Sacha Stern
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199589449
- eISBN:
- 9780191746178
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199589449.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter examines the calendars of the Greek peninsula, Ionia, and the Greek islands, with a focus on the city of Athens. Greek calendars were very diverse and fragmented, reflecting the ...
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This chapter examines the calendars of the Greek peninsula, Ionia, and the Greek islands, with a focus on the city of Athens. Greek calendars were very diverse and fragmented, reflecting the political fragmentation of the Greek world. They were all lunar, except for the prytanic calendar, a calendar peculiar to Athens that was used alongside Athens' lunar, archontic calendar. The lunar character of Greek calendars was poorly defined and often disrupted as a result of political tampering, the legitimacy of which was not necessarily regarded as an issue. The chapter considers the controversial questions of whether Greek calendars were regular or erratic, and whether they became more regularized after the invention of astronomical lunar calendars (e.g., the Metonic and Callippic cycles), the use of parapegmata, or the introduction, in the Hellenistic period, of dating ‘according to the moon’.Less
This chapter examines the calendars of the Greek peninsula, Ionia, and the Greek islands, with a focus on the city of Athens. Greek calendars were very diverse and fragmented, reflecting the political fragmentation of the Greek world. They were all lunar, except for the prytanic calendar, a calendar peculiar to Athens that was used alongside Athens' lunar, archontic calendar. The lunar character of Greek calendars was poorly defined and often disrupted as a result of political tampering, the legitimacy of which was not necessarily regarded as an issue. The chapter considers the controversial questions of whether Greek calendars were regular or erratic, and whether they became more regularized after the invention of astronomical lunar calendars (e.g., the Metonic and Callippic cycles), the use of parapegmata, or the introduction, in the Hellenistic period, of dating ‘according to the moon’.
John Sprack and Michael Engelhardt–Sprack
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- March 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780198843566
- eISBN:
- 9780191932403
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198843566.003.0023
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
Historically, trial on indictment in England and Wales has always been in front of a judge and jury. The principle, which for some has acquired virtually constitutional status, is that someone ...
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Historically, trial on indictment in England and Wales has always been in front of a judge and jury. The principle, which for some has acquired virtually constitutional status, is that someone accused of a serious crime has the right to be tried by a jury of his peers, who are the sole determiners of guilt. Central to the argument in favour of jury involvement in trial on indictment is the concept that ordinary citizens ought to participate in the criminal justice system in this central role, as a crucial part of the democratic process. As Lord Devlin put it, the jury is ‘the lamp that shows that freedom lives’.
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Historically, trial on indictment in England and Wales has always been in front of a judge and jury. The principle, which for some has acquired virtually constitutional status, is that someone accused of a serious crime has the right to be tried by a jury of his peers, who are the sole determiners of guilt. Central to the argument in favour of jury involvement in trial on indictment is the concept that ordinary citizens ought to participate in the criminal justice system in this central role, as a crucial part of the democratic process. As Lord Devlin put it, the jury is ‘the lamp that shows that freedom lives’.
Sarah Jackson
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780748685318
- eISBN:
- 9781474412360
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748685318.003.0005
- Subject:
- Literature, Criticism/Theory
Developing the book's examination of the relationship between writing, touching and not-touching, this chapter presents a theory of ‘tactile poetics’. Discussing Jacques Derrida's account of Hélène ...
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Developing the book's examination of the relationship between writing, touching and not-touching, this chapter presents a theory of ‘tactile poetics’. Discussing Jacques Derrida's account of Hélène Cixous's writing as a ‘poem of touch’, it considers the ways that her language simultaneously interrogates and enacts contact, touching the reader in strange and sometimes startling ways. Reading the material surface of Cixous's autobiographical novel, So Close, it discusses the connection between touching and feeling, and explores the ways that different literary textures circulate affect. Drawing on the work of Renu Bora in order to distinguish between literary ‘texture’ and ‘texxture’, it analyses how different texts can touch each other, and when this contact might be read as tampering.Less
Developing the book's examination of the relationship between writing, touching and not-touching, this chapter presents a theory of ‘tactile poetics’. Discussing Jacques Derrida's account of Hélène Cixous's writing as a ‘poem of touch’, it considers the ways that her language simultaneously interrogates and enacts contact, touching the reader in strange and sometimes startling ways. Reading the material surface of Cixous's autobiographical novel, So Close, it discusses the connection between touching and feeling, and explores the ways that different literary textures circulate affect. Drawing on the work of Renu Bora in order to distinguish between literary ‘texture’ and ‘texxture’, it analyses how different texts can touch each other, and when this contact might be read as tampering.
Noam Chomsky
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262062787
- eISBN:
- 9780262273152
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262062787.003.0007
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics
This chapter examines the “strong minimalist thesis” (SMT) that language is an optimal solution to interface conditions that must be satisfied by the faculty of language. SMT emerged within the ...
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This chapter examines the “strong minimalist thesis” (SMT) that language is an optimal solution to interface conditions that must be satisfied by the faculty of language. SMT emerged within the principles-and-parameters framework of generative grammar and involves efficient computation that requires the restriction of computational resources as well as minimization of computations. The chapter suggests that Merge constitutes the sole computational operation in narrow syntax and proposes a No Tampering Condition (NTC) to prevent Merge from making internal changes to the syntactic objects (SOs) to which it applies. It first reviews some recent and ongoing work in the general framework of the so-called Minimalist Program before turning to the theory of phases, the Inclusiveness Condition, and the Phase Impenetrability Condition. It also discusses two forms of Merge, external merge and internal merge, the latter of which is driven by edge features of lexical items.Less
This chapter examines the “strong minimalist thesis” (SMT) that language is an optimal solution to interface conditions that must be satisfied by the faculty of language. SMT emerged within the principles-and-parameters framework of generative grammar and involves efficient computation that requires the restriction of computational resources as well as minimization of computations. The chapter suggests that Merge constitutes the sole computational operation in narrow syntax and proposes a No Tampering Condition (NTC) to prevent Merge from making internal changes to the syntactic objects (SOs) to which it applies. It first reviews some recent and ongoing work in the general framework of the so-called Minimalist Program before turning to the theory of phases, the Inclusiveness Condition, and the Phase Impenetrability Condition. It also discusses two forms of Merge, external merge and internal merge, the latter of which is driven by edge features of lexical items.
Charles C. Moul and John V. C. Nye
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691147611
- eISBN:
- 9781400866595
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691147611.003.0013
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter surveys applications of Benford's law within economics, such as its use in investigating the validity of macroeconomic data series. It argues that, given the strong interest in strategic ...
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This chapter surveys applications of Benford's law within economics, such as its use in investigating the validity of macroeconomic data series. It argues that, given the strong interest in strategic behavior in economics, it makes sense to use Benford's law to investigate possible anomalies that suggest manipulation or other interference, especially when incentives increase for such tampering. The chapter then considers how a first-digit analysis informs Value at Risk (VAR) data from the U.S. financial sector over the past ten years. It finds that Benford's law fits precrisis data very well but is rejected for postcrisis data. Opportunities and incentives for such misreporting are then discussed.Less
This chapter surveys applications of Benford's law within economics, such as its use in investigating the validity of macroeconomic data series. It argues that, given the strong interest in strategic behavior in economics, it makes sense to use Benford's law to investigate possible anomalies that suggest manipulation or other interference, especially when incentives increase for such tampering. The chapter then considers how a first-digit analysis informs Value at Risk (VAR) data from the U.S. financial sector over the past ten years. It finds that Benford's law fits precrisis data very well but is rejected for postcrisis data. Opportunities and incentives for such misreporting are then discussed.
Mark Bernard
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780748685493
- eISBN:
- 9781474406444
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748685493.003.0009
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
This chapter examines two horror films made by Splat Pack directors and released on DVD: Alexandre Aja's Haute Tension (released in France in 2003 and as High Tension in the United States in 2005) ...
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This chapter examines two horror films made by Splat Pack directors and released on DVD: Alexandre Aja's Haute Tension (released in France in 2003 and as High Tension in the United States in 2005) and Neil Marshall's The Descent (released in Britain in 2005 and in the United States in 2006). Haute Tension and The Descent are metacinematic exercises in horror film-making that have made Aja and Marshall darlings of more film-literate, ‘hardcore’ horror fans, a group of fans who have not necessarily embraced the rest of the Splat Pack. Lionsgate tampered with both films when they released them in cinemas in the United States. The DVDs retain evidence of this tampering in various ways, with this residue constituting what Timothy Corrigan calls the ‘material scars’ of a film's troubled production and/or release. The chapter considers the ways in which Aja and Marshall play with intertextuality as well as genre and gender conventions through their films.Less
This chapter examines two horror films made by Splat Pack directors and released on DVD: Alexandre Aja's Haute Tension (released in France in 2003 and as High Tension in the United States in 2005) and Neil Marshall's The Descent (released in Britain in 2005 and in the United States in 2006). Haute Tension and The Descent are metacinematic exercises in horror film-making that have made Aja and Marshall darlings of more film-literate, ‘hardcore’ horror fans, a group of fans who have not necessarily embraced the rest of the Splat Pack. Lionsgate tampered with both films when they released them in cinemas in the United States. The DVDs retain evidence of this tampering in various ways, with this residue constituting what Timothy Corrigan calls the ‘material scars’ of a film's troubled production and/or release. The chapter considers the ways in which Aja and Marshall play with intertextuality as well as genre and gender conventions through their films.
Ellen Mickiewicz
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199977833
- eISBN:
- 9780199397068
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199977833.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics, Russian Politics
In 2010 and 2011 demonstrations rocked Moscow: the first, neo-Nazi, the second group, liberal and democratic. The chapter examines exactly how the biggest liberal demonstration was organized, and the ...
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In 2010 and 2011 demonstrations rocked Moscow: the first, neo-Nazi, the second group, liberal and democratic. The chapter examines exactly how the biggest liberal demonstration was organized, and the experiment of bringing in larger numbers of people through voting on the internet. The democratic experiment was largely successful and a new form of empowerment ensued. But it also brought in, by political brokering, the addition of extremists to mainstream parties probably achieved what had never been possible before: legitimation.Less
In 2010 and 2011 demonstrations rocked Moscow: the first, neo-Nazi, the second group, liberal and democratic. The chapter examines exactly how the biggest liberal demonstration was organized, and the experiment of bringing in larger numbers of people through voting on the internet. The democratic experiment was largely successful and a new form of empowerment ensued. But it also brought in, by political brokering, the addition of extremists to mainstream parties probably achieved what had never been possible before: legitimation.
Thomas F. Babor, Jonathan Caulkins, Benedikt Fischer, David Foxcroft, Keith Humphreys, María Elena Medina-Mora, Isidore Obot, Jürgen Rehm, Peter Reuter, Robin Room, Ingeborg Rossow, and John Strang
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- August 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198818014
- eISBN:
- 9780191859410
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198818014.003.0012
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
There is extraordinary cross-national variation in the availability of prescription psychoactive drugs, with most prescription drug use being concentrated in developed countries. A variety of ...
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There is extraordinary cross-national variation in the availability of prescription psychoactive drugs, with most prescription drug use being concentrated in developed countries. A variety of measures aim to prevent abuses such as ‘doctor shopping’ and diversion of psychopharmaceuticals from the medical and pharmacy systems. The evidence suggests that prescription regimes affect the prescribing practices of doctors, often resulting in substitution. Price can be used to channel demand between two drugs that are substitutes for each other, moving demand from a drug with more adverse consequences to a less risky alternative. Advice to physicians on prescribing, has limited effect unless it concerns a new and serious side effect and alternative medicines can be prescribed. The development of a strong pharmacy system can limit illicit diversion of prescription medications, but cannot always prevent periodic epidemics of prescription drug misuse.Less
There is extraordinary cross-national variation in the availability of prescription psychoactive drugs, with most prescription drug use being concentrated in developed countries. A variety of measures aim to prevent abuses such as ‘doctor shopping’ and diversion of psychopharmaceuticals from the medical and pharmacy systems. The evidence suggests that prescription regimes affect the prescribing practices of doctors, often resulting in substitution. Price can be used to channel demand between two drugs that are substitutes for each other, moving demand from a drug with more adverse consequences to a less risky alternative. Advice to physicians on prescribing, has limited effect unless it concerns a new and serious side effect and alternative medicines can be prescribed. The development of a strong pharmacy system can limit illicit diversion of prescription medications, but cannot always prevent periodic epidemics of prescription drug misuse.
Geert-Jan Alexander Knoops
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- November 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780190923846
- eISBN:
- 9780190923860
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190923846.003.0020
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law
The year 2016 preludes the start of three trials at the International Criminal Court (ICC). The trials of Mr. Ongwen, Mr. Al Mahdi and the trial of Mr. Gbagbo and Mr. Blé Goudé started in the same ...
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The year 2016 preludes the start of three trials at the International Criminal Court (ICC). The trials of Mr. Ongwen, Mr. Al Mahdi and the trial of Mr. Gbagbo and Mr. Blé Goudé started in the same year while several trials drew to a close. Both Mr. Bemba and Mr. Al Mahdi were convicted for crimes committed in the Central African Republic and Mali, respectively. In a separate trial Mr. Bemba and his co-defendants were convicted of witness tampering. While some of the developments at the Court are promising, a closer look at both the legal and political developments warrants some caution. Some states remained uncooperative with the ICC, to the extent that three member states have left the ICC.Less
The year 2016 preludes the start of three trials at the International Criminal Court (ICC). The trials of Mr. Ongwen, Mr. Al Mahdi and the trial of Mr. Gbagbo and Mr. Blé Goudé started in the same year while several trials drew to a close. Both Mr. Bemba and Mr. Al Mahdi were convicted for crimes committed in the Central African Republic and Mali, respectively. In a separate trial Mr. Bemba and his co-defendants were convicted of witness tampering. While some of the developments at the Court are promising, a closer look at both the legal and political developments warrants some caution. Some states remained uncooperative with the ICC, to the extent that three member states have left the ICC.
James C. Nicholson
- Published in print:
- 2021
- Published Online:
- September 2021
- ISBN:
- 9780813180649
- eISBN:
- 9780813180687
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Kentucky
- DOI:
- 10.5810/kentucky/9780813180649.003.0008
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sport and Leisure
Chapter Seven covers the fallout from the Race of the Century. After being embraced as "magnificent losers" in America, team Papyrus returned home to a disappointed nation full of critics of the ...
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Chapter Seven covers the fallout from the Race of the Century. After being embraced as "magnificent losers" in America, team Papyrus returned home to a disappointed nation full of critics of the entire endeavor. The score between Zev and My Own was settled by another blockbuster event, at Latonia Race Track. Nationally, promoters capitalized on the publicity of the International Race to build support for the expansion of horseracing and legalized gambling. With his triumph in the International Race, Earl Sande had reached the height of sports celebrity. But personal and professional challenges mounted, and he would die in an Oregon nursing home, nearly forgotten by the sports industry that had made him famous. Though Sinclair's acquittal on federal bribery charges related to his Teapot Dome scheme would shock many observers, he served nearly seven months in the Washington Asylum and Jail for contempt of the Senate and jury tampering.Less
Chapter Seven covers the fallout from the Race of the Century. After being embraced as "magnificent losers" in America, team Papyrus returned home to a disappointed nation full of critics of the entire endeavor. The score between Zev and My Own was settled by another blockbuster event, at Latonia Race Track. Nationally, promoters capitalized on the publicity of the International Race to build support for the expansion of horseracing and legalized gambling. With his triumph in the International Race, Earl Sande had reached the height of sports celebrity. But personal and professional challenges mounted, and he would die in an Oregon nursing home, nearly forgotten by the sports industry that had made him famous. Though Sinclair's acquittal on federal bribery charges related to his Teapot Dome scheme would shock many observers, he served nearly seven months in the Washington Asylum and Jail for contempt of the Senate and jury tampering.
