Maria Plaza
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199281114
- eISBN:
- 9780191712739
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199281114.001.0001
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
Our image of Roman satire has developed from that of a static, moralizing genre to a deliberately complex form, but our approach to the humour intrinsic to satire has not developed accordingly. This ...
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Our image of Roman satire has developed from that of a static, moralizing genre to a deliberately complex form, but our approach to the humour intrinsic to satire has not developed accordingly. This book offers a comprehensive new analysis of humour in the writings of Horace, Persius, and Juvenal, with an excursus to Lucilius. The main thesis is that far from being an external means of sweetening the moral lesson, humour lies at the heart of Roman satire and shapes its paradoxical essence. The book argues that while the satirist needs humour for the aesthetic merit of his work, his ideological message inevitably suffers from the ambivalence that humour carries. By analyzing object-oriented humour, humour directed at the speaker (including self-irony), and humour directed at neither object nor subject, the book shows how the Roman satirists work round this double mission of morals and merriment. As a result, they present the reader with a much more sprawling and ‘open’ literary product than they promise in their programmatic self-presentations. The argument is rounded off by a contemplation of the end of Roman satire, and its descendants — not only modern satire but also the novel, in which satire’s humorous orchestration of epic questions was later taken up and richly elaborated.Less
Our image of Roman satire has developed from that of a static, moralizing genre to a deliberately complex form, but our approach to the humour intrinsic to satire has not developed accordingly. This book offers a comprehensive new analysis of humour in the writings of Horace, Persius, and Juvenal, with an excursus to Lucilius. The main thesis is that far from being an external means of sweetening the moral lesson, humour lies at the heart of Roman satire and shapes its paradoxical essence. The book argues that while the satirist needs humour for the aesthetic merit of his work, his ideological message inevitably suffers from the ambivalence that humour carries. By analyzing object-oriented humour, humour directed at the speaker (including self-irony), and humour directed at neither object nor subject, the book shows how the Roman satirists work round this double mission of morals and merriment. As a result, they present the reader with a much more sprawling and ‘open’ literary product than they promise in their programmatic self-presentations. The argument is rounded off by a contemplation of the end of Roman satire, and its descendants — not only modern satire but also the novel, in which satire’s humorous orchestration of epic questions was later taken up and richly elaborated.
Lane Kenworthy
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199591527
- eISBN:
- 9780191731389
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199591527.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Economy
One of the principal goals of antipoverty efforts should be to improve the absolute living standards of the least well-off. This book aims to enhance our understanding of how to do that, drawing on ...
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One of the principal goals of antipoverty efforts should be to improve the absolute living standards of the least well-off. This book aims to enhance our understanding of how to do that, drawing on the experiences of twenty affluent countries since the 1970s. The book addresses a set of questions at the heart of political economy and public policy: How much does economic growth help the poor? When and why does growth fail to trickle down? How can social policy help? Can a country have a sizeable low-wage sector yet few poor households? Are universal programs better than targeted ones? What role can public services play in antipoverty efforts? What is the best tax mix? Is more social spending better for the poor? If we commit to improvement in the absolute living standards of the least well-off, must we sacrifice other desirable outcomes?Less
One of the principal goals of antipoverty efforts should be to improve the absolute living standards of the least well-off. This book aims to enhance our understanding of how to do that, drawing on the experiences of twenty affluent countries since the 1970s. The book addresses a set of questions at the heart of political economy and public policy: How much does economic growth help the poor? When and why does growth fail to trickle down? How can social policy help? Can a country have a sizeable low-wage sector yet few poor households? Are universal programs better than targeted ones? What role can public services play in antipoverty efforts? What is the best tax mix? Is more social spending better for the poor? If we commit to improvement in the absolute living standards of the least well-off, must we sacrifice other desirable outcomes?
Sharan Jagpal and Shireen Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This book shows how to fuse marketing, finance, and other disciplines to improve performance for the corporation or organization. Specifically, it shows decision makers at different levels in the ...
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This book shows how to fuse marketing, finance, and other disciplines to improve performance for the corporation or organization. Specifically, it shows decision makers at different levels in the organization and in different functional areas (e.g., marketing, finance, new product development, and human resources management) how to overcome the problems resulting from function- and discipline-based “silos.” The book has several novel features. All concepts are presented in a simple and easily accessible question-and-answer format. The book provides an in-depth analysis of a broad spectrum of important managerial topics (e.g., how to allocate advertising funds between Internet and conventional advertising, how to evaluate brand equity for mergers and acquisitions, and how to coordinate product design, marketing strategy, and production). In addition, because of its fusion-based methodology, the book provides decision makers with new tools to address familiar managerial problems (e.g., resource allocation and the design of managerial contracts in multiproduct or multidivisional firms). Throughout the book, the focus is on providing managers with actionable theories and metrics that are rigorous yet practical, and that allow the firm or organization to fuse — not merely interface — different functional areas.Less
This book shows how to fuse marketing, finance, and other disciplines to improve performance for the corporation or organization. Specifically, it shows decision makers at different levels in the organization and in different functional areas (e.g., marketing, finance, new product development, and human resources management) how to overcome the problems resulting from function- and discipline-based “silos.” The book has several novel features. All concepts are presented in a simple and easily accessible question-and-answer format. The book provides an in-depth analysis of a broad spectrum of important managerial topics (e.g., how to allocate advertising funds between Internet and conventional advertising, how to evaluate brand equity for mergers and acquisitions, and how to coordinate product design, marketing strategy, and production). In addition, because of its fusion-based methodology, the book provides decision makers with new tools to address familiar managerial problems (e.g., resource allocation and the design of managerial contracts in multiproduct or multidivisional firms). Throughout the book, the focus is on providing managers with actionable theories and metrics that are rigorous yet practical, and that allow the firm or organization to fuse — not merely interface — different functional areas.
Anthony Garratt, Kevin Lee, M. Hashem Pesaran, and Yongcheol Shin
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199296859
- eISBN:
- 9780191603853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199296855.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter is concerned with forecasting and prediction based on the UK model. It elaborates on the notion of probability forecasting, which provides a useful means of conveying the uncertainties ...
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This chapter is concerned with forecasting and prediction based on the UK model. It elaborates on the notion of probability forecasting, which provides a useful means of conveying the uncertainties surrounding forecasts obtained from the model. It illustrates the usefulness of probability forecasts with reference to the Bank of England’s inflation targets and the UK’s growth prospects.Less
This chapter is concerned with forecasting and prediction based on the UK model. It elaborates on the notion of probability forecasting, which provides a useful means of conveying the uncertainties surrounding forecasts obtained from the model. It illustrates the usefulness of probability forecasts with reference to the Bank of England’s inflation targets and the UK’s growth prospects.
Robert J. Flanagan
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195306002
- eISBN:
- 9780199783564
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195306007.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, International
This final chapter summarizes the findings of the earlier analyses of the impact of globalization on labor conditions and considers the principles that should inform future policies to improve labor ...
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This final chapter summarizes the findings of the earlier analyses of the impact of globalization on labor conditions and considers the principles that should inform future policies to improve labor conditions. Broadly speaking, the evidence indicates that international trade, international migration, and the activities of multinational companies generally advance working conditions and labor rights around the world. In contrast, some policy proposals, such as the use of trade sanctions against countries that do not adopt international labor standards, are likely to worsen rather than improve labor conditions. A very useful guide to policy choice is to favor policies that expand, rather than contract, opportunities for target groups. The chapter reviews a number of targeted incentive policies that satisfy this principle in general and in particular areas such as child labor and forced labor.Less
This final chapter summarizes the findings of the earlier analyses of the impact of globalization on labor conditions and considers the principles that should inform future policies to improve labor conditions. Broadly speaking, the evidence indicates that international trade, international migration, and the activities of multinational companies generally advance working conditions and labor rights around the world. In contrast, some policy proposals, such as the use of trade sanctions against countries that do not adopt international labor standards, are likely to worsen rather than improve labor conditions. A very useful guide to policy choice is to favor policies that expand, rather than contract, opportunities for target groups. The chapter reviews a number of targeted incentive policies that satisfy this principle in general and in particular areas such as child labor and forced labor.
Martin Ravallion
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305197
- eISBN:
- 9780199783519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305191.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This essay examines the role of targeted transfers in poor countries in the light of the new theories on the social costs of unmitigated inequalities and uninsured risks. Recognizing that the policy ...
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This essay examines the role of targeted transfers in poor countries in the light of the new theories on the social costs of unmitigated inequalities and uninsured risks. Recognizing that the policy implications depend crucially on whether there is good empirical evidence to support the theoretical arguments, the bulk of the first half of the essay discusses the evidence. The essay then takes up a key question for policy: Can the potential for efficient redistribution be realized in practice using targeted transfers, given the constraints faced in poor countries? It is argued that there can be too much uninsured risk and inequality, when judged solely from the viewpoint of aggregate output. For example, credit market failures can mean that it is the poor who are unable to exploit new economic opportunities; the more poor people, the fewer the opportunities that get exploited, and thus the lower the rate of growth. Persistent concentrations of poverty in poor environments can also arise from market failures, given geographic externalities whereby living in a poor area is a cause of poverty. This body of theory and evidence offers a new perspective on social protection policies in poor countries, suggesting that there is scope for using these policies to compensate for the market failures that help perpetuate poverty, particularly in high-inequality settings.Less
This essay examines the role of targeted transfers in poor countries in the light of the new theories on the social costs of unmitigated inequalities and uninsured risks. Recognizing that the policy implications depend crucially on whether there is good empirical evidence to support the theoretical arguments, the bulk of the first half of the essay discusses the evidence. The essay then takes up a key question for policy: Can the potential for efficient redistribution be realized in practice using targeted transfers, given the constraints faced in poor countries? It is argued that there can be too much uninsured risk and inequality, when judged solely from the viewpoint of aggregate output. For example, credit market failures can mean that it is the poor who are unable to exploit new economic opportunities; the more poor people, the fewer the opportunities that get exploited, and thus the lower the rate of growth. Persistent concentrations of poverty in poor environments can also arise from market failures, given geographic externalities whereby living in a poor area is a cause of poverty. This body of theory and evidence offers a new perspective on social protection policies in poor countries, suggesting that there is scope for using these policies to compensate for the market failures that help perpetuate poverty, particularly in high-inequality settings.
Anthony Garratt, Kevin Lee, M. Hashem Pesaran, and Yongcheol Shin
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199296859
- eISBN:
- 9780191603853
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199296855.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter explores a set of identifying restrictions on the short-run dynamics that might be used to supplement the long-run restrictions if the model is to be used to investigate the effect of ...
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This chapter explores a set of identifying restrictions on the short-run dynamics that might be used to supplement the long-run restrictions if the model is to be used to investigate the effect of economically-meaningful shocks. Particular attention is paid to modelling monetary policy decisions, inflation targeting, the derivation of a base rate reaction function, and the identification of monetary policy shocks.Less
This chapter explores a set of identifying restrictions on the short-run dynamics that might be used to supplement the long-run restrictions if the model is to be used to investigate the effect of economically-meaningful shocks. Particular attention is paid to modelling monetary policy decisions, inflation targeting, the derivation of a base rate reaction function, and the identification of monetary policy shocks.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0021
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B ...
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This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B to C markets) and advertising messages. In addition, it shows how the firm should coordinate its Internet advertising and sales force policies, including redesigning its sales force compensation plans. It discusss the effects of ownership structure (whether the advertising firm is privately or publicly held) on the firm's Internet advertising strategy. In addition, it analyzes a number of structural changes brought about by Internet advertising, including the purchase of advertising space via auctions, behavioral targeting, and conquest advertising.Less
This chapter examines how the Internet affects the firm's marketing policies. It shows how the firm should choose its marketing strategies including pricing (distinguishing between the B to B and B to C markets) and advertising messages. In addition, it shows how the firm should coordinate its Internet advertising and sales force policies, including redesigning its sales force compensation plans. It discusss the effects of ownership structure (whether the advertising firm is privately or publicly held) on the firm's Internet advertising strategy. In addition, it analyzes a number of structural changes brought about by Internet advertising, including the purchase of advertising space via auctions, behavioral targeting, and conquest advertising.
Joseph E. Stiglitz, José Antonio Ocampo, Shari Spiegel, Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, and Deepak Nayyar
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199288144
- eISBN:
- 9780191603884
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199288143.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter looks at exchange rate management and other policy options for an open economy. It begins with an introductory discussion of overall macroeconomic management for open economies, ...
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This chapter looks at exchange rate management and other policy options for an open economy. It begins with an introductory discussion of overall macroeconomic management for open economies, including the issues of internal and external balance and inflation targeting. It then examines how countries can attempt to manage the exchange rate. Topics covered in this section include the benefits of maintaining an undervalued exchange rate in some developing countries, government interventions to smooth out exchange rate fluctuations, and the trade-off between stability and flexibility when choosing an exchange rate regime. The chapter concludes with an analysis of other policy options in open economies, including heterodox microeconomic interventions, public sector liability management, and debt restructuring.Less
This chapter looks at exchange rate management and other policy options for an open economy. It begins with an introductory discussion of overall macroeconomic management for open economies, including the issues of internal and external balance and inflation targeting. It then examines how countries can attempt to manage the exchange rate. Topics covered in this section include the benefits of maintaining an undervalued exchange rate in some developing countries, government interventions to smooth out exchange rate fluctuations, and the trade-off between stability and flexibility when choosing an exchange rate regime. The chapter concludes with an analysis of other policy options in open economies, including heterodox microeconomic interventions, public sector liability management, and debt restructuring.
Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis and Rajeev Ahuja
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199204762
- eISBN:
- 9780191603860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199204764.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
It has become mandatory for all formal insurance providers to service the low-income and disadvantaged segments of the population in India. Formal insurance providers have introduced a range of ...
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It has become mandatory for all formal insurance providers to service the low-income and disadvantaged segments of the population in India. Formal insurance providers have introduced a range of ‘micro insurance’ products targeting informal economy workers and their family members. At the institutional level, numerous civil society associations are playing an active role in extending the reach of insurance designed especially for the target segment. This paper analyses the early evidence available in this regard, highlighting the current debate on strengthening micro insurance activity in the country and suggesting ways to help promote insurance to the target segment.Less
It has become mandatory for all formal insurance providers to service the low-income and disadvantaged segments of the population in India. Formal insurance providers have introduced a range of ‘micro insurance’ products targeting informal economy workers and their family members. At the institutional level, numerous civil society associations are playing an active role in extending the reach of insurance designed especially for the target segment. This paper analyses the early evidence available in this regard, highlighting the current debate on strengthening micro insurance activity in the country and suggesting ways to help promote insurance to the target segment.
López Ramón and Michael A. Toman
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199298006
- eISBN:
- 9780191603877
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199298009.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Of all the environmental concerns that developing countries face, the lack of adequate and good quality water is probably the most serious. This chapter examines two issues arising from poor water ...
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Of all the environmental concerns that developing countries face, the lack of adequate and good quality water is probably the most serious. This chapter examines two issues arising from poor water quality: (i) the impact it has on households through their use of such water for drinking and other domestic purposes, and through the facilities they employ for the disposal of household waste; and (ii) the consequence of poor water quality in inland rivers and lakes on other water uses (recreation, abstraction for domestic use, etc.). The overall implication of the analysis is that water supply targets under the Millennium Development Goals need careful cost benefit appraisal before they are implemented. Such targets also need a careful analysis of financial sustainability and in this regard, affordability is a critical element. The same remarks apply to sanitation programs, but the cost and benefit comparison is less clearly in favor of the program as a whole.Less
Of all the environmental concerns that developing countries face, the lack of adequate and good quality water is probably the most serious. This chapter examines two issues arising from poor water quality: (i) the impact it has on households through their use of such water for drinking and other domestic purposes, and through the facilities they employ for the disposal of household waste; and (ii) the consequence of poor water quality in inland rivers and lakes on other water uses (recreation, abstraction for domestic use, etc.). The overall implication of the analysis is that water supply targets under the Millennium Development Goals need careful cost benefit appraisal before they are implemented. Such targets also need a careful analysis of financial sustainability and in this regard, affordability is a critical element. The same remarks apply to sanitation programs, but the cost and benefit comparison is less clearly in favor of the program as a whole.
Joan E. McLean
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293484
- eISBN:
- 9780191598944
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293488.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter reviews existing research about the campaigns of women candidates for public office. McLean proposes an agenda for future research analysing the effects of gender on campaign strategy ...
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This chapter reviews existing research about the campaigns of women candidates for public office. McLean proposes an agenda for future research analysing the effects of gender on campaign strategy and suggests specific questions to be investigated in the areas of campaign decision‐making, staffing patterns, media strategy, campaign fund‐raising, and voter targeting.Less
This chapter reviews existing research about the campaigns of women candidates for public office. McLean proposes an agenda for future research analysing the effects of gender on campaign strategy and suggests specific questions to be investigated in the areas of campaign decision‐making, staffing patterns, media strategy, campaign fund‐raising, and voter targeting.
Jenna Jordan
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781503608245
- eISBN:
- 9781503610675
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Stanford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.11126/stanford/9781503608245.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Conflict Politics and Policy
Does leadership targeting work? This question lies at the heart of studies on the efficacy of counterterrorism policy. This book examines whether killing or arresting terrorists is an effective means ...
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Does leadership targeting work? This question lies at the heart of studies on the efficacy of counterterrorism policy. This book examines whether killing or arresting terrorists is an effective means by which to weaken and degrade a group’s operational capacity. It aims to identify and explain why decapitation works in some cases and not in others. In order to determine whether decapitation is an effective strategy, this project examines nearly one thousand instances of leadership targeting. A group’s susceptibility to leadership targeting is a function of three factors: organizational structure, communal support, and group type or ideology. Leadership decapitation is unlikely to result in the demise of groups that are highly bureaucratized, have high levels of communal support, or are driven by a religious or separatist ideology. Leaders matter less under these conditions, and their removal can have adverse consequences, such as retaliatory attacks or an overall increase in the frequency of attacks. The data reveals that the largest and oldest organizations are highly resistant to destabilization after targeting. Separatist, religious, and especially Islamist groups are unlikely to weaken after the removal of their leaders. In order to develop counterterrorism policies that will degrade and weaken terrorist organizations, it is essential to identify whether our policies are likely to be effective or to have adverse consequences. The book examines the cases of Hamas, al-Qaeda, Shining Path, and ISIS to understand how organizational structure, local support, and ideology contributes to their resilience in the face of repeated leadership attacks.Less
Does leadership targeting work? This question lies at the heart of studies on the efficacy of counterterrorism policy. This book examines whether killing or arresting terrorists is an effective means by which to weaken and degrade a group’s operational capacity. It aims to identify and explain why decapitation works in some cases and not in others. In order to determine whether decapitation is an effective strategy, this project examines nearly one thousand instances of leadership targeting. A group’s susceptibility to leadership targeting is a function of three factors: organizational structure, communal support, and group type or ideology. Leadership decapitation is unlikely to result in the demise of groups that are highly bureaucratized, have high levels of communal support, or are driven by a religious or separatist ideology. Leaders matter less under these conditions, and their removal can have adverse consequences, such as retaliatory attacks or an overall increase in the frequency of attacks. The data reveals that the largest and oldest organizations are highly resistant to destabilization after targeting. Separatist, religious, and especially Islamist groups are unlikely to weaken after the removal of their leaders. In order to develop counterterrorism policies that will degrade and weaken terrorist organizations, it is essential to identify whether our policies are likely to be effective or to have adverse consequences. The book examines the cases of Hamas, al-Qaeda, Shining Path, and ISIS to understand how organizational structure, local support, and ideology contributes to their resilience in the face of repeated leadership attacks.
Philippe Van Parijs
- Published in print:
- 1997
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198293576
- eISBN:
- 9780191600074
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198293577.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Can one really claim to give as much real freedom as possible to those with least real freedom by giving to all the same basic income? What about those with less talents than others? What about the ...
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Can one really claim to give as much real freedom as possible to those with least real freedom by giving to all the same basic income? What about those with less talents than others? What about the handicapped? This challenge can only be met by introducing a constraint under which the maximization of the basic income needs to operate: undominated diversity. Targeted transfers and other measures must make sure that no person's lifetime internal endowment is regarded by all as inferior to that of someone else.Less
Can one really claim to give as much real freedom as possible to those with least real freedom by giving to all the same basic income? What about those with less talents than others? What about the handicapped? This challenge can only be met by introducing a constraint under which the maximization of the basic income needs to operate: undominated diversity. Targeted transfers and other measures must make sure that no person's lifetime internal endowment is regarded by all as inferior to that of someone else.
Neil Gilbert
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- April 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780195140743
- eISBN:
- 9780199834921
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195140745.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
The principle of universalism in the allocation of social benefits, that is the availability of social benefits to everyone as of right, is contrasted with allocation on a selective basis in which ...
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The principle of universalism in the allocation of social benefits, that is the availability of social benefits to everyone as of right, is contrasted with allocation on a selective basis in which benefits are allocated on the basis of need as determined by means testing of income. The increasing drift towards income‐tested benefits is described, and the possible stigma of means testing discussed. The implications of methods of targeting social welfare benefits other than by means testing are discussed; these include age, behaviour (e.g. searching for work, training, and voluntary work), and functional impairment (disability). The lack of transparency of restrictive targeting is noted.Less
The principle of universalism in the allocation of social benefits, that is the availability of social benefits to everyone as of right, is contrasted with allocation on a selective basis in which benefits are allocated on the basis of need as determined by means testing of income. The increasing drift towards income‐tested benefits is described, and the possible stigma of means testing discussed. The implications of methods of targeting social welfare benefits other than by means testing are discussed; these include age, behaviour (e.g. searching for work, training, and voluntary work), and functional impairment (disability). The lack of transparency of restrictive targeting is noted.
Sterling Gunn and Tracy Livingstone
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199592609
- eISBN:
- 9780191594618
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199592609.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Pensions and Pension Management
This chapter recounts the experience of the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board in designing and implementing its Risk–Return–Accountability Framework and risk budgeting. The implementation of a ...
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This chapter recounts the experience of the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board in designing and implementing its Risk–Return–Accountability Framework and risk budgeting. The implementation of a classic risk budgeting framework integrated with existing processes in the investment group investing in publicly traded liquid assets, but it proved to be problematic for investment groups investing in illiquid assets. Firm risk targets were established for publicly traded investments, but the team developing the risk budgeting program developed risk forecasts to better fit the business model of private investments and real estate.Less
This chapter recounts the experience of the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board in designing and implementing its Risk–Return–Accountability Framework and risk budgeting. The implementation of a classic risk budgeting framework integrated with existing processes in the investment group investing in publicly traded liquid assets, but it proved to be problematic for investment groups investing in illiquid assets. Firm risk targets were established for publicly traded investments, but the team developing the risk budgeting program developed risk forecasts to better fit the business model of private investments and real estate.
Anthony Lloyd
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- May 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781529204018
- eISBN:
- 9781529204063
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781529204018.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Occupations, Professions, and Work
This book provides a qualitative account of working conditions within the contemporary service economy. As the largest employer in the modern labour market, investigating its realities demonstrates a ...
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This book provides a qualitative account of working conditions within the contemporary service economy. As the largest employer in the modern labour market, investigating its realities demonstrates a number of problematic issues. The quest for profitability, efficiency and customer satisfaction drive a number of practices that can be interpreted from a social harm perspective. The use of zero-hours contracts, temporary work agencies, just-in-time management, lean working, and emotional labour, underpinned by targets and performance management reflect the imperatives of capital and the requirement for profitability. In relation to the employees who work in such precarious forms of employment, a number of harms appear. The ‘Victorian’ working conditions noted at individual operators such as Sports Direct are not anomalies but instead represent the normal functioning of the sector. In considering work from a social harm perspective, the book offers a unique contribution to the sociology of work and criminological or social harm studies. The social harm consideration of systemic violence is extended by an ultra-realist perspective that accounts for the symbolic violence of ideology and the problematic subjectivities willing to inflict harm on others. In its conclusions, the book asks for a consideration of the role of ideology and political economy in debates which seek to fix the harms of work.Less
This book provides a qualitative account of working conditions within the contemporary service economy. As the largest employer in the modern labour market, investigating its realities demonstrates a number of problematic issues. The quest for profitability, efficiency and customer satisfaction drive a number of practices that can be interpreted from a social harm perspective. The use of zero-hours contracts, temporary work agencies, just-in-time management, lean working, and emotional labour, underpinned by targets and performance management reflect the imperatives of capital and the requirement for profitability. In relation to the employees who work in such precarious forms of employment, a number of harms appear. The ‘Victorian’ working conditions noted at individual operators such as Sports Direct are not anomalies but instead represent the normal functioning of the sector. In considering work from a social harm perspective, the book offers a unique contribution to the sociology of work and criminological or social harm studies. The social harm consideration of systemic violence is extended by an ultra-realist perspective that accounts for the symbolic violence of ideology and the problematic subjectivities willing to inflict harm on others. In its conclusions, the book asks for a consideration of the role of ideology and political economy in debates which seek to fix the harms of work.
Stephen J. Simpson and David Raubenheimer
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691145655
- eISBN:
- 9781400842803
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691145655.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
This chapter studies intake and growth targets. For clarity, earlier chapters have treated intake and growth targets as static points integrated across a particular period in the life of an animal. ...
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This chapter studies intake and growth targets. For clarity, earlier chapters have treated intake and growth targets as static points integrated across a particular period in the life of an animal. In reality they are, of course, not static but rather trajectories that move in time. In the short term, the requirements of the animal change as environmental circumstances impose differing demands for nutrients and energy. At a somewhat longer timescale, targets move as the animal passes through the various stages of its life, from early growth and development to maturity, reproduction, and senescence. On an even longer timescale, nutritional traits are subject to natural selection and move as species evolve to exploit new or changing nutritional environments and to adopt differing life-history strategies. Presaging such evolutionary change in gene frequencies within populations are epigenetic effects, whereby the nutritional experiences of parents influence the behavior and metabolism of their offspring without requiring changes in gene frequencies.Less
This chapter studies intake and growth targets. For clarity, earlier chapters have treated intake and growth targets as static points integrated across a particular period in the life of an animal. In reality they are, of course, not static but rather trajectories that move in time. In the short term, the requirements of the animal change as environmental circumstances impose differing demands for nutrients and energy. At a somewhat longer timescale, targets move as the animal passes through the various stages of its life, from early growth and development to maturity, reproduction, and senescence. On an even longer timescale, nutritional traits are subject to natural selection and move as species evolve to exploit new or changing nutritional environments and to adopt differing life-history strategies. Presaging such evolutionary change in gene frequencies within populations are epigenetic effects, whereby the nutritional experiences of parents influence the behavior and metabolism of their offspring without requiring changes in gene frequencies.
Josh Whitford
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199286010
- eISBN:
- 9780191713903
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199286010.003.0007
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
It has become standard practice for OEMs to expect annual cost reductions from the suppliers to whom they have increasingly devolved production and design responsibilities, often by selectively ...
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It has become standard practice for OEMs to expect annual cost reductions from the suppliers to whom they have increasingly devolved production and design responsibilities, often by selectively borrowing target costing techniques originally developed in Japan. These techniques are designed to ensure the protection of supplier margins need not translate into wage reductions or even into immediate changes in the organization of production, given the numerous and imaginative ways in which suppliers and OEMs can jointly develop incremental innovations of product and process to reduce total costs. This chapter uses this idea of ‘cost reduction’ as a point of entry to explain the relational intertwining of incremental innovation and interfirm collaboration.Less
It has become standard practice for OEMs to expect annual cost reductions from the suppliers to whom they have increasingly devolved production and design responsibilities, often by selectively borrowing target costing techniques originally developed in Japan. These techniques are designed to ensure the protection of supplier margins need not translate into wage reductions or even into immediate changes in the organization of production, given the numerous and imaginative ways in which suppliers and OEMs can jointly develop incremental innovations of product and process to reduce total costs. This chapter uses this idea of ‘cost reduction’ as a point of entry to explain the relational intertwining of incremental innovation and interfirm collaboration.
Bardo Fassbender (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199641499
- eISBN:
- 9780191732218
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199641499.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Human Rights and Immigration
The contributions to this book, which are based on lectures delivered at the Academy of European Law in Florence, take a closer look at the two sides of the United Nations Security Council's ...
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The contributions to this book, which are based on lectures delivered at the Academy of European Law in Florence, take a closer look at the two sides of the United Nations Security Council's involvement in human rights — its efforts to promote and enforce human rights on the one hand, and the imperiling of those same rights by action of the Council meant to maintain or restore international peace and security, on the other hand. The book offers a collection of individual views and appraisals, presented by leading experts in international law, of how the Council has dealt with human rights issues, especially in the post-Cold War phase of its life, and of possible avenues for improvement. The opening chapter analyses how the role of the Council in the promotion and protection of human rights has developed since 1945: an organ not endowed with any specific powers in the field of human rights became the ‘centre-piece of the human rights protection system’ of the international community. Another chapter focuses on the legal issues of the Council's actions in favour of human rights. In particular, the legal problems of a qualification of human rights violations as a threat to international peace are addressed. Procedural questions take centre stage in a contribution on the role for human rights in the decision-making process of the Security Council. The following chapters then turn to a practice of the Council which has been sharply criticized because of its negative effects on human rights — ‘targeted sanctions’ imposed on individuals in the form of travel bans, arms embargoes, and the freezing of financial assets. In no other area of its work has the Security Council been so vulnerable to attack by human rights activists and lawyers. In particular, the enforcement of targeted sanctions in Europe and its supervision by European courts is closely analysed.Less
The contributions to this book, which are based on lectures delivered at the Academy of European Law in Florence, take a closer look at the two sides of the United Nations Security Council's involvement in human rights — its efforts to promote and enforce human rights on the one hand, and the imperiling of those same rights by action of the Council meant to maintain or restore international peace and security, on the other hand. The book offers a collection of individual views and appraisals, presented by leading experts in international law, of how the Council has dealt with human rights issues, especially in the post-Cold War phase of its life, and of possible avenues for improvement. The opening chapter analyses how the role of the Council in the promotion and protection of human rights has developed since 1945: an organ not endowed with any specific powers in the field of human rights became the ‘centre-piece of the human rights protection system’ of the international community. Another chapter focuses on the legal issues of the Council's actions in favour of human rights. In particular, the legal problems of a qualification of human rights violations as a threat to international peace are addressed. Procedural questions take centre stage in a contribution on the role for human rights in the decision-making process of the Security Council. The following chapters then turn to a practice of the Council which has been sharply criticized because of its negative effects on human rights — ‘targeted sanctions’ imposed on individuals in the form of travel bans, arms embargoes, and the freezing of financial assets. In no other area of its work has the Security Council been so vulnerable to attack by human rights activists and lawyers. In particular, the enforcement of targeted sanctions in Europe and its supervision by European courts is closely analysed.
