Anthony F. Heath, Roger M. Jowell, and John K. Curtice
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199245116
- eISBN:
- 9780191599453
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199245118.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
The authors offer a multiplicative model that provides a comprehensive framework to place the main findings of the volume. The model is based on the standard ‘expected utility maximization’ model of ...
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The authors offer a multiplicative model that provides a comprehensive framework to place the main findings of the volume. The model is based on the standard ‘expected utility maximization’ model of the economists, which can be applied for understanding election outcomes. The idea is that the voter weights the utility of a given policy by the probability of its being implemented, sums this across the different policies, and then votes for whichever party gives the greatest expected utility. However, Heath, Jowell, and Curtice emphasize the fact that the rational choice model needs to be expanded to include some of the ‘non‐rational’ processes observed in their research such as the possibility that voters’ preferences may be shaped by the political parties and should not to be treated only as independent factors. The model should also be modified to take account of other sorts of processes such as social interaction, social conformity and what the authors have termed the ‘forked‐tail’ effect related to the generalization of the disillusionment from a specific party policy into a general disillusion with the party's competence.Less
The authors offer a multiplicative model that provides a comprehensive framework to place the main findings of the volume. The model is based on the standard ‘expected utility maximization’ model of the economists, which can be applied for understanding election outcomes. The idea is that the voter weights the utility of a given policy by the probability of its being implemented, sums this across the different policies, and then votes for whichever party gives the greatest expected utility. However, Heath, Jowell, and Curtice emphasize the fact that the rational choice model needs to be expanded to include some of the ‘non‐rational’ processes observed in their research such as the possibility that voters’ preferences may be shaped by the political parties and should not to be treated only as independent factors. The model should also be modified to take account of other sorts of processes such as social interaction, social conformity and what the authors have termed the ‘forked‐tail’ effect related to the generalization of the disillusionment from a specific party policy into a general disillusion with the party's competence.
Derek Yalden and Umberto Albarella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199217519
- eISBN:
- 9780191712296
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217519.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Ornithology
Birds, in contrast to mammals, are thought to have fragile bones, which are difficult to identify when found, so have no useful archaeological record. This book is based on an accumulation of over ...
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Birds, in contrast to mammals, are thought to have fragile bones, which are difficult to identify when found, so have no useful archaeological record. This book is based on an accumulation of over 9,000 records of species identified from sites in the British Isles, which indicates that the contrary is true. The difficulties of identification are discussed, but 9,000 records is a substantial body of evidence, which is reviewed. The book summarizes the archaeological record of birds in the British Isles, and integrates this factual basis into an overview of the history of the bird fauna in these islands. It tells us much about what native birds we should have, which ones we have lost, and therefore which ones would be worth discussing for reintroduction. Recent discussions suppose that eagle owls are not native, but archaeological evidence suggests they were. White-tailed eagles were widespread up to Saxon times at least, and cranes (not the same as herons) were widespread through to mediaeval times. When did our most common bird arrive? Where from? Which species is it, anyway? And how does the balance of wild, introduced and domestic birds compare with the similar balance of mammals, or with the balance 7,000 years ago, before farming altered the landscape?Less
Birds, in contrast to mammals, are thought to have fragile bones, which are difficult to identify when found, so have no useful archaeological record. This book is based on an accumulation of over 9,000 records of species identified from sites in the British Isles, which indicates that the contrary is true. The difficulties of identification are discussed, but 9,000 records is a substantial body of evidence, which is reviewed. The book summarizes the archaeological record of birds in the British Isles, and integrates this factual basis into an overview of the history of the bird fauna in these islands. It tells us much about what native birds we should have, which ones we have lost, and therefore which ones would be worth discussing for reintroduction. Recent discussions suppose that eagle owls are not native, but archaeological evidence suggests they were. White-tailed eagles were widespread up to Saxon times at least, and cranes (not the same as herons) were widespread through to mediaeval times. When did our most common bird arrive? Where from? Which species is it, anyway? And how does the balance of wild, introduced and domestic birds compare with the similar balance of mammals, or with the balance 7,000 years ago, before farming altered the landscape?
Rebecca M. Empson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780197264737
- eISBN:
- 9780191753992
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197264737.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, Asian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter shows how the creation of hidden pieces, such as umbilical cords and pieces of tail hair from herd animals, contained within the household chest, point to modalities of personhood, quite ...
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This chapter shows how the creation of hidden pieces, such as umbilical cords and pieces of tail hair from herd animals, contained within the household chest, point to modalities of personhood, quite different to those objectified on the outer surface of the chest. Here, people are brought into being, not though repetition and stasis, but through their separation and movement across time and space.Less
This chapter shows how the creation of hidden pieces, such as umbilical cords and pieces of tail hair from herd animals, contained within the household chest, point to modalities of personhood, quite different to those objectified on the outer surface of the chest. Here, people are brought into being, not though repetition and stasis, but through their separation and movement across time and space.
D. W. Yalden and U. Albarella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199217519
- eISBN:
- 9780191712296
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217519.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Ornithology
The period between the arrival of Neolithic farmers, around 5,500 years ago through the Bronze and Iron Ages, saw farming and farming landscapes well established in the British Isles. The earliest ...
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The period between the arrival of Neolithic farmers, around 5,500 years ago through the Bronze and Iron Ages, saw farming and farming landscapes well established in the British Isles. The earliest and best Neolithic bird faunas come, surprisingly, from Orkney (Isbister, Knap of Howar, etc.), where seabirds including great and little auk, as well as fulmar, are well represented. White-tailed eagles were also common. Some of the best Bronze and Iron Age sites are in fenlands, including the classic sites of Glastonbury and Meare lake villages. White-tailed eagles were here, too, with such less likely species as crane and dalmatian pelican. The mute swan, sometimes thought to be a Roman or Norman import, is common at such sites, and was clearly native.Less
The period between the arrival of Neolithic farmers, around 5,500 years ago through the Bronze and Iron Ages, saw farming and farming landscapes well established in the British Isles. The earliest and best Neolithic bird faunas come, surprisingly, from Orkney (Isbister, Knap of Howar, etc.), where seabirds including great and little auk, as well as fulmar, are well represented. White-tailed eagles were also common. Some of the best Bronze and Iron Age sites are in fenlands, including the classic sites of Glastonbury and Meare lake villages. White-tailed eagles were here, too, with such less likely species as crane and dalmatian pelican. The mute swan, sometimes thought to be a Roman or Norman import, is common at such sites, and was clearly native.
D. W. Yalden and U. Albarella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199217519
- eISBN:
- 9780191712296
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217519.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Ornithology
The Anglo-Saxons, settling after the Romans left in 410 AD, provided most of the place-names in England, many of which involve bird names, and exploited domestic fowl and goose extensively, but also ...
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The Anglo-Saxons, settling after the Romans left in 410 AD, provided most of the place-names in England, many of which involve bird names, and exploited domestic fowl and goose extensively, but also continued to exploit wildfowl and waders. Falconry (hawking) began with them, and became much more important after the Norman conquest in 1066; hawk's nests are noted in the Domesday Book of 1086, and high status is indicated by remains of the prey they caught, such as crane and bittern, at important castles, palaces, and abbeys. Goshawk and peregrine were the most important hunters, despite the fiction implied by The Boke of St Albans. Cranes and white-tailed eagles remained common through this period, but capercaillie became increasingly scarce.Less
The Anglo-Saxons, settling after the Romans left in 410 AD, provided most of the place-names in England, many of which involve bird names, and exploited domestic fowl and goose extensively, but also continued to exploit wildfowl and waders. Falconry (hawking) began with them, and became much more important after the Norman conquest in 1066; hawk's nests are noted in the Domesday Book of 1086, and high status is indicated by remains of the prey they caught, such as crane and bittern, at important castles, palaces, and abbeys. Goshawk and peregrine were the most important hunters, despite the fiction implied by The Boke of St Albans. Cranes and white-tailed eagles remained common through this period, but capercaillie became increasingly scarce.
D. W. Yalden and U. Albarella
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199217519
- eISBN:
- 9780191712296
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199217519.003.0009
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology, Ornithology
The changed attitude to birds, including regarding legal protection, is reflected in the high number of membership of the RSPB and National Trust, and in the research activities of the BTO and its ...
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The changed attitude to birds, including regarding legal protection, is reflected in the high number of membership of the RSPB and National Trust, and in the research activities of the BTO and its members. Many of the rarer raptors recovered their numbers during the 20th century, and some (red kite, goshawk, white-tailed eagle) have been actively reintroduced. Other species have returned naturally (e.g., crane, osprey, avocet). There are still real problems of conflict between raptors, their prey and human interests (e.g., hen harriers and red grouse; peregrines and racing pigeons). But the present bird fauna contains more species, including more raptors, than ever before. Birds as a group are more diverse than mammals, but contribute far less biomass. Passerines dominate numerically, and are the most widespread, but non-passerines dominate biomass. The domestic fowl is still much the most abundant species, as it has been since Roman times (and offers most biomass), but the biomass of pheasants is also well above that of any native.Less
The changed attitude to birds, including regarding legal protection, is reflected in the high number of membership of the RSPB and National Trust, and in the research activities of the BTO and its members. Many of the rarer raptors recovered their numbers during the 20th century, and some (red kite, goshawk, white-tailed eagle) have been actively reintroduced. Other species have returned naturally (e.g., crane, osprey, avocet). There are still real problems of conflict between raptors, their prey and human interests (e.g., hen harriers and red grouse; peregrines and racing pigeons). But the present bird fauna contains more species, including more raptors, than ever before. Birds as a group are more diverse than mammals, but contribute far less biomass. Passerines dominate numerically, and are the most widespread, but non-passerines dominate biomass. The domestic fowl is still much the most abundant species, as it has been since Roman times (and offers most biomass), but the biomass of pheasants is also well above that of any native.
David O. Clayden
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198565932
- eISBN:
- 9780191714016
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565932.003.0020
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter describes circuit design of the Pilot ACE and Big ACE. Topics covered include the advantages of the long tailed pair in digital circuits, the half-adder and adder circuits, signal ...
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This chapter describes circuit design of the Pilot ACE and Big ACE. Topics covered include the advantages of the long tailed pair in digital circuits, the half-adder and adder circuits, signal coupling, the circulation unit, wide band DC coupling, data distribution and control, the assisted cathode follower, and the magnetic drum store of the ACE Pilot Model and Big Ace.Less
This chapter describes circuit design of the Pilot ACE and Big ACE. Topics covered include the advantages of the long tailed pair in digital circuits, the half-adder and adder circuits, signal coupling, the circulation unit, wide band DC coupling, data distribution and control, the assisted cathode follower, and the magnetic drum store of the ACE Pilot Model and Big Ace.
John J. Videler
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199299928
- eISBN:
- 9780191714924
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299928.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
The wings of all flying birds consist of two parts: the arm wing and the hand wing. Cross sections through the arm wings have a round leading edge, a cambered shape, and a sharp trailing edge. The ...
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The wings of all flying birds consist of two parts: the arm wing and the hand wing. Cross sections through the arm wings have a round leading edge, a cambered shape, and a sharp trailing edge. The hand wing consists mainly of the primary feathers; its cross section is flat, and the leading edge and the trailing edge are both sharp. In most birds, the hand wing takes up more than half the total wing length. Movements of the wings with respect to the body depend on the freedom of movement of the joints at the shoulder and the wrist combined. The dynamics of folding and stretching are described. Dimensional scaling provides insight in differences among functional groups. Experiments show that the distal-most primaries are crucial for the ability to fly. The roles of the tail, the body, and hind limbs in flight are discussed.Less
The wings of all flying birds consist of two parts: the arm wing and the hand wing. Cross sections through the arm wings have a round leading edge, a cambered shape, and a sharp trailing edge. The hand wing consists mainly of the primary feathers; its cross section is flat, and the leading edge and the trailing edge are both sharp. In most birds, the hand wing takes up more than half the total wing length. Movements of the wings with respect to the body depend on the freedom of movement of the joints at the shoulder and the wrist combined. The dynamics of folding and stretching are described. Dimensional scaling provides insight in differences among functional groups. Experiments show that the distal-most primaries are crucial for the ability to fly. The roles of the tail, the body, and hind limbs in flight are discussed.
John J. Videler
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199299928
- eISBN:
- 9780191714924
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299928.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Ornithology
Movements of the skeleton of a starling in flight visualized with high speed X-ray film techniques provide 3-D insight on internal wing beat dynamics. The timing of electrical activities (EMGs) of ...
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Movements of the skeleton of a starling in flight visualized with high speed X-ray film techniques provide 3-D insight on internal wing beat dynamics. The timing of electrical activities (EMGs) of the larger flight muscles in flight is presented in relation to the different phases of the wing beat cycle. The pectoralis is responsible for the downstroke of the wing and for forward rotation (pronation) of the humerus. Forces are measured directly at the insertion on the deltopectoral crest, allowing mechanical power estimates in flight at different speeds. The supracoracoideus muscle is not only involved in powering the upstroke, but also plays an important role in the backward rotation (supination) of the wings. The timing of EMG activity in tail muscles during walking and flight reveals complex kinematic patterns. The relationship with force production remains unclear. Measurements of pressure changes in the anterior air sacs reveal a complex relationship with respiration.Less
Movements of the skeleton of a starling in flight visualized with high speed X-ray film techniques provide 3-D insight on internal wing beat dynamics. The timing of electrical activities (EMGs) of the larger flight muscles in flight is presented in relation to the different phases of the wing beat cycle. The pectoralis is responsible for the downstroke of the wing and for forward rotation (pronation) of the humerus. Forces are measured directly at the insertion on the deltopectoral crest, allowing mechanical power estimates in flight at different speeds. The supracoracoideus muscle is not only involved in powering the upstroke, but also plays an important role in the backward rotation (supination) of the wings. The timing of EMG activity in tail muscles during walking and flight reveals complex kinematic patterns. The relationship with force production remains unclear. Measurements of pressure changes in the anterior air sacs reveal a complex relationship with respiration.
Graeme D. Ruxton, Thomas N. Sherratt, and Michael P. Speed
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198528609
- eISBN:
- 9780191713392
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528609.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
Predators that rely on surprise may be persuaded to desist from attacking if prey use reliable signals that the predator has been detected. Prey may also be able to reliably signal to a predator that ...
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Predators that rely on surprise may be persuaded to desist from attacking if prey use reliable signals that the predator has been detected. Prey may also be able to reliably signal to a predator that they are difficult to catch or subdue, and that cause the predator to desist from attacking or switch their attack to another prey individual. The theory underlying such signals is considered and compared to the available empirical data to determine the evolution of such signals and their ecological prevalence.Less
Predators that rely on surprise may be persuaded to desist from attacking if prey use reliable signals that the predator has been detected. Prey may also be able to reliably signal to a predator that they are difficult to catch or subdue, and that cause the predator to desist from attacking or switch their attack to another prey individual. The theory underlying such signals is considered and compared to the available empirical data to determine the evolution of such signals and their ecological prevalence.
Christian Gollier
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148762
- eISBN:
- 9781400845408
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148762.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter shows how the probability distribution for economic growth is subject to some parametric uncertainty. There is a limited data set for the dynamics of economic growth, and the absence of ...
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This chapter shows how the probability distribution for economic growth is subject to some parametric uncertainty. There is a limited data set for the dynamics of economic growth, and the absence of a sufficiently large data set to estimate the long-term growth process of the economy implies that its parameters are uncertain and subject to learning in the future. This problem is particularly crucial when its parameters are unstable, or when the dynamic process entails low-probability extreme events. Thus, the rarer the event, the less precise the estimate of its likelihood. This builds a bridge between the problem of parametric uncertainty, and the one of extreme events.Less
This chapter shows how the probability distribution for economic growth is subject to some parametric uncertainty. There is a limited data set for the dynamics of economic growth, and the absence of a sufficiently large data set to estimate the long-term growth process of the economy implies that its parameters are uncertain and subject to learning in the future. This problem is particularly crucial when its parameters are unstable, or when the dynamic process entails low-probability extreme events. Thus, the rarer the event, the less precise the estimate of its likelihood. This builds a bridge between the problem of parametric uncertainty, and the one of extreme events.
A. M. Devine and Laurence D. Stephens
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195181685
- eISBN:
- 9780199789146
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181685.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Prose and Writers: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter establishes a default order for arguments and adjuncts in the Latin simple sentence and proposes a syntactic structure with pragmatically defined functional projections. Deviations from ...
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This chapter establishes a default order for arguments and adjuncts in the Latin simple sentence and proposes a syntactic structure with pragmatically defined functional projections. Deviations from the default order are handled by scrambling, which is a pragmatically conditioned rule. Postverbal constituents include prepositional phrases in Caesar and additionally tail and nonreferential phrases in the historians. The latter are explained in terms of informational individuation, which can be represented typetheoretically.Less
This chapter establishes a default order for arguments and adjuncts in the Latin simple sentence and proposes a syntactic structure with pragmatically defined functional projections. Deviations from the default order are handled by scrambling, which is a pragmatically conditioned rule. Postverbal constituents include prepositional phrases in Caesar and additionally tail and nonreferential phrases in the historians. The latter are explained in terms of informational individuation, which can be represented typetheoretically.
Tamar Schlick
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199233854
- eISBN:
- 9780191715532
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199233854.003.0015
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
An overview of the evolution of macroscale to mesoscale computer models for simulation of chromatin, the protein nucleic acid fiber that stores the DNA in higher organisms, is presented. Many ...
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An overview of the evolution of macroscale to mesoscale computer models for simulation of chromatin, the protein nucleic acid fiber that stores the DNA in higher organisms, is presented. Many biological questions concerning fiber structure remain a puzzle. The sheer size and range of spatial and temporal scales require tailored multiscale models. Our first-generation macroscopic models ignored histone tail flexibility but generated insights info preferred zigzag configurations and folding/unfolding dynamics. The second-generation mesoscale models incorporate histone tail flexibility, linker histones, and divalent ion effects to reveal the profound compaction induced by linker histones and the polymorphic fiber architecture at divalent salt environments, with a small fraction of the linker DNAs bent rather than straight for optimal compaction. Our chromatin model can be extended further to study many important biological questions concerning post-translational modifications, fiber dimension variations as a function of linker DNA length variations, and higher-order fiber topologies.Less
An overview of the evolution of macroscale to mesoscale computer models for simulation of chromatin, the protein nucleic acid fiber that stores the DNA in higher organisms, is presented. Many biological questions concerning fiber structure remain a puzzle. The sheer size and range of spatial and temporal scales require tailored multiscale models. Our first-generation macroscopic models ignored histone tail flexibility but generated insights info preferred zigzag configurations and folding/unfolding dynamics. The second-generation mesoscale models incorporate histone tail flexibility, linker histones, and divalent ion effects to reveal the profound compaction induced by linker histones and the polymorphic fiber architecture at divalent salt environments, with a small fraction of the linker DNAs bent rather than straight for optimal compaction. Our chromatin model can be extended further to study many important biological questions concerning post-translational modifications, fiber dimension variations as a function of linker DNA length variations, and higher-order fiber topologies.
Michael A. Carrier
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195342581
- eISBN:
- 9780199867035
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195342581.003.0006
- Subject:
- Law, Intellectual Property, IT, and Media Law
This chapter examines dual-use technologies such as the VCR, computer, CD burner, iPod, TiVo, and peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing. It discusses the case of Sony Corporation of America v. Universal ...
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This chapter examines dual-use technologies such as the VCR, computer, CD burner, iPod, TiVo, and peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing. It discusses the case of Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, in which the Supreme Court held that the manufacturer of the Betamax VCR was not liable for contributory copyright infringement. Given the importance of P2P software to current dual-use debates, the chapter introduces the technology and three judicial treatments of it (Napster, Aimster, and Grokster). It shows that the tradeoff between innovation and creativity is not as intractable as most courts and scholars have previously thought. The reason is that innovation, but not creativity, is drastically threatened by the selected test. The chapter introduces three dangers facing innovation: (i) an innovation asymmetry downplays new technologies' future benefits and overemphasizes copyright owners' present losses; (ii) an error-costs asymmetry reveals that a technology's abandonment has a far more drastic effect than its wrongful continuation; and (iii) a litigation asymmetry ensnares small technology makers in a web of complex tests and unaffordable lawsuits. The chapter explores the benefits of P2P technology, including distribution, the “long tail,” and promotion, and it's potentially serving as a counterbalance to the Google search engine and cloud computer. The chapter concludes by recommending a return to the Sony test, as this would foster innovation.Less
This chapter examines dual-use technologies such as the VCR, computer, CD burner, iPod, TiVo, and peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing. It discusses the case of Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, in which the Supreme Court held that the manufacturer of the Betamax VCR was not liable for contributory copyright infringement. Given the importance of P2P software to current dual-use debates, the chapter introduces the technology and three judicial treatments of it (Napster, Aimster, and Grokster). It shows that the tradeoff between innovation and creativity is not as intractable as most courts and scholars have previously thought. The reason is that innovation, but not creativity, is drastically threatened by the selected test. The chapter introduces three dangers facing innovation: (i) an innovation asymmetry downplays new technologies' future benefits and overemphasizes copyright owners' present losses; (ii) an error-costs asymmetry reveals that a technology's abandonment has a far more drastic effect than its wrongful continuation; and (iii) a litigation asymmetry ensnares small technology makers in a web of complex tests and unaffordable lawsuits. The chapter explores the benefits of P2P technology, including distribution, the “long tail,” and promotion, and it's potentially serving as a counterbalance to the Google search engine and cloud computer. The chapter concludes by recommending a return to the Sony test, as this would foster innovation.
Wade C. Sherbrooke
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520228252
- eISBN:
- 9780520926752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520228252.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Animal Biology
There are five species of horned lizards only found in Mexico. The giant horned lizard (Phrynosoma asio) is found only in semiarid basins of southwestern Mexico. The short-tail horned lizard ...
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There are five species of horned lizards only found in Mexico. The giant horned lizard (Phrynosoma asio) is found only in semiarid basins of southwestern Mexico. The short-tail horned lizard (Phrynosoma braconnieri) is a rare species found in open arid and semiarid basins in southern Mexico. The rock horned lizard (Phrynosoma ditmarsi) is known to be found in only four localities in the state of Sonora, Mexico. The Mexican-plateau horned lizard (Phrynosoma orbiculare) is found at high elevations, throughout the plateaus and mountain ranges of central Mexico. Finally, the bull horned lizard (Phrynosoma taurus) occurs in dry habitats of three southern states of Mexico: Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Puebla.Less
There are five species of horned lizards only found in Mexico. The giant horned lizard (Phrynosoma asio) is found only in semiarid basins of southwestern Mexico. The short-tail horned lizard (Phrynosoma braconnieri) is a rare species found in open arid and semiarid basins in southern Mexico. The rock horned lizard (Phrynosoma ditmarsi) is known to be found in only four localities in the state of Sonora, Mexico. The Mexican-plateau horned lizard (Phrynosoma orbiculare) is found at high elevations, throughout the plateaus and mountain ranges of central Mexico. Finally, the bull horned lizard (Phrynosoma taurus) occurs in dry habitats of three southern states of Mexico: Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Puebla.
John Seibert Farnsworth
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781501747281
- eISBN:
- 9781501747298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501747281.003.0002
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
This chapter presents the author's field notes from the Santa Cruz Island Reserve. The author was particularly interested in studying island foxes. Lacking natural predators, island foxes tend not to ...
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This chapter presents the author's field notes from the Santa Cruz Island Reserve. The author was particularly interested in studying island foxes. Lacking natural predators, island foxes tend not to find humans intimidating, indeed appearing tame even though they are technically wild. The island fox is currently on the rebound from endangered status. There were two thousand foxes on Santa Cruz Island in 1994, but canine distemper and golden eagle predation reduced the numbers to under 135 by 2000. The author was also interested in the endangered plants, the red-tailed hawk, the anise swallowtail, and the island scrub-jays. Not only is the island scrub-jay endemic, occurring only on the island, but it is also the only insular land bird in either the United States or Canada. The explanation for this is that scrub-jays seem incapable of crossing significant amounts of water.Less
This chapter presents the author's field notes from the Santa Cruz Island Reserve. The author was particularly interested in studying island foxes. Lacking natural predators, island foxes tend not to find humans intimidating, indeed appearing tame even though they are technically wild. The island fox is currently on the rebound from endangered status. There were two thousand foxes on Santa Cruz Island in 1994, but canine distemper and golden eagle predation reduced the numbers to under 135 by 2000. The author was also interested in the endangered plants, the red-tailed hawk, the anise swallowtail, and the island scrub-jays. Not only is the island scrub-jay endemic, occurring only on the island, but it is also the only insular land bird in either the United States or Canada. The explanation for this is that scrub-jays seem incapable of crossing significant amounts of water.
Anatoly Larkin and Andrei Varlamov
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198528159
- eISBN:
- 9780191713521
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528159.003.0012
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
This chapter starts off with a discussion of the specifics of superconductivity in ultrasmall superconducting grains. The method of optimal fluctuations in the vicinity of Tc is then introduced, and ...
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This chapter starts off with a discussion of the specifics of superconductivity in ultrasmall superconducting grains. The method of optimal fluctuations in the vicinity of Tc is then introduced, and applied to the study of the formation of superconducting drops in a system with quenched disorder or in strong magnetic fields. The exponential DOS tail in a superconductor with quenched disorder is calculated. Properties of Josephson coupled superconducting grains and drops are discussed. The XY-model for granular superconductor and the GL description of the granular superconductor are formulated. The broadening of superconducting transition by the quenched disorder is found. The final part of the chapter focuses on the specifics of the quantum phase transition in granular superconductors. It discusses Coulomb suppression of superconductivity in the array of tunnel coupled granules, properties of superconducting grains in the normal metal matrix, and phase transition in disordered superconducting film in strong magnetic field.Less
This chapter starts off with a discussion of the specifics of superconductivity in ultrasmall superconducting grains. The method of optimal fluctuations in the vicinity of Tc is then introduced, and applied to the study of the formation of superconducting drops in a system with quenched disorder or in strong magnetic fields. The exponential DOS tail in a superconductor with quenched disorder is calculated. Properties of Josephson coupled superconducting grains and drops are discussed. The XY-model for granular superconductor and the GL description of the granular superconductor are formulated. The broadening of superconducting transition by the quenched disorder is found. The final part of the chapter focuses on the specifics of the quantum phase transition in granular superconductors. It discusses Coulomb suppression of superconductivity in the array of tunnel coupled granules, properties of superconducting grains in the normal metal matrix, and phase transition in disordered superconducting film in strong magnetic field.
Mia de Kuijper
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195171631
- eISBN:
- 9780199871353
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195171631.003.0011
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Macro- and Monetary Economics
Interdependent decision making—which results from the emergence of perfect information—will cause new market dynamics. The theory of general equilibrium will have to be replaced by theories that ...
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Interdependent decision making—which results from the emergence of perfect information—will cause new market dynamics. The theory of general equilibrium will have to be replaced by theories that recognize the fast-moving, powerlaw driven, network-like dynamics of groups in perfect information. Strategies based on Wisdom of the Mobs and marketing for the Long Tail no longer apply.Less
Interdependent decision making—which results from the emergence of perfect information—will cause new market dynamics. The theory of general equilibrium will have to be replaced by theories that recognize the fast-moving, powerlaw driven, network-like dynamics of groups in perfect information. Strategies based on Wisdom of the Mobs and marketing for the Long Tail no longer apply.
Wolfgang Götze
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199235346
- eISBN:
- 9780191715600
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235346.003.0005
- Subject:
- Physics, Condensed Matter Physics / Materials
It is demonstrated in this chapter that states of simple systems with density-fluctuation arrest exhibit positive static shear moduli and perfect particle localization. Approaching a generic ...
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It is demonstrated in this chapter that states of simple systems with density-fluctuation arrest exhibit positive static shear moduli and perfect particle localization. Approaching a generic glass-transition point, there evolve plateaus for the frequency-dependent storage moduli and negative long-time tails for the velocity correlations. Equations are derived for a statistical description of the dynamics of mixtures and of molecular liquids by generalizing the mode-coupling-theory formulas for simple systems to ones for matrices of correlation functions. It is shown that the slowest relaxation processes in binary mixtures of hard spheres are accelerated due to an increase of the mixing percentage for large size disparity of the particles while it is delayed for small ones. It is explained that the glassy reorientation dynamics of liquids of symmetric linear molecules exhibits different features for strong, weak, and very weak rotation–translation coupling.Less
It is demonstrated in this chapter that states of simple systems with density-fluctuation arrest exhibit positive static shear moduli and perfect particle localization. Approaching a generic glass-transition point, there evolve plateaus for the frequency-dependent storage moduli and negative long-time tails for the velocity correlations. Equations are derived for a statistical description of the dynamics of mixtures and of molecular liquids by generalizing the mode-coupling-theory formulas for simple systems to ones for matrices of correlation functions. It is shown that the slowest relaxation processes in binary mixtures of hard spheres are accelerated due to an increase of the mixing percentage for large size disparity of the particles while it is delayed for small ones. It is explained that the glassy reorientation dynamics of liquids of symmetric linear molecules exhibits different features for strong, weak, and very weak rotation–translation coupling.
JOE C. TRUETT
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520258396
- eISBN:
- 9780520944527
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520258396.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Ecology
The black-tailed prairie dog, the most abundant of four prairie dog species in the United States, had shrunk in number to perhaps 2 percent of its original population and continued to decline because ...
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The black-tailed prairie dog, the most abundant of four prairie dog species in the United States, had shrunk in number to perhaps 2 percent of its original population and continued to decline because of plague and poisoning. This chapter describes the attempts to protect and conserve prairie dogs. The National Wildlife Federation, a respected mainstream conservation group, had submitted a petition to list the black-tailed prairie dog as a threatened species. Most states agreed to work in a loose organization called the Interstate Black-tailed Prairie Dog Conservation Team. However, campaigns about the prairie dog's destructiveness sold their eradication to the public. In 2004 an incumbent U.S. senator from South Dakota fell to a challenger who built a platform partly on prairie dog control. That same year the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service dropped the black-tailed prairie dog from its list of candidate species.Less
The black-tailed prairie dog, the most abundant of four prairie dog species in the United States, had shrunk in number to perhaps 2 percent of its original population and continued to decline because of plague and poisoning. This chapter describes the attempts to protect and conserve prairie dogs. The National Wildlife Federation, a respected mainstream conservation group, had submitted a petition to list the black-tailed prairie dog as a threatened species. Most states agreed to work in a loose organization called the Interstate Black-tailed Prairie Dog Conservation Team. However, campaigns about the prairie dog's destructiveness sold their eradication to the public. In 2004 an incumbent U.S. senator from South Dakota fell to a challenger who built a platform partly on prairie dog control. That same year the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service dropped the black-tailed prairie dog from its list of candidate species.
