Edward Miguel
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195305197
- eISBN:
- 9780199783519
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195305191.003.0012
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This essay begins with a discussion of the recent social science literature on the impact of ethnic, racial, and religious divisions, and then proposes a set of policies that less-developed countries ...
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This essay begins with a discussion of the recent social science literature on the impact of ethnic, racial, and religious divisions, and then proposes a set of policies that less-developed countries should follow to help them overcome ethnic conflict. It advocates the adoption of “nation-building” policies that foster the development of a common national identity. The case of Tanzania, and the contrast of Tanzania with its East African neighbor, Kenya, is the focus of this essay. It is argued that Tanzania’s serious approach to forging a common national identity attractive across ethnic groups — which takes the form of extensive linguistic, educational, and institutional reforms — offers a model for other less-developed countries that inherited ethnic divisions in the post-independence period. An overview of empirical evidence based on original field data collection is presented, which shows that this nation-building approach has allowed ethnically diverse communities in rural Tanzania to achieve considerable success in local fund-raising for primary schools, while ethnically diverse Kenyan communities have largely failed in this task.Less
This essay begins with a discussion of the recent social science literature on the impact of ethnic, racial, and religious divisions, and then proposes a set of policies that less-developed countries should follow to help them overcome ethnic conflict. It advocates the adoption of “nation-building” policies that foster the development of a common national identity. The case of Tanzania, and the contrast of Tanzania with its East African neighbor, Kenya, is the focus of this essay. It is argued that Tanzania’s serious approach to forging a common national identity attractive across ethnic groups — which takes the form of extensive linguistic, educational, and institutional reforms — offers a model for other less-developed countries that inherited ethnic divisions in the post-independence period. An overview of empirical evidence based on original field data collection is presented, which shows that this nation-building approach has allowed ethnically diverse communities in rural Tanzania to achieve considerable success in local fund-raising for primary schools, while ethnically diverse Kenyan communities have largely failed in this task.
Sofia Johnson Frankenberg
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199652501
- eISBN:
- 9780191739217
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199652501.003.0030
- Subject:
- Law, Family Law, Human Rights and Immigration
Most caregivers regard it as their responsibility to teach children to behave appropriately. What is appropriate behaviour and how to make children behave as they should varies according to the local ...
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Most caregivers regard it as their responsibility to teach children to behave appropriately. What is appropriate behaviour and how to make children behave as they should varies according to the local context. In Tanzania, although a signatory to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, corporal punishment is lawful in schools, in the penal system, in families, and in alternative care institutions. In a previous chapter, caregivers' conceptions of corporal punishment have been explored. This chapter takes point of departure in these findings and takes them a step further by investigating how they can be understood in the light of the caregiving relationship using the concepts zone of intimacy and ethics of care.Less
Most caregivers regard it as their responsibility to teach children to behave appropriately. What is appropriate behaviour and how to make children behave as they should varies according to the local context. In Tanzania, although a signatory to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, corporal punishment is lawful in schools, in the penal system, in families, and in alternative care institutions. In a previous chapter, caregivers' conceptions of corporal punishment have been explored. This chapter takes point of departure in these findings and takes them a step further by investigating how they can be understood in the light of the caregiving relationship using the concepts zone of intimacy and ethics of care.
Wolfgang Fengler
- Published in print:
- 1999
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780198296454
- eISBN:
- 9780191600036
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198296452.003.0049
- Subject:
- Political Science, Reference
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Tanzania follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical ...
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This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Tanzania follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables, with data given for Tanganyika 1958–1962, Zanzibar 1957–1963, and Tanzania 1965–1995. The tables are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no referendums); 2.2 Electoral Body 1957–1995 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1957–1995 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums (none held); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1957–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1958–1995; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1962–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1961–1998.Less
This chapter on elections and electoral systems in Tanzania follows the same format as all the other country chapters in the book. The first section is introductory and contains a historical overview, discussion of the evolution of electoral provisions, an account of the current electoral provisions, and a comment on the electoral statistics. The second section consists of ten tables, with data given for Tanganyika 1958–1962, Zanzibar 1957–1963, and Tanzania 1965–1995. The tables are: 2.1 Dates of National Elections, Referendums, and Coups d’Etat (there have been no referendums); 2.2 Electoral Body 1957–1995 (data on population size, registered voters, and votes cast); 2.3 Abbreviations (abbreviations and full names of political parties and alliances used in tables 2.6, 2.7, and 2.9); 2.4 Electoral Participation of Parties and Alliances 1957–1995 (participation of political parties and alliances in chronological order and including the years and number of contested elections); 2.5 Referendums (none held); 2.6 Elections for Constitutional Assembly (none held); 2.7 Parliamentary Elections 1957–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast); 2.8 Composition of Parliament 1958–1995; 2.9 Presidential Elections 1962–1995 (details of registered voters and votes cast); and 2.10 List of Power Holders 1961–1998.
Nicholas J. Wheeler
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199253104
- eISBN:
- 9780191600302
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199253102.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
Examines why Tanzania's overthrow of the Ugandan Government of Idi Amin was greeted with almost tacit approval compared to Vietnam's reception in overthrowing Pol Pot. International society did not ...
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Examines why Tanzania's overthrow of the Ugandan Government of Idi Amin was greeted with almost tacit approval compared to Vietnam's reception in overthrowing Pol Pot. International society did not endorse the principle of humanitarian intervention in this case, but it did show by its reaction that it understood the moral context in which Tanzania had acted.Less
Examines why Tanzania's overthrow of the Ugandan Government of Idi Amin was greeted with almost tacit approval compared to Vietnam's reception in overthrowing Pol Pot. International society did not endorse the principle of humanitarian intervention in this case, but it did show by its reaction that it understood the moral context in which Tanzania had acted.
Shane Doyle
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265338
- eISBN:
- 9780191760488
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265338.001.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
This book addresses two of the most important questions in modern African history: the causes of rapid population growth, and the origins of the AIDS pandemic. It examines three societies on the ...
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This book addresses two of the most important questions in modern African history: the causes of rapid population growth, and the origins of the AIDS pandemic. It examines three societies on the Uganda–Tanzania border whose distinctive histories shed new light on both of these phenomena. This was the region where HIV in Africa first became a mass rural epidemic, and also where HIV infection rates first began to decline significantly. The book argues that only by analysing the long history of changes in sexual behaviour and attitudes can the shape of Africa's regional epidemics be fully understood. It traces the emergence of the sexual culture which permitted HIV to spread so quickly during the late 1970s and 1980s back to the middle decades of the twentieth century, a period when new patterns of socialization and sexual networking became established. The case studies examined in this book also provide new insights into the relationship between economic and social development and trends in fertility and mortality during the twentieth century. These three societies experienced the onset of rapid demographic growth at different moments and for different reasons, but in each case study area the key mechanisms appear to have been a decline in child mortality, a shortening of birth intervals, and a marked decline in primary and secondary infertility.Less
This book addresses two of the most important questions in modern African history: the causes of rapid population growth, and the origins of the AIDS pandemic. It examines three societies on the Uganda–Tanzania border whose distinctive histories shed new light on both of these phenomena. This was the region where HIV in Africa first became a mass rural epidemic, and also where HIV infection rates first began to decline significantly. The book argues that only by analysing the long history of changes in sexual behaviour and attitudes can the shape of Africa's regional epidemics be fully understood. It traces the emergence of the sexual culture which permitted HIV to spread so quickly during the late 1970s and 1980s back to the middle decades of the twentieth century, a period when new patterns of socialization and sexual networking became established. The case studies examined in this book also provide new insights into the relationship between economic and social development and trends in fertility and mortality during the twentieth century. These three societies experienced the onset of rapid demographic growth at different moments and for different reasons, but in each case study area the key mechanisms appear to have been a decline in child mortality, a shortening of birth intervals, and a marked decline in primary and secondary infertility.
Nitsan Chorev
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780691197845
- eISBN:
- 9780691198873
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691197845.001.0001
- Subject:
- Sociology, Economic Sociology
This book looks at local drug manufacturing in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, from the early 1980s to the present, to understand the impact of foreign aid on industrial development. While foreign aid ...
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This book looks at local drug manufacturing in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, from the early 1980s to the present, to understand the impact of foreign aid on industrial development. While foreign aid has been attacked by critics as wasteful, counterproductive, or exploitative, this book makes a clear case for the effectiveness of what it terms “developmental foreign aid.” Against the backdrop of Africa’s pursuit of economic self-sufficiency, the battle against AIDS and malaria, and bitter negotiations over affordable drugs, the book offers an important corrective to popular views on foreign aid and development. It shows that when foreign aid has provided markets, monitoring, and mentoring, it has supported the emergence and upgrading of local production. In instances where donors were willing to procure local drugs, they created new markets that gave local entrepreneurs an incentive to produce new types of drugs. In turn, when donors enforced exacting standards as a condition to access those markets, they gave these producers an incentive to improve quality standards. And where technical know-how was not readily available and donors provided mentoring, local producers received the guidance necessary for improving production processes. Without losing sight of domestic political-economic conditions, historical legacies, and foreign aid’s own internal contradictions, the book presents new insights into the conditions under which foreign aid can be effective.Less
This book looks at local drug manufacturing in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, from the early 1980s to the present, to understand the impact of foreign aid on industrial development. While foreign aid has been attacked by critics as wasteful, counterproductive, or exploitative, this book makes a clear case for the effectiveness of what it terms “developmental foreign aid.” Against the backdrop of Africa’s pursuit of economic self-sufficiency, the battle against AIDS and malaria, and bitter negotiations over affordable drugs, the book offers an important corrective to popular views on foreign aid and development. It shows that when foreign aid has provided markets, monitoring, and mentoring, it has supported the emergence and upgrading of local production. In instances where donors were willing to procure local drugs, they created new markets that gave local entrepreneurs an incentive to produce new types of drugs. In turn, when donors enforced exacting standards as a condition to access those markets, they gave these producers an incentive to improve quality standards. And where technical know-how was not readily available and donors provided mentoring, local producers received the guidance necessary for improving production processes. Without losing sight of domestic political-economic conditions, historical legacies, and foreign aid’s own internal contradictions, the book presents new insights into the conditions under which foreign aid can be effective.
Paul J. Lane
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264782
- eISBN:
- 9780191754012
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264782.003.0013
- Subject:
- History, World Early Modern History
This chapter reviews the historical evidence concerning the development of slavery in eastern Africa, the various forms found in societies on the coast and in the interior, the social and cultural ...
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This chapter reviews the historical evidence concerning the development of slavery in eastern Africa, the various forms found in societies on the coast and in the interior, the social and cultural consequences of enslavement, and its ultimate abolition. It then looks at the known and potential archaeological traces of the trajectories of these different systems of slavery, with particular reference to the area along the middle and lower Pangani River, Tanzania. The chapter concludes with a consideration of whether or not it would be possible to discern slavery from the surviving archaeological remains alone, and the implications of this answer for future archaeological investigations of slavery elsewhere in the region.Less
This chapter reviews the historical evidence concerning the development of slavery in eastern Africa, the various forms found in societies on the coast and in the interior, the social and cultural consequences of enslavement, and its ultimate abolition. It then looks at the known and potential archaeological traces of the trajectories of these different systems of slavery, with particular reference to the area along the middle and lower Pangani River, Tanzania. The chapter concludes with a consideration of whether or not it would be possible to discern slavery from the surviving archaeological remains alone, and the implications of this answer for future archaeological investigations of slavery elsewhere in the region.
Joachim De Weerdt
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199276837
- eISBN:
- 9780191601620
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199276838.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
A method is developed for analysing the determinants of network formation. The unit of analysis will be the dyad, a pair of households. Application of the method to data on a small Haya village in ...
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A method is developed for analysing the determinants of network formation. The unit of analysis will be the dyad, a pair of households. Application of the method to data on a small Haya village in rural Tanzania showed that the formation of risk-sharing networks was influenced by kinship, geographical proximity, the number of common friends, clan membership, religious affiliation, and wealth.Less
A method is developed for analysing the determinants of network formation. The unit of analysis will be the dyad, a pair of households. Application of the method to data on a small Haya village in rural Tanzania showed that the formation of risk-sharing networks was influenced by kinship, geographical proximity, the number of common friends, clan membership, religious affiliation, and wealth.
Zoltan Barany
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691137681
- eISBN:
- 9781400845491
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691137681.003.0010
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter focuses on Ghana, Tanzania, and Botswana. During the periods under study here, Ghana experienced intermittent military rule while Tanzania was a socialist state; their armed forces were ...
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This chapter focuses on Ghana, Tanzania, and Botswana. During the periods under study here, Ghana experienced intermittent military rule while Tanzania was a socialist state; their armed forces were not committed to democracy and, in Ghana's case, not even to civilian rule. Unlike Ghana, Tanzania was successful in establishing civilian control over the armed forces. Civilian control must not be confused with democratic control, however. In Tanzania, civilian control was unitary, the party-state's domination of the armed forces hardly surprising considering there was no independent legislature, judiciary, or any other political organization free of TANU/CCM control. Tanzania's example demonstrates that civilian control can be successful while incorporating the armed forces into the general political arena. Botswana's situation is similar to Tanzania's insofar as one party has ruled the country since independence, but with the major difference that in Botswana, during the same time period, free elections have been held at regular intervals.Less
This chapter focuses on Ghana, Tanzania, and Botswana. During the periods under study here, Ghana experienced intermittent military rule while Tanzania was a socialist state; their armed forces were not committed to democracy and, in Ghana's case, not even to civilian rule. Unlike Ghana, Tanzania was successful in establishing civilian control over the armed forces. Civilian control must not be confused with democratic control, however. In Tanzania, civilian control was unitary, the party-state's domination of the armed forces hardly surprising considering there was no independent legislature, judiciary, or any other political organization free of TANU/CCM control. Tanzania's example demonstrates that civilian control can be successful while incorporating the armed forces into the general political arena. Botswana's situation is similar to Tanzania's insofar as one party has ruled the country since independence, but with the major difference that in Botswana, during the same time period, free elections have been held at regular intervals.
Shane Doyle
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265338
- eISBN:
- 9780191760488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265338.003.0010
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
This chapter brings the various strands of this study together. Previous studies of the 1970s have tended to emphasize the grimmest aspects of life during this decade, but the evidence suggests that ...
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This chapter brings the various strands of this study together. Previous studies of the 1970s have tended to emphasize the grimmest aspects of life during this decade, but the evidence suggests that the immediate demographic impact of worsening poverty and instability was rather modest. Moreover, the changes in sexual culture and behaviour seen in the 1970s were to a large extent a continuation of long-established trends, ensuring that patterns which had been initially associated with urban contexts dispersed far into the regions' rural communities. What was new in the 1970s was as much the result of aspiration as desperation. Similarly the onset of fertility decline in central Buganda was driven by an attempt to maintain existing standards of living. Evidence that postponing and stopping as well as spacing behaviour contributed to fertility limitation indicates that this region once again does not fit with widely accepted theories about African demographic change.Less
This chapter brings the various strands of this study together. Previous studies of the 1970s have tended to emphasize the grimmest aspects of life during this decade, but the evidence suggests that the immediate demographic impact of worsening poverty and instability was rather modest. Moreover, the changes in sexual culture and behaviour seen in the 1970s were to a large extent a continuation of long-established trends, ensuring that patterns which had been initially associated with urban contexts dispersed far into the regions' rural communities. What was new in the 1970s was as much the result of aspiration as desperation. Similarly the onset of fertility decline in central Buganda was driven by an attempt to maintain existing standards of living. Evidence that postponing and stopping as well as spacing behaviour contributed to fertility limitation indicates that this region once again does not fit with widely accepted theories about African demographic change.
Shane Doyle
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265338
- eISBN:
- 9780191760488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265338.003.0011
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
This chapter considers the role of long-term changes in patterns of fertility, mortality, and STDs in the emergence and control of HIV in this region. It emphasizes that in order to explain the ...
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This chapter considers the role of long-term changes in patterns of fertility, mortality, and STDs in the emergence and control of HIV in this region. It emphasizes that in order to explain the rapidity with which HIV became a mass epidemic in a largely rural context, it is necessary to examine the long history of changes in marriage, adolescent sexuality, leisure, materialism, and perceptions of risk. Equally, the remarkable success of AIDS control programmes in both southern Uganda and Buhaya can only be understood through an analysis of the series of campaigns aimed at improving public morality beginning in the early twentieth century, which helped legitimize sex as a topic of serious debate. Finally, the chapter also examines in detail the intimate relationship between fertility and mortality in Africa.Less
This chapter considers the role of long-term changes in patterns of fertility, mortality, and STDs in the emergence and control of HIV in this region. It emphasizes that in order to explain the rapidity with which HIV became a mass epidemic in a largely rural context, it is necessary to examine the long history of changes in marriage, adolescent sexuality, leisure, materialism, and perceptions of risk. Equally, the remarkable success of AIDS control programmes in both southern Uganda and Buhaya can only be understood through an analysis of the series of campaigns aimed at improving public morality beginning in the early twentieth century, which helped legitimize sex as a topic of serious debate. Finally, the chapter also examines in detail the intimate relationship between fertility and mortality in Africa.
Shane Doyle
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265338
- eISBN:
- 9780191760488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265338.003.0001
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
This chapter introduces the three case study areas of Ankole, Buganda, and Buhaya, located today in Uganda and Tanzania, and explains the reasoning behind their selection. Most famously, it was ...
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This chapter introduces the three case study areas of Ankole, Buganda, and Buhaya, located today in Uganda and Tanzania, and explains the reasoning behind their selection. Most famously, it was within these neighbouring societies that HIV became a rural as well as an urban phenomenon, and also where the mechanisms of one of the world's most successful AIDS control programmes were developed. These societies were also remarkable for their unusual experience of demographic change during the twentieth century. The chapter examines the major theories which have attempted to explain changes in sexual behaviour and attitudes, fertility, and mortality in Africa, and considers the contributions made by this study to these debates. It also discusses the sources and methodology utilised in this book, focusing particularly on the use of oral evidence, family reconstitution, and hospital maternity records.Less
This chapter introduces the three case study areas of Ankole, Buganda, and Buhaya, located today in Uganda and Tanzania, and explains the reasoning behind their selection. Most famously, it was within these neighbouring societies that HIV became a rural as well as an urban phenomenon, and also where the mechanisms of one of the world's most successful AIDS control programmes were developed. These societies were also remarkable for their unusual experience of demographic change during the twentieth century. The chapter examines the major theories which have attempted to explain changes in sexual behaviour and attitudes, fertility, and mortality in Africa, and considers the contributions made by this study to these debates. It also discusses the sources and methodology utilised in this book, focusing particularly on the use of oral evidence, family reconstitution, and hospital maternity records.
Shane Doyle
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265338
- eISBN:
- 9780191760488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265338.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
This chapter argues that the intensification of long-distance trade from the 1860s increased mortality levels due to famine, heightened conflict, and new epidemic diseases in Buganda and Buhaya much ...
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This chapter argues that the intensification of long-distance trade from the 1860s increased mortality levels due to famine, heightened conflict, and new epidemic diseases in Buganda and Buhaya much more than in Ankole. The colonial takeover quickly reduced the incidence of war-related deaths, but only in the 1920s did the colonial state begin to exert a degree of control over crisis mortality. Early hospital data and vital registration records indicate that child survival had improved significantly by the early 1920s, due to a rise in birthweight, investment in sanitation, and the cumulative impact of mass inoculation campaigns against major epidemic diseases. By the mid-1920s medical data on cause of death revealed the emerging dominance of endemic diseases, a pattern that would survive, with some variation, until the emergence of AIDS.Less
This chapter argues that the intensification of long-distance trade from the 1860s increased mortality levels due to famine, heightened conflict, and new epidemic diseases in Buganda and Buhaya much more than in Ankole. The colonial takeover quickly reduced the incidence of war-related deaths, but only in the 1920s did the colonial state begin to exert a degree of control over crisis mortality. Early hospital data and vital registration records indicate that child survival had improved significantly by the early 1920s, due to a rise in birthweight, investment in sanitation, and the cumulative impact of mass inoculation campaigns against major epidemic diseases. By the mid-1920s medical data on cause of death revealed the emerging dominance of endemic diseases, a pattern that would survive, with some variation, until the emergence of AIDS.
Shane Doyle
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265338
- eISBN:
- 9780191760488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265338.003.0004
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines why Buganda and Buhaya's population crisis was regarded by European observers as resulting much more from sub-fertility rather than excess mortality. The perception that ...
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This chapter examines why Buganda and Buhaya's population crisis was regarded by European observers as resulting much more from sub-fertility rather than excess mortality. The perception that urbanization, the cash economy, Christianity, and the legal protection of women's rights discouraged the young from marrying and undermined sexual restraint provoked a series of interventions aimed at reforming marriage, gender relations, and sexual behaviour, and so curbing syphilis, the presumed cause of these societies' low birth rates and high miscarriage and stillbirth rates. These reforms though were marked by ambiguity and inconsistency, tending to undermine the institutions that they aimed to support. The chapter also analyses the contrasting experience of Ankole, where the chiefly hierarchy was relatively successful in its attempt to stabilize marriage and maximize fertility.Less
This chapter examines why Buganda and Buhaya's population crisis was regarded by European observers as resulting much more from sub-fertility rather than excess mortality. The perception that urbanization, the cash economy, Christianity, and the legal protection of women's rights discouraged the young from marrying and undermined sexual restraint provoked a series of interventions aimed at reforming marriage, gender relations, and sexual behaviour, and so curbing syphilis, the presumed cause of these societies' low birth rates and high miscarriage and stillbirth rates. These reforms though were marked by ambiguity and inconsistency, tending to undermine the institutions that they aimed to support. The chapter also analyses the contrasting experience of Ankole, where the chiefly hierarchy was relatively successful in its attempt to stabilize marriage and maximize fertility.
Shane Doyle
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265338
- eISBN:
- 9780191760488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265338.003.0006
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
This chapter details how in colonial Buhaya the scarcity of land suitable for coffee farming enriched elders, delayed young men's establishment of new households, and heightened pressures to secure ...
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This chapter details how in colonial Buhaya the scarcity of land suitable for coffee farming enriched elders, delayed young men's establishment of new households, and heightened pressures to secure an heir. Marriage was delayed and destabilized, sexual affairs grew increasingly commodified, and divorcees migrated to East Africa' s cities, where they dominated the region's sex trade, seeking to repay their bridewealth and secure their autonomy. From the 1940s many women who returned from the cities continued to accept money for sex when they resumed village life, trading on their reputation for exotic modernity as well as sexual skill. Meanwhile, many of the broader changes in sexual culture seen in Buganda also affected Buhaya, though the sexuality of young unmarried women remained carefully controlled until near independence. These developments unsurprisingly were the subject of repeated criticism and attempted regulation, but few of the interventions that resulted had a lasting impact.Less
This chapter details how in colonial Buhaya the scarcity of land suitable for coffee farming enriched elders, delayed young men's establishment of new households, and heightened pressures to secure an heir. Marriage was delayed and destabilized, sexual affairs grew increasingly commodified, and divorcees migrated to East Africa' s cities, where they dominated the region's sex trade, seeking to repay their bridewealth and secure their autonomy. From the 1940s many women who returned from the cities continued to accept money for sex when they resumed village life, trading on their reputation for exotic modernity as well as sexual skill. Meanwhile, many of the broader changes in sexual culture seen in Buganda also affected Buhaya, though the sexuality of young unmarried women remained carefully controlled until near independence. These developments unsurprisingly were the subject of repeated criticism and attempted regulation, but few of the interventions that resulted had a lasting impact.
Shane Doyle
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265338
- eISBN:
- 9780191760488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265338.003.0008
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
This chapter reports that the main reasons why fertility rose in Ankole, Buganda and Buhaya were not associated with changing age at first marriage or a growing economic desire for larger families, ...
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This chapter reports that the main reasons why fertility rose in Ankole, Buganda and Buhaya were not associated with changing age at first marriage or a growing economic desire for larger families, but rather primarily because of the increased duration of women's reproductive lives. This was partly linked with declining divorce rates in Ankole and Buhaya; Ganda women's increasing willingness to have children outside marriage; and more importantly with a reduction in secondary sterility. A shortening of birth intervals in Buganda from the 1920s, in Ankole from the 1930s and Buhaya from the 1940s, was also significant. The chapter attempts to explain why fertility increase in Ankole occurred decades earlier than in Buganda and Buhaya, yet colonial Ankole was much poorer, less Christianized, and had inferior medical and educational services. This region's exceptionalism is explained mainly by Buganda and Buhaya's marital instability before the 1960s and surprisingly high disease burdens.Less
This chapter reports that the main reasons why fertility rose in Ankole, Buganda and Buhaya were not associated with changing age at first marriage or a growing economic desire for larger families, but rather primarily because of the increased duration of women's reproductive lives. This was partly linked with declining divorce rates in Ankole and Buhaya; Ganda women's increasing willingness to have children outside marriage; and more importantly with a reduction in secondary sterility. A shortening of birth intervals in Buganda from the 1920s, in Ankole from the 1930s and Buhaya from the 1940s, was also significant. The chapter attempts to explain why fertility increase in Ankole occurred decades earlier than in Buganda and Buhaya, yet colonial Ankole was much poorer, less Christianized, and had inferior medical and educational services. This region's exceptionalism is explained mainly by Buganda and Buhaya's marital instability before the 1960s and surprisingly high disease burdens.
Shane Doyle
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780197265338
- eISBN:
- 9780191760488
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197265338.003.0009
- Subject:
- Anthropology, African Cultural Anthropology
This chapter argues that while mortality levels fell at different times for different age groups in the three case study areas, what is most surprising about the pattern of morbidity and mortality in ...
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This chapter argues that while mortality levels fell at different times for different age groups in the three case study areas, what is most surprising about the pattern of morbidity and mortality in this region is that life expectancy in Ankole seems to have improved as fast as in the other societies. Yet Buganda and Buhaya enjoyed huge advantages in terms of medical and educational provision, and cash income. The case of Ankole emphasizes the significance of livestock, relative equality, preventive medicine, and low levels of malaria in offsetting the demographic effects of cash poverty and peripherality in colonial Africa, while the examples of Buganda and Buhaya illustrate the negative consequences of modernization, especially for child health, due to high levels of divorce, fostering, and bottle-feeding. Evidence from these societies also reveals unexpected outcomes associated with female education, income levels, and discrete medical campaigns.Less
This chapter argues that while mortality levels fell at different times for different age groups in the three case study areas, what is most surprising about the pattern of morbidity and mortality in this region is that life expectancy in Ankole seems to have improved as fast as in the other societies. Yet Buganda and Buhaya enjoyed huge advantages in terms of medical and educational provision, and cash income. The case of Ankole emphasizes the significance of livestock, relative equality, preventive medicine, and low levels of malaria in offsetting the demographic effects of cash poverty and peripherality in colonial Africa, while the examples of Buganda and Buhaya illustrate the negative consequences of modernization, especially for child health, due to high levels of divorce, fostering, and bottle-feeding. Evidence from these societies also reveals unexpected outcomes associated with female education, income levels, and discrete medical campaigns.
Richard McElreath
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199262052
- eISBN:
- 9780191601637
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199262055.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Ultimatum Game results are presented from an African society, the Sangu of the Usangu Plains southwest Tanzania, with substantial internal economic variation. The study involved two communities: a ...
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Ultimatum Game results are presented from an African society, the Sangu of the Usangu Plains southwest Tanzania, with substantial internal economic variation. The study involved two communities: a more sedentary and stable community of farmers from the agricultural areas of Utengule, and a more mobile and compositionally fluid community of agro‐pastoralists (individuals who sometimes farm but also derive a substantial amount of their income from livestock) from Ukwaheri. The Utengule community exhibited more rejections in the Ultimatum Game than the Ukwaheri community, although the two communities exhibited no differences in the distributions of offers made in the game, implying that they share an idealized norm for sharing (‘dividing equally’), but differ in their willingness or perception of the need to punish norm violations. Individual variables such as age and differences in the nature and duration (stability and longevity) of relationships among the two groups may explain some of the difference in offers and willingness to reject; an evaluation is also made of the possibility that differences in risk‐aversion may account for the differences in rejection rates. A method for describing and comparing the rejection rates of different populations is presented, and problems caused by the structure of the Ultimatum Game in the interpretation of data like these are discussed.Less
Ultimatum Game results are presented from an African society, the Sangu of the Usangu Plains southwest Tanzania, with substantial internal economic variation. The study involved two communities: a more sedentary and stable community of farmers from the agricultural areas of Utengule, and a more mobile and compositionally fluid community of agro‐pastoralists (individuals who sometimes farm but also derive a substantial amount of their income from livestock) from Ukwaheri. The Utengule community exhibited more rejections in the Ultimatum Game than the Ukwaheri community, although the two communities exhibited no differences in the distributions of offers made in the game, implying that they share an idealized norm for sharing (‘dividing equally’), but differ in their willingness or perception of the need to punish norm violations. Individual variables such as age and differences in the nature and duration (stability and longevity) of relationships among the two groups may explain some of the difference in offers and willingness to reject; an evaluation is also made of the possibility that differences in risk‐aversion may account for the differences in rejection rates. A method for describing and comparing the rejection rates of different populations is presented, and problems caused by the structure of the Ultimatum Game in the interpretation of data like these are discussed.
Joseph Henrich, Robert Boyd, Samuel Bowles, Colin F. Camerer, Ernst Fehr, Herbert Gintis, and Richard McElreath
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199262052
- eISBN:
- 9780191601637
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199262055.003.0002
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
A summary is given of the results obtained from all fifteen field sites of the cross‐cultural behavioural experiments project reported in the book and comparisons are made between them. Two lessons ...
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A summary is given of the results obtained from all fifteen field sites of the cross‐cultural behavioural experiments project reported in the book and comparisons are made between them. Two lessons are drawn from the experimental results: first, there is no society in which experimental behaviour is even roughly consistent with the canonical model of purely self‐interested actors; second, there is much more variation between groups than has been previously reported, and this variation correlates with differences in patterns of interaction found in everyday life. The results are thought to bear on fundamental questions about human behaviour and society such as the nature of human motivations, and how these motivations are shaped by the societies in which people live, but the discussion is limited to the implications of the study for rational actor and similar models of human behaviour. The chapter is arranged in eight main sections which: (1) give an account of the cross‐cultural behavioural experiments project, describing the main economics experiments used – the Ultimatum Game (only this game was used at all experimental sites), the Public Goods Game, and the Dictator Game – and the locations and characteristics of the ethnographic studies involved (two each in Ecuador, Mongolia, Papua New Guinea and Tanzania; and one each in Bolivia, Chile, Indonesia, Kenya, Paraguay, Peru, and Zimbabwe); (2) present and analyse the experimental results; (3) attempt to explain differences in behaviour across groups; (4) attempt to explain individual differences in behaviour within groups; (5) discuss local group effects; (6) examine experimental behaviour in relation to everyday life; (7) discuss the research methods used and suggest ways that the between‐group behavioural differences found could have originated as products of patterns of social and economic interactions; and (8) draw conclusions.Less
A summary is given of the results obtained from all fifteen field sites of the cross‐cultural behavioural experiments project reported in the book and comparisons are made between them. Two lessons are drawn from the experimental results: first, there is no society in which experimental behaviour is even roughly consistent with the canonical model of purely self‐interested actors; second, there is much more variation between groups than has been previously reported, and this variation correlates with differences in patterns of interaction found in everyday life. The results are thought to bear on fundamental questions about human behaviour and society such as the nature of human motivations, and how these motivations are shaped by the societies in which people live, but the discussion is limited to the implications of the study for rational actor and similar models of human behaviour. The chapter is arranged in eight main sections which: (1) give an account of the cross‐cultural behavioural experiments project, describing the main economics experiments used – the Ultimatum Game (only this game was used at all experimental sites), the Public Goods Game, and the Dictator Game – and the locations and characteristics of the ethnographic studies involved (two each in Ecuador, Mongolia, Papua New Guinea and Tanzania; and one each in Bolivia, Chile, Indonesia, Kenya, Paraguay, Peru, and Zimbabwe); (2) present and analyse the experimental results; (3) attempt to explain differences in behaviour across groups; (4) attempt to explain individual differences in behaviour within groups; (5) discuss local group effects; (6) examine experimental behaviour in relation to everyday life; (7) discuss the research methods used and suggest ways that the between‐group behavioural differences found could have originated as products of patterns of social and economic interactions; and (8) draw conclusions.
Frank Marlowe
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780199262052
- eISBN:
- 9780191601637
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199262055.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
It has often been suggested that the foundation for much human cooperation is the widespread food sharing observed among hunter–gatherers. To investigate this proposition, the study reported here ...
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It has often been suggested that the foundation for much human cooperation is the widespread food sharing observed among hunter–gatherers. To investigate this proposition, the study reported here enlisted one of the few remaining societies of active nomadic hunter–gatherers – the Hadza of Tanzania (who are one of the most egalitarian societies in the ethnographic literature) – to play two related games: the Ultimatum Game and the Dictator Game. The characteristics of the study population are first described, and then the methods used to conduct the games are outlined and the results presented and analysed in terms of six variables (age, gender, comprehension, numbers of siblings and children, and camp population/size). The Hadza made lower offers in both games than are typical of complex societies, and the offers were lower in small camps than larger ones; these findings contrast with the strong Hadza sharing ethic. Possible interpretations are discussed; these include a combination of greater fear of punishment (for not sharing) in larger camps and a greater desire to escape from constant sharing in small camps, and three other explanations that have been proposed by evolutionary anthropologists for widespread food sharing – tolerated scrounging, delayed reciprocity, and costly signalling.Less
It has often been suggested that the foundation for much human cooperation is the widespread food sharing observed among hunter–gatherers. To investigate this proposition, the study reported here enlisted one of the few remaining societies of active nomadic hunter–gatherers – the Hadza of Tanzania (who are one of the most egalitarian societies in the ethnographic literature) – to play two related games: the Ultimatum Game and the Dictator Game. The characteristics of the study population are first described, and then the methods used to conduct the games are outlined and the results presented and analysed in terms of six variables (age, gender, comprehension, numbers of siblings and children, and camp population/size). The Hadza made lower offers in both games than are typical of complex societies, and the offers were lower in small camps than larger ones; these findings contrast with the strong Hadza sharing ethic. Possible interpretations are discussed; these include a combination of greater fear of punishment (for not sharing) in larger camps and a greater desire to escape from constant sharing in small camps, and three other explanations that have been proposed by evolutionary anthropologists for widespread food sharing – tolerated scrounging, delayed reciprocity, and costly signalling.
