide, and incarceration. The proximity between humans and animals is sometimes tenuous. Boundaries are permeable, and taxonomies are necessary to ensure the order of things. However, when the pressure is on to construct—legally and socially—degradation and inferiority, categories and terminologies get muddled. The hierarchies no longer hold.Less
This chapter describes how Herman Melville recognized the existence of what he had once called not “ordinarily human”: the chattels that gave new meaning to persons, the human anomaly constituted by law as property. Melville is obsessed with the making and unmaking of human materials as well as humans and animals. The chapter then assesses what it means in times of torture and dissembling to be like an animal. It all began with chattels. Their treatment helps one to understand the limits of cruelty. They are used as examples when humans need most to categorize, to dominate, and to justify slavery, genocide, and incarceration. The proximity between humans and animals is sometimes tenuous. Boundaries are permeable, and taxonomies are necessary to ensure the order of things. However, when the pressure is on to construct—legally and socially—degradation and inferiority, categories and terminologies get muddled. The hierarchies no longer hold.
Trevor Murphy
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199262885
- eISBN:
- 9780191719004
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199262885.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Ancient Greek, Roman, and Early Christian Philosophy
This chapter examines the taxonomies upon which the Natural History is built. It shows that the central organizing principle of the encyclopaedia is to divide things into categories by contrast, but ...
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This chapter examines the taxonomies upon which the Natural History is built. It shows that the central organizing principle of the encyclopaedia is to divide things into categories by contrast, but this is a principle that is often complicated by an opposing tendency to recognize affinities across divisions. The thirty-seven books of the encyclopaedia articulate the world as a web of divisions and affinities, and often move from one subject to another not in order to develop an argument or in a logically sequenced survey, but according to analogies or contrasts between things to be described.Less
This chapter examines the taxonomies upon which the Natural History is built. It shows that the central organizing principle of the encyclopaedia is to divide things into categories by contrast, but this is a principle that is often complicated by an opposing tendency to recognize affinities across divisions. The thirty-seven books of the encyclopaedia articulate the world as a web of divisions and affinities, and often move from one subject to another not in order to develop an argument or in a logically sequenced survey, but according to analogies or contrasts between things to be described.
Anne E. Magurran
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198527855
- eISBN:
- 9780191713576
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198527855.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This opening chapter sets the scene by evaluating the significance of the guppy system as a tool for investigations in evolutionary ecology. It traces the growth of studies on the guppy, and ...
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This opening chapter sets the scene by evaluating the significance of the guppy system as a tool for investigations in evolutionary ecology. It traces the growth of studies on the guppy, and illustrates how they have mirrored and indeed shaped shifting trends in the field. It provides a historical perspective showing why the species has become such an important model for evolutionary biologists. Pioneering work in many important areas such as sperm competition, sexual selection, and reproductive isolation has been done in the context of the guppy system. Key questions are identified and the book's structure briefly explained. The chapter also provides a general introduction to the species and addresses the following topics: taxonomic status, basic biology, natural range of guppy, reasons for emphasis on populations in Trinidad, and advantage of manipulations in the wild.Less
This opening chapter sets the scene by evaluating the significance of the guppy system as a tool for investigations in evolutionary ecology. It traces the growth of studies on the guppy, and illustrates how they have mirrored and indeed shaped shifting trends in the field. It provides a historical perspective showing why the species has become such an important model for evolutionary biologists. Pioneering work in many important areas such as sperm competition, sexual selection, and reproductive isolation has been done in the context of the guppy system. Key questions are identified and the book's structure briefly explained. The chapter also provides a general introduction to the species and addresses the following topics: taxonomic status, basic biology, natural range of guppy, reasons for emphasis on populations in Trinidad, and advantage of manipulations in the wild.
Eli Geffen
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198515562
- eISBN:
- 9780191705632
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515562.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
While the morphology typical of canids adapts them to endurance running, and consequently to life in open habitats, a few species have specialized to other habitats such as rainforests, or even to ...
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While the morphology typical of canids adapts them to endurance running, and consequently to life in open habitats, a few species have specialized to other habitats such as rainforests, or even to climbing trees or cliffs. The cliff-dwelling Blanford's fox (Vulpes cana) is one of these exceptional canid species. This chapter presents an overview of the Blanford's fox's phylogeny and taxonomic status, recent distributional changes, the behavioural ecology of a population studied in Israel, and its conservation status.Less
While the morphology typical of canids adapts them to endurance running, and consequently to life in open habitats, a few species have specialized to other habitats such as rainforests, or even to climbing trees or cliffs. The cliff-dwelling Blanford's fox (Vulpes cana) is one of these exceptional canid species. This chapter presents an overview of the Blanford's fox's phylogeny and taxonomic status, recent distributional changes, the behavioural ecology of a population studied in Israel, and its conservation status.
Arun B. Venkataraman and A. J. T. Johnsingh
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198515562
- eISBN:
- 9780191705632
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198515562.003.0021
- Subject:
- Biology, Biodiversity / Conservation Biology
Research on the dhole or Asiatic wild dog (Cuon alpinus), though steadily increasing, has been less intense compared to research on the grey wolf (Canis lupus) and the African hunting dog (Lycaon ...
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Research on the dhole or Asiatic wild dog (Cuon alpinus), though steadily increasing, has been less intense compared to research on the grey wolf (Canis lupus) and the African hunting dog (Lycaon pictus). Research on the dhole has largely occurred in southern and Central India that comprise only a small portion of its distribution. Research has mainly focused on the ecology and behaviour of the species and has contributed little towards its conservation and management. This chapter discusses the taxonomy and morphology, foraging ecology, prey preference and cooperative hunting, social organization, and breeding biology of dholes.Less
Research on the dhole or Asiatic wild dog (Cuon alpinus), though steadily increasing, has been less intense compared to research on the grey wolf (Canis lupus) and the African hunting dog (Lycaon pictus). Research on the dhole has largely occurred in southern and Central India that comprise only a small portion of its distribution. Research has mainly focused on the ecology and behaviour of the species and has contributed little towards its conservation and management. This chapter discusses the taxonomy and morphology, foraging ecology, prey preference and cooperative hunting, social organization, and breeding biology of dholes.
Philip S. Ward
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199544639
- eISBN:
- 9780191720192
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199544639.003.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology, Animal Biology
As the most species‐rich and biologically eclectic of all social insects, ants present considerable challenges to the process of cataloguing and understanding their remarkable diversity. Substantial ...
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As the most species‐rich and biologically eclectic of all social insects, ants present considerable challenges to the process of cataloguing and understanding their remarkable diversity. Substantial progress has been made in recent years, however, in identifying the major clades of ants and in clarifying their evolutionary history. We now have a higher classification of ants in which most of the subfamilies and tribes appear to be monophyletic and well diagnosed, with a few notable exceptions. Uncertainty persists regarding the phylogenetic relationships among old lineages at the base of the ant tree and concerning the time frame of ant evolution. The species‐level taxonomy of ants has advanced more fitfully, and ant ecologists have an extensive but far‐from‐complete set of resources for identifying ant species. Ongoing and sustained effort is needed in the area of species discovery and delimitation, and in the delivery of this information to potential users.Less
As the most species‐rich and biologically eclectic of all social insects, ants present considerable challenges to the process of cataloguing and understanding their remarkable diversity. Substantial progress has been made in recent years, however, in identifying the major clades of ants and in clarifying their evolutionary history. We now have a higher classification of ants in which most of the subfamilies and tribes appear to be monophyletic and well diagnosed, with a few notable exceptions. Uncertainty persists regarding the phylogenetic relationships among old lineages at the base of the ant tree and concerning the time frame of ant evolution. The species‐level taxonomy of ants has advanced more fitfully, and ant ecologists have an extensive but far‐from‐complete set of resources for identifying ant species. Ongoing and sustained effort is needed in the area of species discovery and delimitation, and in the delivery of this information to potential users.
