Frank Hendriks
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199572786
- eISBN:
- 9780191722370
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199572786.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics, Political Theory
If it is to have any chance of success in terms of furthering good governance, democratic reform must be contingent – sensitive to local conditions and cultures – and creative in uniting disparate ...
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If it is to have any chance of success in terms of furthering good governance, democratic reform must be contingent – sensitive to local conditions and cultures – and creative in uniting disparate views of democracy. The fact that rationally‐designed reform need not be superior in this respect to incrementally unfolding reform – ‘reinventing tradition’ – is demonstrated by the case of the Netherlands, where democratic reform has a long and instructive history. Every other country (or region, or town) requires such an individual approach, it is argued here. Reform models that are not case‐specific – that offer one‐size‐fits‐all garments or sell coats for all seasons – should be treated with the utmost suspicion, along with models that vow to bring purity and uniformity to democracy. As this chapter explicates, it is not uniform, pure models but multiform, mixed models that have the best credentials in practice.Less
If it is to have any chance of success in terms of furthering good governance, democratic reform must be contingent – sensitive to local conditions and cultures – and creative in uniting disparate views of democracy. The fact that rationally‐designed reform need not be superior in this respect to incrementally unfolding reform – ‘reinventing tradition’ – is demonstrated by the case of the Netherlands, where democratic reform has a long and instructive history. Every other country (or region, or town) requires such an individual approach, it is argued here. Reform models that are not case‐specific – that offer one‐size‐fits‐all garments or sell coats for all seasons – should be treated with the utmost suspicion, along with models that vow to bring purity and uniformity to democracy. As this chapter explicates, it is not uniform, pure models but multiform, mixed models that have the best credentials in practice.
Jorge Delva, Paula Allen-Meares, and Sandra L. Momper
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195382501
- eISBN:
- 9780199777419
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195382501.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Research and Evaluation
This chapter illustrates how a community-based two-armed randomized clinical trial (RCT) was designed and implemented with low-income African American women who were mothers of young children (under ...
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This chapter illustrates how a community-based two-armed randomized clinical trial (RCT) was designed and implemented with low-income African American women who were mothers of young children (under 6 years of age) living in the most impoverished areas in Detroit. The purpose of the study was to decrease the rate of caries among the children and improve overall oral health among children and parents. As we describe in the chapter, being sensitive to the study participants was less about being sensitive to potentially stereotypical cultural elements about African Americans and more about being sensitive to the challenges, if not outright traumatic and unacceptable experiences, that severely economically disadvantaged populations experience ranging from individual and structural discrimination and food insufficiency, among others. We describe the complex sampling procedures, recruitment and retention issues, and provide extensive details about the development of the tailored intervention and control group protocols, including collaboration with community organizations.Less
This chapter illustrates how a community-based two-armed randomized clinical trial (RCT) was designed and implemented with low-income African American women who were mothers of young children (under 6 years of age) living in the most impoverished areas in Detroit. The purpose of the study was to decrease the rate of caries among the children and improve overall oral health among children and parents. As we describe in the chapter, being sensitive to the study participants was less about being sensitive to potentially stereotypical cultural elements about African Americans and more about being sensitive to the challenges, if not outright traumatic and unacceptable experiences, that severely economically disadvantaged populations experience ranging from individual and structural discrimination and food insufficiency, among others. We describe the complex sampling procedures, recruitment and retention issues, and provide extensive details about the development of the tailored intervention and control group protocols, including collaboration with community organizations.
Beth L. Glixon and Jonathan E. Glixon
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195154160
- eISBN:
- 9780199868483
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195154160.003.0010
- Subject:
- Music, History, Western
This chapter looks at costumes and their importance in mid-17h-century opera. Rather than reuse old stock, costumes were redesigned and remanufactured each year, especially those for the main ...
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This chapter looks at costumes and their importance in mid-17h-century opera. Rather than reuse old stock, costumes were redesigned and remanufactured each year, especially those for the main characters. The practice in Venice was for a separate artisan to take charge of costume design and manufacture. Venice was famous for the manufacturing and sale of cloth, and costumes could be made of a variety of silks and other fabrics; embellishments included embroidery and lace were added. The costumes for the minor characters and extras, however, could be rented from an agent or jobber. Some costumes for the prima donnas were especially extravagant, often costing more than many singers would earn in an entire year. On occasion these would be offered as an enticement to hire a prominent singer, who would then get to keep the dress after the opera had concluded. After the opera season, the costumes could be returned as the property of the designer/tailor, or could be distributed among the investors of the company for their own use or as capital.Less
This chapter looks at costumes and their importance in mid-17h-century opera. Rather than reuse old stock, costumes were redesigned and remanufactured each year, especially those for the main characters. The practice in Venice was for a separate artisan to take charge of costume design and manufacture. Venice was famous for the manufacturing and sale of cloth, and costumes could be made of a variety of silks and other fabrics; embellishments included embroidery and lace were added. The costumes for the minor characters and extras, however, could be rented from an agent or jobber. Some costumes for the prima donnas were especially extravagant, often costing more than many singers would earn in an entire year. On occasion these would be offered as an enticement to hire a prominent singer, who would then get to keep the dress after the opera had concluded. After the opera season, the costumes could be returned as the property of the designer/tailor, or could be distributed among the investors of the company for their own use or as capital.
Reijo Miettinen
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199692613
- eISBN:
- 9780191750762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199692613.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Political Economy
Chapter 9 presents the conclusions of the book in the form of policy recommendations for an enabling policy. Family policy, day care, basic, and secondary education are areas where much can be done ...
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Chapter 9 presents the conclusions of the book in the form of policy recommendations for an enabling policy. Family policy, day care, basic, and secondary education are areas where much can be done to enhance the development of the individual capabilities that enable citizens to participate in the labour market and in the society. Tailored services produced collaboratively by different public, civic, and private agents are needed. Professional and civic associations need to be included in policy making in order to mobilize relevant expertise, to ensure the implementation of reforms and to deepen democracy. Local experimentation as well as horizontal and vertical learning in multi-organizational fields must be enhanced to develop the quality of services.Less
Chapter 9 presents the conclusions of the book in the form of policy recommendations for an enabling policy. Family policy, day care, basic, and secondary education are areas where much can be done to enhance the development of the individual capabilities that enable citizens to participate in the labour market and in the society. Tailored services produced collaboratively by different public, civic, and private agents are needed. Professional and civic associations need to be included in policy making in order to mobilize relevant expertise, to ensure the implementation of reforms and to deepen democracy. Local experimentation as well as horizontal and vertical learning in multi-organizational fields must be enhanced to develop the quality of services.
Leslie R. Martin, Kelly B. Haskard-Zolnierek, and M. Robin DiMatteo
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195380408
- eISBN:
- 9780199864454
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195380408.003.0003
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter begins with an overview of the encoding, storage, and retrieval of memories. Important to the encoding process are attention, focus, understanding, and the agility of the working memory. ...
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This chapter begins with an overview of the encoding, storage, and retrieval of memories. Important to the encoding process are attention, focus, understanding, and the agility of the working memory. The role of emotion in memory storage is reviewed, with examples of how heightened emotion can enhance memory, or may interfere with it, if the emotion is too strong. Factors that bias our recall (such as cultural and other experiential elements, as well as the tendency toward self-enhancement), along with other characteristics (e.g., age, gender, lack of sleep) that are sometimes thought to be related to memory, are reviewed. Strategies for enhancing memory, including tailoring the information to the patient’s characteristics, considering health literacy, avoiding jargon and information overload, mnemonics and chunking, and multimedia memory aids, are given.Less
This chapter begins with an overview of the encoding, storage, and retrieval of memories. Important to the encoding process are attention, focus, understanding, and the agility of the working memory. The role of emotion in memory storage is reviewed, with examples of how heightened emotion can enhance memory, or may interfere with it, if the emotion is too strong. Factors that bias our recall (such as cultural and other experiential elements, as well as the tendency toward self-enhancement), along with other characteristics (e.g., age, gender, lack of sleep) that are sometimes thought to be related to memory, are reviewed. Strategies for enhancing memory, including tailoring the information to the patient’s characteristics, considering health literacy, avoiding jargon and information overload, mnemonics and chunking, and multimedia memory aids, are given.
Giovanni Ferraris, Emil Makovicky, and Stefano Merlino
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199545698
- eISBN:
- 9780191712111
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545698.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Crystallography: Physics
This book provides a treatment of theories and applications in the rapidly expanding field of the crystallography of modular materials. Molecules are the natural modules from which molecular ...
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This book provides a treatment of theories and applications in the rapidly expanding field of the crystallography of modular materials. Molecules are the natural modules from which molecular crystalline structures are built. In recent years, the attention has been focused on complex modules as the basis for a systematic description of polytypes and homologous/polysomatic series (modular structures). This representation is applied to the modelling of unknown structures and understanding nanoscale defects and intergrowths in materials. The Order/Disorder (OD) theory is fundamental to developing a systematic theory of polytypism, dealing with those structures based on both ordered and disordered stacking of one or more layers. Twinning at both unit cell and microscale, together with disorder, causes many problems to the determination of crystal structures. The book develops the theory of twinning with the inclusion of worked examples. In spite of the increasing use of the concepts of modular crystallography for characterizing, understanding, and tailoring technological crystalline materials, this book offers a unified treatment of the results, which are spread across many different journal and papers published over the last twenty years.Less
This book provides a treatment of theories and applications in the rapidly expanding field of the crystallography of modular materials. Molecules are the natural modules from which molecular crystalline structures are built. In recent years, the attention has been focused on complex modules as the basis for a systematic description of polytypes and homologous/polysomatic series (modular structures). This representation is applied to the modelling of unknown structures and understanding nanoscale defects and intergrowths in materials. The Order/Disorder (OD) theory is fundamental to developing a systematic theory of polytypism, dealing with those structures based on both ordered and disordered stacking of one or more layers. Twinning at both unit cell and microscale, together with disorder, causes many problems to the determination of crystal structures. The book develops the theory of twinning with the inclusion of worked examples. In spite of the increasing use of the concepts of modular crystallography for characterizing, understanding, and tailoring technological crystalline materials, this book offers a unified treatment of the results, which are spread across many different journal and papers published over the last twenty years.
Dorine Collard, Amika Singh, and Evert Verhagen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199561629
- eISBN:
- 9780191722479
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199561629.003.012
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Another way of establishing preventive measures is by taking a more behavioural approach. The most well-known method that takes this path is ‘Intervention Mapping’. It comes down to establishing ...
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Another way of establishing preventive measures is by taking a more behavioural approach. The most well-known method that takes this path is ‘Intervention Mapping’. It comes down to establishing injury risks and possible preventive methods, after which the researcher sits down with the end-users to discuss the steps that need to be taken. The big plus of such a method is that the end-users are involved in the process of making the preventive measures accepted and tailored to the field. The downside is that potential important risk factors are not taken into consideration while the end-users do not see these fit. In short, this is an intricate process that provides new ways of looking at injury prevention. This chapter teaches which steps need to be taken in this approach and which pitfalls one should be aware of.Less
Another way of establishing preventive measures is by taking a more behavioural approach. The most well-known method that takes this path is ‘Intervention Mapping’. It comes down to establishing injury risks and possible preventive methods, after which the researcher sits down with the end-users to discuss the steps that need to be taken. The big plus of such a method is that the end-users are involved in the process of making the preventive measures accepted and tailored to the field. The downside is that potential important risk factors are not taken into consideration while the end-users do not see these fit. In short, this is an intricate process that provides new ways of looking at injury prevention. This chapter teaches which steps need to be taken in this approach and which pitfalls one should be aware of.
Joseph Oldham
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781784994150
- eISBN:
- 9781526128379
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781784994150.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Television
Paranoid Visions provides an extensive historical account of the spy and conspiracy genres in British television drama, tracing a lineage from 1960s Cold War series, through 1980s paranoid conspiracy ...
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Paranoid Visions provides an extensive historical account of the spy and conspiracy genres in British television drama, tracing a lineage from 1960s Cold War series, through 1980s paranoid conspiracy dramas, to contemporary ‘war on terror’ thrillers. It argues that the on-screen depictions of intelligence services can interpreted as metaphors for the production cultures that created the programmes, meditating on the roles and responsibilities of public institutions whose trade is information and ideas. It incorporates close analyses of classic series including Callan, The Sandbaggers, Edge of Darkness, A Very British Coup, Spooks and the BBC adaptation of John Le Carré’s Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, supported by new archival research. The account is positioned against aesthetic, institutional and technological shifts in British television drama as it transitioned from its traditional public service principles to the more commercial priorities of the multi-channel era, in particular examining the growth of long-form serial narratives in ‘quality’ television. It is also mapped closely to the real history of British intelligence through consideration of how such programmes responded to key scandals and exposés and counterblast campaigns of transparency and openness. Finally, it also situates these dramas against key issues in the history of British culture and national identity, including discourses of class politics, Cold War culture, the heritage industry, terrorism past and present, the decline of the social-democratic consensus, the growth of personal computing and the ascendance of the free market economy.Less
Paranoid Visions provides an extensive historical account of the spy and conspiracy genres in British television drama, tracing a lineage from 1960s Cold War series, through 1980s paranoid conspiracy dramas, to contemporary ‘war on terror’ thrillers. It argues that the on-screen depictions of intelligence services can interpreted as metaphors for the production cultures that created the programmes, meditating on the roles and responsibilities of public institutions whose trade is information and ideas. It incorporates close analyses of classic series including Callan, The Sandbaggers, Edge of Darkness, A Very British Coup, Spooks and the BBC adaptation of John Le Carré’s Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, supported by new archival research. The account is positioned against aesthetic, institutional and technological shifts in British television drama as it transitioned from its traditional public service principles to the more commercial priorities of the multi-channel era, in particular examining the growth of long-form serial narratives in ‘quality’ television. It is also mapped closely to the real history of British intelligence through consideration of how such programmes responded to key scandals and exposés and counterblast campaigns of transparency and openness. Finally, it also situates these dramas against key issues in the history of British culture and national identity, including discourses of class politics, Cold War culture, the heritage industry, terrorism past and present, the decline of the social-democratic consensus, the growth of personal computing and the ascendance of the free market economy.
Ernst R. Berndt, Dana P. Goldman, and John Rowe (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226611068
- eISBN:
- 9780226611235
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226611235.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Microeconomics
Advances in human genetics have begun to yield clinical benefits through the development of Precision Medicine (PM). The benefits of this innovation are promising, both through application of ...
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Advances in human genetics have begun to yield clinical benefits through the development of Precision Medicine (PM). The benefits of this innovation are promising, both through application of constitutional genetics detecting mutations that affect the risk of disease and tumor genetics, and malignancy-causing mutations susceptible to targeted therapies. While PM may ultimately be used in all aspects of medicine, to date, the most fruitful applications have been in maternal-fetal medicine and cancer. However, due to the complexity and cost of developing these innovations, and to privacy issues, advancing PM is a challenge in traditional clinical, reimbursement, and regulatory landscapes. Although much of the literature focuses on challenges in relating constellations of mutations to the identification of actual current or potential disease states, and to the efficacy of treatments, diffusion of PM also depends on many non-clinical factors. For example, how will information on accurate diagnosis and treatment success be disseminated, and who will bear the cost? How might physician training change to incorporate genetic, probability, statistics, and economic considerations? How can patients reconcile with the ethical and privacy concerns related to the availability of genetic information? Will the era of PM yield still more disparities in access to care? Will cost-effectiveness analysis need to change to better take into account patient heterogeneity? This volume explores the intersection of the scientific, clinical, and economic factors to consider in developing PM. We explore the theoretical and historical underpinnings of PM, discuss implementation issues, and present examples of real-world applications.Less
Advances in human genetics have begun to yield clinical benefits through the development of Precision Medicine (PM). The benefits of this innovation are promising, both through application of constitutional genetics detecting mutations that affect the risk of disease and tumor genetics, and malignancy-causing mutations susceptible to targeted therapies. While PM may ultimately be used in all aspects of medicine, to date, the most fruitful applications have been in maternal-fetal medicine and cancer. However, due to the complexity and cost of developing these innovations, and to privacy issues, advancing PM is a challenge in traditional clinical, reimbursement, and regulatory landscapes. Although much of the literature focuses on challenges in relating constellations of mutations to the identification of actual current or potential disease states, and to the efficacy of treatments, diffusion of PM also depends on many non-clinical factors. For example, how will information on accurate diagnosis and treatment success be disseminated, and who will bear the cost? How might physician training change to incorporate genetic, probability, statistics, and economic considerations? How can patients reconcile with the ethical and privacy concerns related to the availability of genetic information? Will the era of PM yield still more disparities in access to care? Will cost-effectiveness analysis need to change to better take into account patient heterogeneity? This volume explores the intersection of the scientific, clinical, and economic factors to consider in developing PM. We explore the theoretical and historical underpinnings of PM, discuss implementation issues, and present examples of real-world applications.
Robert J. Bennett
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199584734
- eISBN:
- 9780191731105
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199584734.003.0015
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter gives the first analysis comparing historical and modern information on membership motives for joining, retaining membership, and lapsing. It tackles the classic issues of exit, voice, ...
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This chapter gives the first analysis comparing historical and modern information on membership motives for joining, retaining membership, and lapsing. It tackles the classic issues of exit, voice, involvement, loyalty and commitment; assessing purposive, expressive, solidarity, material selective, and insurance benefits. It also demonstrates strong membership persistence, and the importance of subscriptions as crucial pricing decisions influencing lapsing (despite historic underpricing of chamber services). Increasing small business membership has shifted demands towards more direct and tailored services.Less
This chapter gives the first analysis comparing historical and modern information on membership motives for joining, retaining membership, and lapsing. It tackles the classic issues of exit, voice, involvement, loyalty and commitment; assessing purposive, expressive, solidarity, material selective, and insurance benefits. It also demonstrates strong membership persistence, and the importance of subscriptions as crucial pricing decisions influencing lapsing (despite historic underpricing of chamber services). Increasing small business membership has shifted demands towards more direct and tailored services.
Graeme B. Dinwoodie and Rochelle C. Dreyfuss
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195304619
- eISBN:
- 9780199933273
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304619.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law, Private International Law
This book examines the TRIPS Agreement: its interpretation, its impact on the creative environment, and its effect on national and international lawmaking. It propounds a vision of TRIPS as creating ...
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This book examines the TRIPS Agreement: its interpretation, its impact on the creative environment, and its effect on national and international lawmaking. It propounds a vision of TRIPS as creating a neofederalist regime, one that will ensure the resilience of the international intellectual property system in time of rapid change. In this vision, WTO members retain considerable flexibility to tailor intellectual property law to their national priorities and to experiment with changes necessary to meet new technological and social challenges, but agree to operate within an international framework. This framework, while less powerful than the central administration of a federal government, comprises a series of substantive and procedural commitments that promote the coordination of both the present intellectual property system as well as future international intellectual property lawmaking. Part I demonstrates the centrality of national autonomy throughout the history of international negotiations over intellectual property. Part II analyzes the decisions of the WTO in intellectual property cases, and finds them lacking in many respects. Looking to the future, Part III develops a framework for integrating the increasingly fragmented international system and proposes the recognition of an international intellectual property acquis, a set of longstanding principles that have informed, and should continue to inform intellectual property lawmaking. The acquis would include both express and latent components of the international regime, put access-regarding guarantees such as user rights on a par with proprietary interests and enshrine the fundamental importance of national autonomy in the international system.Less
This book examines the TRIPS Agreement: its interpretation, its impact on the creative environment, and its effect on national and international lawmaking. It propounds a vision of TRIPS as creating a neofederalist regime, one that will ensure the resilience of the international intellectual property system in time of rapid change. In this vision, WTO members retain considerable flexibility to tailor intellectual property law to their national priorities and to experiment with changes necessary to meet new technological and social challenges, but agree to operate within an international framework. This framework, while less powerful than the central administration of a federal government, comprises a series of substantive and procedural commitments that promote the coordination of both the present intellectual property system as well as future international intellectual property lawmaking. Part I demonstrates the centrality of national autonomy throughout the history of international negotiations over intellectual property. Part II analyzes the decisions of the WTO in intellectual property cases, and finds them lacking in many respects. Looking to the future, Part III develops a framework for integrating the increasingly fragmented international system and proposes the recognition of an international intellectual property acquis, a set of longstanding principles that have informed, and should continue to inform intellectual property lawmaking. The acquis would include both express and latent components of the international regime, put access-regarding guarantees such as user rights on a par with proprietary interests and enshrine the fundamental importance of national autonomy in the international system.
Petra M. Sijpesteijn
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199673902
- eISBN:
- 9780191758133
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199673902.003.0034
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Asian and Middle Eastern History: BCE to 500CE
This chapter presents a letter where weaver and tailor Kalīm, or ʽUmar b. Kalīm informs ʽAbd Allāh about the progress of an order for some veils to be woven. Kalīm has finished all the veils except ...
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This chapter presents a letter where weaver and tailor Kalīm, or ʽUmar b. Kalīm informs ʽAbd Allāh about the progress of an order for some veils to be woven. Kalīm has finished all the veils except one.Less
This chapter presents a letter where weaver and tailor Kalīm, or ʽUmar b. Kalīm informs ʽAbd Allāh about the progress of an order for some veils to be woven. Kalīm has finished all the veils except one.
John C. Norcross, Paul M. Krebs, and James O. Prochaska
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199737208
- eISBN:
- 9780199894635
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737208.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Clinical Psychology
The transtheoretical model in general and the stages of change in particular have proven useful in adapting or tailoring treatment to the individual. This chapter defines the stages and processes of ...
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The transtheoretical model in general and the stages of change in particular have proven useful in adapting or tailoring treatment to the individual. This chapter defines the stages and processes of change and then review previous meta-analyses on their interrelationship. This chapter reports an original meta-analysis of 39 studies, encompassing 8,238 psychotherapy patients, to assess the ability of stages of change and related readiness measures to predict psychotherapy outcomes. Clinically significant effect sizes were found for the association between stage of change and psychotherapy outcomes (d = .46); the amount of progress clients make during treatment tends to be a function of their pretreatment stage of change. We examine potential moderators in effect size by study outcome, patient characteristics, treatment features, and diagnosis. We also review the large volume of behavioral health research, but scant psychotherapy research, that demonstrates the efficacy of matching treatment to the patient’s stage of change. Limitations of the extant research are noted, and practice recommendations are advanced.Less
The transtheoretical model in general and the stages of change in particular have proven useful in adapting or tailoring treatment to the individual. This chapter defines the stages and processes of change and then review previous meta-analyses on their interrelationship. This chapter reports an original meta-analysis of 39 studies, encompassing 8,238 psychotherapy patients, to assess the ability of stages of change and related readiness measures to predict psychotherapy outcomes. Clinically significant effect sizes were found for the association between stage of change and psychotherapy outcomes (d = .46); the amount of progress clients make during treatment tends to be a function of their pretreatment stage of change. We examine potential moderators in effect size by study outcome, patient characteristics, treatment features, and diagnosis. We also review the large volume of behavioral health research, but scant psychotherapy research, that demonstrates the efficacy of matching treatment to the patient’s stage of change. Limitations of the extant research are noted, and practice recommendations are advanced.
Megan A. Lewis and Lauren A. McCormack
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199237135
- eISBN:
- 9780191724060
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199237135.003.0013
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
Branding and tailoring are health communication strategies with roots in commercial marketing perspectives. Despite their apparent dissimilarities in scope, with branding focusing on populations and ...
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Branding and tailoring are health communication strategies with roots in commercial marketing perspectives. Despite their apparent dissimilarities in scope, with branding focusing on populations and tailoring focusing on individuals, these two health communication strategies are relevant to each other. Branding could add value to tailored health messages by enhancing their visual nature, source credibility, or helping to build stronger relationships with consumers. Tailored health messages could add value to branding by enhancing brand equity assets. Research is needed to examine the value added by integrating branding and tailoring as health communication strategies.Less
Branding and tailoring are health communication strategies with roots in commercial marketing perspectives. Despite their apparent dissimilarities in scope, with branding focusing on populations and tailoring focusing on individuals, these two health communication strategies are relevant to each other. Branding could add value to tailored health messages by enhancing their visual nature, source credibility, or helping to build stronger relationships with consumers. Tailored health messages could add value to branding by enhancing brand equity assets. Research is needed to examine the value added by integrating branding and tailoring as health communication strategies.
Robert E. Scott
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300175219
- eISBN:
- 9780300195071
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300175219.003.0015
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter focuses on individually tailored contracts commercial parties negotiate for themselves. These contracts are distinguished from consumer contracts, where liberal rules of interpretation ...
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This chapter focuses on individually tailored contracts commercial parties negotiate for themselves. These contracts are distinguished from consumer contracts, where liberal rules of interpretation might make more sense. The chapter also distinguishes between liberal contextualism and a conservative textualism.Less
This chapter focuses on individually tailored contracts commercial parties negotiate for themselves. These contracts are distinguished from consumer contracts, where liberal rules of interpretation might make more sense. The chapter also distinguishes between liberal contextualism and a conservative textualism.
Anne J. Kershen
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9781526123084
- eISBN:
- 9781526144676
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526123084.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, History of Religion
This chapter provides a detailed and comprehensive account of the workers and masters in the Leeds tailoring industry. Many of the new immigrants worked in sweatshops and in the outsourced workshops, ...
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This chapter provides a detailed and comprehensive account of the workers and masters in the Leeds tailoring industry. Many of the new immigrants worked in sweatshops and in the outsourced workshops, which were in many ways an updated form of the domestic system in which all members of the family worked in the home. The workers soon found common cause and combined together to form the first and largest tailoring trade union. Their leader was the socialist Moses Sclare, who was a nationally important figure in the labour movement. Many of the Jewish masters exploited their fellow Jews but an exception was David Lubelski, who supported higher wages and shorter hours.Less
This chapter provides a detailed and comprehensive account of the workers and masters in the Leeds tailoring industry. Many of the new immigrants worked in sweatshops and in the outsourced workshops, which were in many ways an updated form of the domestic system in which all members of the family worked in the home. The workers soon found common cause and combined together to form the first and largest tailoring trade union. Their leader was the socialist Moses Sclare, who was a nationally important figure in the labour movement. Many of the Jewish masters exploited their fellow Jews but an exception was David Lubelski, who supported higher wages and shorter hours.
Reevan Dolgoy
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824838829
- eISBN:
- 9780824869489
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824838829.003.0003
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Social and Cultural Anthropology
This chapter focuses on the development of a fa'afafine social movement in Western Samoa during the period 1960–1980. It examines the role of one particular space in the emergence of the fa'afafine ...
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This chapter focuses on the development of a fa'afafine social movement in Western Samoa during the period 1960–1980. It examines the role of one particular space in the emergence of the fa'afafine as a collective entity: a tailor shop in the Saleuf district of Apia, known as “Hollywood.” The chapter first traces the origins of Hollywood and the fa'afafine movement before discussing how the tailor shop, and the people who were associated with it, contributed to the early development of fa'afafine identity politics. It shows that the activities of the fa'afafine were not politically agitating or confrontational, and instead promoted a “politics of recognition” that emphasizes the projection of a new notion of identity and solidarity.Less
This chapter focuses on the development of a fa'afafine social movement in Western Samoa during the period 1960–1980. It examines the role of one particular space in the emergence of the fa'afafine as a collective entity: a tailor shop in the Saleuf district of Apia, known as “Hollywood.” The chapter first traces the origins of Hollywood and the fa'afafine movement before discussing how the tailor shop, and the people who were associated with it, contributed to the early development of fa'afafine identity politics. It shows that the activities of the fa'afafine were not politically agitating or confrontational, and instead promoted a “politics of recognition” that emphasizes the projection of a new notion of identity and solidarity.
Henk Spies and Rik van Berkel
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781861341952
- eISBN:
- 9781447301462
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781861341952.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter discusses the Jobseeker's Employment Act (JEA) in the Netherlands, which represents a universal strategy of compulsory activation for young unemployed people and a less comprehensively ...
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This chapter discusses the Jobseeker's Employment Act (JEA) in the Netherlands, which represents a universal strategy of compulsory activation for young unemployed people and a less comprehensively developed programme for older unemployed people. This chapter aims to identify the ideological, political and economic developments that form the background to policy implementation. It looks at the three different ‘regimes’ that compose the special character of the JEA, and emphasises on the ‘measurement’ of clients in order to produce individualised, tailored programmes. The chapter concludes with an overview of the research findings and themes that point to the very high ‘drop out’ levels from JEA schemes that may be considered counter productive with respect to the objective of tackling social exclusion.Less
This chapter discusses the Jobseeker's Employment Act (JEA) in the Netherlands, which represents a universal strategy of compulsory activation for young unemployed people and a less comprehensively developed programme for older unemployed people. This chapter aims to identify the ideological, political and economic developments that form the background to policy implementation. It looks at the three different ‘regimes’ that compose the special character of the JEA, and emphasises on the ‘measurement’ of clients in order to produce individualised, tailored programmes. The chapter concludes with an overview of the research findings and themes that point to the very high ‘drop out’ levels from JEA schemes that may be considered counter productive with respect to the objective of tackling social exclusion.
Alireza Doostdar
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780691163772
- eISBN:
- 9781400889785
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691163772.003.0024
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter examines the frictions that exist between nongovernmental projects for promoting piety and those initiatives that are explicitly aligned with the interests of the state, paying specific ...
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This chapter examines the frictions that exist between nongovernmental projects for promoting piety and those initiatives that are explicitly aligned with the interests of the state, paying specific attention to the importance of discretion in the ethics of hagiographic writing. Disputes concerning friends of God can be divided into those over the manner in which these men are to be represented and those over what qualifies a man as God's friend. The problem of representation can itself be broken down into questions about the ethics of writing about friends and the place of the marvel in these texts. This chapter considers the problem of representation by focusing on the hagiographies of Shaykh Jaʻfar Mojtahedi and Shaykh Rajab ʻAli the tailor. It also discusses various criticisms against marvels, including the argument that they are distractions not only for the readers of hagiographies but even for the friends of God who possess them.Less
This chapter examines the frictions that exist between nongovernmental projects for promoting piety and those initiatives that are explicitly aligned with the interests of the state, paying specific attention to the importance of discretion in the ethics of hagiographic writing. Disputes concerning friends of God can be divided into those over the manner in which these men are to be represented and those over what qualifies a man as God's friend. The problem of representation can itself be broken down into questions about the ethics of writing about friends and the place of the marvel in these texts. This chapter considers the problem of representation by focusing on the hagiographies of Shaykh Jaʻfar Mojtahedi and Shaykh Rajab ʻAli the tailor. It also discusses various criticisms against marvels, including the argument that they are distractions not only for the readers of hagiographies but even for the friends of God who possess them.
Danielle Battisti
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- January 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780823284399
- eISBN:
- 9780823286348
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fordham/9780823284399.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
The chapter chronicles how Italian American organizations provided employment, housing, and resettlement assistance to tens of thousands of Italian immigrants, especially refugees, after they arrived ...
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The chapter chronicles how Italian American organizations provided employment, housing, and resettlement assistance to tens of thousands of Italian immigrants, especially refugees, after they arrived in the U.S. It argues that in assisting immigrants and helping newcomers project a public image of success, Italian American organizations were attempting to demonstrate the desirability of Italian immigrants, their ability to contribute to American economic growth, their ability to assimilate to American lifestyles, and their fitness for citizenship in a democratic society. Resettlement efforts also reveal conservative aspects of white ethnic activism. In focusing on resettlement initiatives, Italian American immigration reformers largely accepted the premise that the success of recently arrived Italian immigrants did not just reflect individual achievements. Instead, the ability of the national or ethnic group as a whole to immigrate, adjust, and thrive as Americans was at stake. In working to ensure that new immigrants were considered “desirable” or “fit” by other Americans, Italian Americans were not challenging long-standing cultural assumptions about the role of race and ethnicity in American society. They were only claiming that Italian ethnics be included within the boundaries of the privileged white, middle-class cultural mainstream.Less
The chapter chronicles how Italian American organizations provided employment, housing, and resettlement assistance to tens of thousands of Italian immigrants, especially refugees, after they arrived in the U.S. It argues that in assisting immigrants and helping newcomers project a public image of success, Italian American organizations were attempting to demonstrate the desirability of Italian immigrants, their ability to contribute to American economic growth, their ability to assimilate to American lifestyles, and their fitness for citizenship in a democratic society. Resettlement efforts also reveal conservative aspects of white ethnic activism. In focusing on resettlement initiatives, Italian American immigration reformers largely accepted the premise that the success of recently arrived Italian immigrants did not just reflect individual achievements. Instead, the ability of the national or ethnic group as a whole to immigrate, adjust, and thrive as Americans was at stake. In working to ensure that new immigrants were considered “desirable” or “fit” by other Americans, Italian Americans were not challenging long-standing cultural assumptions about the role of race and ethnicity in American society. They were only claiming that Italian ethnics be included within the boundaries of the privileged white, middle-class cultural mainstream.
