Eva Labro
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199283361
- eISBN:
- 9780191712623
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283361.003.0010
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Costing is an estimation or approximation exercise: within a relevant range, management accountants seek to derive a linear function that approximates underlying true cost behaviour. This chapter ...
More
Costing is an estimation or approximation exercise: within a relevant range, management accountants seek to derive a linear function that approximates underlying true cost behaviour. This chapter discusses the research literature in this area, identifying where there is sufficient knowledge to guide practitioners and where further advances are needed in both costing research and practice. The focus is mainly on analytical and empirical work based on theoretical constructs. Section 10.2 briefly discusses what costing systems should seek to approximate, while Section 10.3 looks at how system objectives are pursued. The next section provides an overview of where approximations can go wrong. Section 10.5 discusses how to choose among alternative costing system approximations. Section 10.6 concludes with some avenues to advance costing system design research and practice.Less
Costing is an estimation or approximation exercise: within a relevant range, management accountants seek to derive a linear function that approximates underlying true cost behaviour. This chapter discusses the research literature in this area, identifying where there is sufficient knowledge to guide practitioners and where further advances are needed in both costing research and practice. The focus is mainly on analytical and empirical work based on theoretical constructs. Section 10.2 briefly discusses what costing systems should seek to approximate, while Section 10.3 looks at how system objectives are pursued. The next section provides an overview of where approximations can go wrong. Section 10.5 discusses how to choose among alternative costing system approximations. Section 10.6 concludes with some avenues to advance costing system design research and practice.
M. Kathleen Glynn and Lorraine C. Backer
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195372922
- eISBN:
- 9780199866090
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372922.003.0004
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health
This chapter addresses the implementation of the decision to design a public health surveillance system. The first step involves establishing a clear purpose for the surveillance system consistent ...
More
This chapter addresses the implementation of the decision to design a public health surveillance system. The first step involves establishing a clear purpose for the surveillance system consistent with public health surveillance principles. It emphasizes the importance of a clear case definition for key variables in the system; knowledge and articulation of the population under surveillance; explication of duration, timeliness, and frequency of data collection; identification of required data elements and the sources of these data; explication of data storage and sharing plans; ways to ensure data quality; and the critical need to protect the privacy and confidentiality of the data entrusted to public health.Less
This chapter addresses the implementation of the decision to design a public health surveillance system. The first step involves establishing a clear purpose for the surveillance system consistent with public health surveillance principles. It emphasizes the importance of a clear case definition for key variables in the system; knowledge and articulation of the population under surveillance; explication of duration, timeliness, and frequency of data collection; identification of required data elements and the sources of these data; explication of data storage and sharing plans; ways to ensure data quality; and the critical need to protect the privacy and confidentiality of the data entrusted to public health.
Robin Fincham, James Fleck, Rob Procter, Harry Scarbrough, Margaret Tierney, and Robin Williams
- Published in print:
- 1995
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198289043
- eISBN:
- 9780191684678
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198289043.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology, Knowledge Management
This chapter explores the main process of information technology (IT) innovation, namely, the area of knowledge that has become recognized as software engineering. Throughout its history, software ...
More
This chapter explores the main process of information technology (IT) innovation, namely, the area of knowledge that has become recognized as software engineering. Throughout its history, software has been beset by problems that have their roots in the difficulties of managing expertise. This chapter traces the emergence of software engineering, outlining its principles and procedures and providing a survey of the techniques (the methodological instrumentalities) employed in financial services. The limitations of these practices and the extent of their adoption are discussed, along with the ways in which organizations have tackled the problem of making software expertise more accountable and responsive to business needs. There was evidently a consensus that improved corporate involvement in IT decision-making, systems design, and project management was the key to making the IT function more responsive to business needs. The methodologies in use, however, typically attempted to address this issue by simply formalizing user involvement as a stage at the beginning of the traditional software life cycle.Less
This chapter explores the main process of information technology (IT) innovation, namely, the area of knowledge that has become recognized as software engineering. Throughout its history, software has been beset by problems that have their roots in the difficulties of managing expertise. This chapter traces the emergence of software engineering, outlining its principles and procedures and providing a survey of the techniques (the methodological instrumentalities) employed in financial services. The limitations of these practices and the extent of their adoption are discussed, along with the ways in which organizations have tackled the problem of making software expertise more accountable and responsive to business needs. There was evidently a consensus that improved corporate involvement in IT decision-making, systems design, and project management was the key to making the IT function more responsive to business needs. The methodologies in use, however, typically attempted to address this issue by simply formalizing user involvement as a stage at the beginning of the traditional software life cycle.
Raya Fidel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017008
- eISBN:
- 9780262301473
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017008.003.0010
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
This chapter examines the contributions of human information behavior (HIB) research to the information retrieval (IR) systems design, as well as the extent to which HIB research is guided by IR ...
More
This chapter examines the contributions of human information behavior (HIB) research to the information retrieval (IR) systems design, as well as the extent to which HIB research is guided by IR research. It first considers the concept “implications for design” before turning to research to inform design in HIB and human-computer interaction, types of models in HIB and IR, barriers and challenges to HIB-IR research collaboration, and contextual research in IR. It also looks at two approaches that would enhance research collaboration in HIB and IR: direct collaboration between HIB and IR researchers and the participation of an intermediary who bridges the gap between the fields.Less
This chapter examines the contributions of human information behavior (HIB) research to the information retrieval (IR) systems design, as well as the extent to which HIB research is guided by IR research. It first considers the concept “implications for design” before turning to research to inform design in HIB and human-computer interaction, types of models in HIB and IR, barriers and challenges to HIB-IR research collaboration, and contextual research in IR. It also looks at two approaches that would enhance research collaboration in HIB and IR: direct collaboration between HIB and IR researchers and the participation of an intermediary who bridges the gap between the fields.
Mark Anstey
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199791743
- eISBN:
- 9780199919222
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199791743.003.0017
- Subject:
- Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter explores dimensions of identity conflicts in Africa and dilemmas of external intervention in such conflicts. Poverty is key to understanding conflict in the region, but in the context of ...
More
This chapter explores dimensions of identity conflicts in Africa and dilemmas of external intervention in such conflicts. Poverty is key to understanding conflict in the region, but in the context of weak development class and ethnicity are often conflated, and mobilization around ethnic markers offers the greatest utility in organizing groups to compete for resources. The potential for violence is related to such variables as the degree of heterogeneity in a society; high-frustration/high-threat scenarios; a history of violence in intergroup relations; the evolution of cultures of impunity; and leadership choices in mobilizing societal groups. External parties face dilemmas in the legalities of intervention in intrastate conflicts; in coordinating action among themselves; in achieving legitimacy with those directly and indirectly involved in the conflict; in resourcing or championing various types of intervention; in the timing of interventions; in assisting parties in conflict to design social and political systems to reduce and more effectively manage identity conflicts; and in dealing with those parties that are more interested in perpetuating a conflict than in resolving it. Many African conflicts demand a systemic, developmentally oriented approach with long-term vision and carefully designed systems of justice and reconciliation with grassroots resonance if a sustainable peace is to be achieved and levels of violence reduced.Less
This chapter explores dimensions of identity conflicts in Africa and dilemmas of external intervention in such conflicts. Poverty is key to understanding conflict in the region, but in the context of weak development class and ethnicity are often conflated, and mobilization around ethnic markers offers the greatest utility in organizing groups to compete for resources. The potential for violence is related to such variables as the degree of heterogeneity in a society; high-frustration/high-threat scenarios; a history of violence in intergroup relations; the evolution of cultures of impunity; and leadership choices in mobilizing societal groups. External parties face dilemmas in the legalities of intervention in intrastate conflicts; in coordinating action among themselves; in achieving legitimacy with those directly and indirectly involved in the conflict; in resourcing or championing various types of intervention; in the timing of interventions; in assisting parties in conflict to design social and political systems to reduce and more effectively manage identity conflicts; and in dealing with those parties that are more interested in perpetuating a conflict than in resolving it. Many African conflicts demand a systemic, developmentally oriented approach with long-term vision and carefully designed systems of justice and reconciliation with grassroots resonance if a sustainable peace is to be achieved and levels of violence reduced.
Raya Fidel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017008
- eISBN:
- 9780262301473
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017008.001.0001
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
Human information interaction (HII) is an emerging area of study that investigates how people interact with information; its subfield human information behavior (HIB) is a flourishing, active ...
More
Human information interaction (HII) is an emerging area of study that investigates how people interact with information; its subfield human information behavior (HIB) is a flourishing, active discipline. Yet despite their obvious relevance to the design of information systems, these research areas have had almost no impact on systems design. One issue may be the contextual complexity of human interaction with information; another may be the difficulty in translating real-life and unstructured HII complexity into formal, linear structures necessary for systems design. This book proposes a research approach that bridges the study of human information interaction and the design of information systems: cognitive work analysis (CWA). Developed by Jens Rasmussen and his colleagues, CWA embraces complexity and provides a conceptual framework and analytical tools that can harness it to create design requirements. It offers an ecological approach to design, analyzing the forces in the environment that shape human interaction with information. The book reviews research in HIB, focusing on its contribution to systems design, and then presents the CWA framework. It shows that CWA, with its ecological approach, can be used to overcome design challenges and lead to the development of effective systems. Researchers and designers who use CWA can increase the diversity of their analytical tools, providing them with an alternative approach when they plan research and design projects. The CWA framework enables a collaboration between design and HII that can create information systems tailored to fit human lives.Less
Human information interaction (HII) is an emerging area of study that investigates how people interact with information; its subfield human information behavior (HIB) is a flourishing, active discipline. Yet despite their obvious relevance to the design of information systems, these research areas have had almost no impact on systems design. One issue may be the contextual complexity of human interaction with information; another may be the difficulty in translating real-life and unstructured HII complexity into formal, linear structures necessary for systems design. This book proposes a research approach that bridges the study of human information interaction and the design of information systems: cognitive work analysis (CWA). Developed by Jens Rasmussen and his colleagues, CWA embraces complexity and provides a conceptual framework and analytical tools that can harness it to create design requirements. It offers an ecological approach to design, analyzing the forces in the environment that shape human interaction with information. The book reviews research in HIB, focusing on its contribution to systems design, and then presents the CWA framework. It shows that CWA, with its ecological approach, can be used to overcome design challenges and lead to the development of effective systems. Researchers and designers who use CWA can increase the diversity of their analytical tools, providing them with an alternative approach when they plan research and design projects. The CWA framework enables a collaboration between design and HII that can create information systems tailored to fit human lives.
Raya Fidel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017008
- eISBN:
- 9780262301473
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017008.003.0013
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
Cognitive work analysis (CWA) can play an important role in realizing convergence between research in human information interaction (HII) and information systems design. CWA has the potential to ...
More
Cognitive work analysis (CWA) can play an important role in realizing convergence between research in human information interaction (HII) and information systems design. CWA has the potential to establish relations between various elements that have been fragmented in human information behavior research and in other HII areas. It can also connect theory with practice, various areas of research expertise, seemingly diverse areas of research, and various theoretical traditions and conceptual constructs. Moreover, CWA can help researchers decide about which variables to study. As an ecological approach, CWA can also be useful to the design of context-specific systems through its focus on environmental constraints.Less
Cognitive work analysis (CWA) can play an important role in realizing convergence between research in human information interaction (HII) and information systems design. CWA has the potential to establish relations between various elements that have been fragmented in human information behavior research and in other HII areas. It can also connect theory with practice, various areas of research expertise, seemingly diverse areas of research, and various theoretical traditions and conceptual constructs. Moreover, CWA can help researchers decide about which variables to study. As an ecological approach, CWA can also be useful to the design of context-specific systems through its focus on environmental constraints.
Clair Brown and Greg Linden
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262013468
- eISBN:
- 9780262258654
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262013468.003.0056
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Econometrics
This chapter assesses how design has affected the rising cost of fabrication within the chip industry. It explores the contests undergone and faced by the industry, and then discusses two incremental ...
More
This chapter assesses how design has affected the rising cost of fabrication within the chip industry. It explores the contests undergone and faced by the industry, and then discusses two incremental responses taken to confront these challenges, namely: Design reuse and system-level design. Chip design is classified into four stages, each of which determines the behavior, signaling processes within the chip, and how to manifest these abstract aspects into their physical form in the chip. One response to the challenges of design is the system-level design approach. Here, Electronic System-Level tools are presented as a language that provides a much-needed productivity boost which further enhances the quality of design in chips. In conclusion, it is argued that the growing complexity in the design of low-power, system-level chips directly affects the rise in cost, which in turn affects consumer behavior.Less
This chapter assesses how design has affected the rising cost of fabrication within the chip industry. It explores the contests undergone and faced by the industry, and then discusses two incremental responses taken to confront these challenges, namely: Design reuse and system-level design. Chip design is classified into four stages, each of which determines the behavior, signaling processes within the chip, and how to manifest these abstract aspects into their physical form in the chip. One response to the challenges of design is the system-level design approach. Here, Electronic System-Level tools are presented as a language that provides a much-needed productivity boost which further enhances the quality of design in chips. In conclusion, it is argued that the growing complexity in the design of low-power, system-level chips directly affects the rise in cost, which in turn affects consumer behavior.
Raya Fidel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017008
- eISBN:
- 9780262301473
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017008.003.0011
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
Cognitive work analysis (CWA) is a context- and work-centered conceptual framework that guides an analysis of cognitive work leading to design requirements. Under CWA, any activity that requires ...
More
Cognitive work analysis (CWA) is a context- and work-centered conceptual framework that guides an analysis of cognitive work leading to design requirements. Under CWA, any activity that requires decision making is considered “cognitive work.” Given its emphasis on explicit analysis of the constraints impressed upon actors by the work ecology, CWA provides an ecological approach to the study of human information interaction (HII). This chapter describes CWA’s dimensions of analysis and discusses its potential application to information systems design. There are five dimensions of analysis: analysis of the work environment, the work domain analysis, activity analysis, organizational analysis, and analysis of actors’ resources and values.Less
Cognitive work analysis (CWA) is a context- and work-centered conceptual framework that guides an analysis of cognitive work leading to design requirements. Under CWA, any activity that requires decision making is considered “cognitive work.” Given its emphasis on explicit analysis of the constraints impressed upon actors by the work ecology, CWA provides an ecological approach to the study of human information interaction (HII). This chapter describes CWA’s dimensions of analysis and discusses its potential application to information systems design. There are five dimensions of analysis: analysis of the work environment, the work domain analysis, activity analysis, organizational analysis, and analysis of actors’ resources and values.
Atıla Abdulkadıroğlu
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- January 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199570515
- eISBN:
- 9780191765957
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570515.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
School choice has presented economists with opportunities to study and design student assignment systems, which in turn have helped push forward the frontiers of mechanism design theory. This chapter ...
More
School choice has presented economists with opportunities to study and design student assignment systems, which in turn have helped push forward the frontiers of mechanism design theory. This chapter discusses the student assignment problem in school choice, related issues, assignment mechanisms and new developments in the theory and practice of mechanism design within the context of school choice.Less
School choice has presented economists with opportunities to study and design student assignment systems, which in turn have helped push forward the frontiers of mechanism design theory. This chapter discusses the student assignment problem in school choice, related issues, assignment mechanisms and new developments in the theory and practice of mechanism design within the context of school choice.
Raya Fidel
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262017008
- eISBN:
- 9780262301473
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262017008.003.0005
- Subject:
- Information Science, Information Science
Search strategy is a concept related to human information behavior and has generated strong research interest with the introduction of the World Wide Web. Whereas information need is relatively ...
More
Search strategy is a concept related to human information behavior and has generated strong research interest with the introduction of the World Wide Web. Whereas information need is relatively stable and triggers a search process, search strategy is a dynamic process and reflects the activities when one is seeking information. This chapter examines five search strategies, discusses the conditions that influence the use of a strategy, and proposes a view on search strategies that is relevant to information systems design. The five search strategies are browsing strategy, analytical strategy, empirical strategy, known site strategy, and similarity strategy.Less
Search strategy is a concept related to human information behavior and has generated strong research interest with the introduction of the World Wide Web. Whereas information need is relatively stable and triggers a search process, search strategy is a dynamic process and reflects the activities when one is seeking information. This chapter examines five search strategies, discusses the conditions that influence the use of a strategy, and proposes a view on search strategies that is relevant to information systems design. The five search strategies are browsing strategy, analytical strategy, empirical strategy, known site strategy, and similarity strategy.
Jane Williams and Chris Gill
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198766353
- eISBN:
- 9780191833601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198766353.003.0018
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
This chapter explores the concept of dispute system design in the context of consumer dispute resolution (CDR). While there is a growing literature on dispute system design (DSD) in North America, ...
More
This chapter explores the concept of dispute system design in the context of consumer dispute resolution (CDR). While there is a growing literature on dispute system design (DSD) in North America, practitioners and scholars in the UK and Europe have failed to give significant attention to DSD as a discrete activity. As the role of CDR within civil justice systems across Europe continues to grow, the activity of ‘designing justice’ in this area should increasingly be seen as a matter of constitutional as well as practical significance. A failure to address this issue risks undermining the continued legitimacy of state-sanctioned dispute resolution for consumer-to-business disputes. In this chapter, we present a new dispute design model for CDR mechanisms and, drawing on several case studies, demonstrate how it may be applied in practice.Less
This chapter explores the concept of dispute system design in the context of consumer dispute resolution (CDR). While there is a growing literature on dispute system design (DSD) in North America, practitioners and scholars in the UK and Europe have failed to give significant attention to DSD as a discrete activity. As the role of CDR within civil justice systems across Europe continues to grow, the activity of ‘designing justice’ in this area should increasingly be seen as a matter of constitutional as well as practical significance. A failure to address this issue risks undermining the continued legitimacy of state-sanctioned dispute resolution for consumer-to-business disputes. In this chapter, we present a new dispute design model for CDR mechanisms and, drawing on several case studies, demonstrate how it may be applied in practice.
Brid Featherstone, Sue White, and Kate Morris
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9781447308027
- eISBN:
- 9781447312000
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447308027.003.0005
- Subject:
- Social Work, Children and Families
This chapter explores the importance of developing a just culture in organizations so that the kind of social work promoted in this book which places human beings and human factors at its heart can ...
More
This chapter explores the importance of developing a just culture in organizations so that the kind of social work promoted in this book which places human beings and human factors at its heart can be developed. It is argued that the systems that have been developed are more concerned with managing institutional risk than fostering a just culture in organizations. Examples are offered of system design that can support rather than hinder humane practice.Less
This chapter explores the importance of developing a just culture in organizations so that the kind of social work promoted in this book which places human beings and human factors at its heart can be developed. It is argued that the systems that have been developed are more concerned with managing institutional risk than fostering a just culture in organizations. Examples are offered of system design that can support rather than hinder humane practice.
Benjamin C. Alamar
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- November 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780231162920
- eISBN:
- 9780231535250
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231162920.003.0006
- Subject:
- Sociology, Sport and Leisure
This chapter discusses the design of information systems. A high-quality information system is essential in order to meet the two main goals of an analytics program: to provide new, actionable ...
More
This chapter discusses the design of information systems. A high-quality information system is essential in order to meet the two main goals of an analytics program: to provide new, actionable information and save time for decision makers. The information system is the tool that allows decision makers to access the information and analyses that will help them gain a competitive advantage. Designing an effective information system requires knowledge of the decision-making process, access to all of the information within an organization, and careful structuring and presentation of relevant information to maximize the time saved. When designed to be inclusive and highly interactive, the information system becomes a powerful tool that allows decision makers to be more aware of the performance of the team (both in the long and short term) and helps them analyze and explore each decision more efficiently and completely.Less
This chapter discusses the design of information systems. A high-quality information system is essential in order to meet the two main goals of an analytics program: to provide new, actionable information and save time for decision makers. The information system is the tool that allows decision makers to access the information and analyses that will help them gain a competitive advantage. Designing an effective information system requires knowledge of the decision-making process, access to all of the information within an organization, and careful structuring and presentation of relevant information to maximize the time saved. When designed to be inclusive and highly interactive, the information system becomes a powerful tool that allows decision makers to be more aware of the performance of the team (both in the long and short term) and helps them analyze and explore each decision more efficiently and completely.
Maarten Franssen
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262113212
- eISBN:
- 9780262255271
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262113212.003.0007
- Subject:
- Biology, Biomathematics / Statistics and Data Analysis / Complexity Studies
This chapter examines the role that is played in the debate on what is and what is not the adequate theory of function, by the claim that “function” is an inherently normative concept. It explores ...
More
This chapter examines the role that is played in the debate on what is and what is not the adequate theory of function, by the claim that “function” is an inherently normative concept. It explores exactly how the theories that claim to be able to account for the normativity of function go about doing this. This chapter shows that the proponents of proper function (PF) -type theories do not treat their preferred concept of “function” as being inherently normative. It suggests that systems-with-a-design (SD) theory's central notion of “type fixation” be given a stronger naturalistic footing.Less
This chapter examines the role that is played in the debate on what is and what is not the adequate theory of function, by the claim that “function” is an inherently normative concept. It explores exactly how the theories that claim to be able to account for the normativity of function go about doing this. This chapter shows that the proponents of proper function (PF) -type theories do not treat their preferred concept of “function” as being inherently normative. It suggests that systems-with-a-design (SD) theory's central notion of “type fixation” be given a stronger naturalistic footing.
Ronald Lee
Alan J. Auerbach (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226076485
- eISBN:
- 9780226076508
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226076508.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter explores a new approach to Social Security reform that is known as “Notional Defined Contribution” or “Nonfinancial Defined Contribution” (NDC). This chapter uses a stochastic ...
More
This chapter explores a new approach to Social Security reform that is known as “Notional Defined Contribution” or “Nonfinancial Defined Contribution” (NDC). This chapter uses a stochastic macroeconomic model for forecasting and simulating the long-term finances of NDC-type public pension programs in the context of demographic and economic trends in the United States. While NDC plans are seen as having various potential advantages over traditional pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) systems, the focus of this chapter is on their financial stability over the long term. Around the world, PAYGO public pension programs are facing serious long-term fiscal problems due primarily to actual and projected population aging and most appear unsustainable as currently structured. The stochastic population model is based on a Lee-Carter mortality model and a somewhat similar fertility model. The feasible internal rate of return for a PAYGO system with stable population structure equals the rate of growth of the population plus the rate of growth of output per worker. Evidently, stochastic simulation of the system's finances can reveal aspects of its performance that are not otherwise obvious and can assist in improving system design. This promises to be a valuable use for stochastic simulation models of pension systems.Less
This chapter explores a new approach to Social Security reform that is known as “Notional Defined Contribution” or “Nonfinancial Defined Contribution” (NDC). This chapter uses a stochastic macroeconomic model for forecasting and simulating the long-term finances of NDC-type public pension programs in the context of demographic and economic trends in the United States. While NDC plans are seen as having various potential advantages over traditional pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) systems, the focus of this chapter is on their financial stability over the long term. Around the world, PAYGO public pension programs are facing serious long-term fiscal problems due primarily to actual and projected population aging and most appear unsustainable as currently structured. The stochastic population model is based on a Lee-Carter mortality model and a somewhat similar fertility model. The feasible internal rate of return for a PAYGO system with stable population structure equals the rate of growth of the population plus the rate of growth of output per worker. Evidently, stochastic simulation of the system's finances can reveal aspects of its performance that are not otherwise obvious and can assist in improving system design. This promises to be a valuable use for stochastic simulation models of pension systems.
Alan Dix
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- March 2018
- ISBN:
- 9780198799603
- eISBN:
- 9780191839832
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780198799603.003.0008
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Logic / Computer Science / Mathematical Philosophy
This chapter explores how precise formal methods can be used effectively and practically in interaction design. The term ‘formal methods’ in computer science refers to a suite of techniques drawing ...
More
This chapter explores how precise formal methods can be used effectively and practically in interaction design. The term ‘formal methods’ in computer science refers to a suite of techniques drawing on mathematical notions of sets, logic, and functions or precise diagrammatic notations, most of which are currently primarily focused on safety-critical applications in the aerospace or nuclear industries. While research into broader use of these methods could be regarded as a theoretical interest, the early development of formal methods was driven as much by practical considerations as theory. This chapter features two case studies on formal notations and their use in areas of practical interaction design beyond safety-critical applications, as well as understood, used, and appropriated by clients and designers who have no formal training or expertise. Each offers specific notations and techniques to the reader and also explores more general lessons for creating practical formal methods for HCI.Less
This chapter explores how precise formal methods can be used effectively and practically in interaction design. The term ‘formal methods’ in computer science refers to a suite of techniques drawing on mathematical notions of sets, logic, and functions or precise diagrammatic notations, most of which are currently primarily focused on safety-critical applications in the aerospace or nuclear industries. While research into broader use of these methods could be regarded as a theoretical interest, the early development of formal methods was driven as much by practical considerations as theory. This chapter features two case studies on formal notations and their use in areas of practical interaction design beyond safety-critical applications, as well as understood, used, and appropriated by clients and designers who have no formal training or expertise. Each offers specific notations and techniques to the reader and also explores more general lessons for creating practical formal methods for HCI.
Yoram M. Kalman, Daphne R. Raban, and Sheizaf Rafaeli
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199639540
- eISBN:
- 9780191747748
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199639540.003.0002
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Social Psychology
This chapter suggests that social interaction is changing, as increasingly greater portions of human creativity, conversations, and social ties are digitized and mediated by computers. The chapter ...
More
This chapter suggests that social interaction is changing, as increasingly greater portions of human creativity, conversations, and social ties are digitized and mediated by computers. The chapter examines this “netification” process, and discusses its consequences for the online presentation of the self and of the other, and also for groups online. The present effects of the laws that govern information on cognition and social behavior are discussed, and some of the major societal and personal consequences of “netification” on work and leisure, on the private and public, and on space and time are reviewed. The chapter makes recommendations for multifaceted research as well as social cognition considerations in systems design.Less
This chapter suggests that social interaction is changing, as increasingly greater portions of human creativity, conversations, and social ties are digitized and mediated by computers. The chapter examines this “netification” process, and discusses its consequences for the online presentation of the self and of the other, and also for groups online. The present effects of the laws that govern information on cognition and social behavior are discussed, and some of the major societal and personal consequences of “netification” on work and leisure, on the private and public, and on space and time are reviewed. The chapter makes recommendations for multifaceted research as well as social cognition considerations in systems design.
Anna Couey
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780262034654
- eISBN:
- 9780262336871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262034654.003.0021
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Technology and Society
Cultures in Cyberspace was a temporary communications network organized by the author in 1992 to connect five culturally diverse online communities in conversation: American Indian ...
More
Cultures in Cyberspace was a temporary communications network organized by the author in 1992 to connect five culturally diverse online communities in conversation: American Indian Telecommunications/Dakota BBS (US), Arts Wire (US), ArtsNet (Australia), the WELL (US), and Usenet (international). Produced at a time of impending transformational technological change, the project provided a platform for people to participate in co-creating cyberspace, bringing their cultural backgrounds, stories and histories to the table. Cultures in Cyberspace was based on the premise that social, political and cultural meanings are made possible or not depending on who is connected to whom and the forms of communication that are supported and prioritized. The chapter discusses the art practices and socio-political context that informed the project, as well as its concept, design, implementation, and content. It includes participants' contemporary reflections on questions raised by the project.Less
Cultures in Cyberspace was a temporary communications network organized by the author in 1992 to connect five culturally diverse online communities in conversation: American Indian Telecommunications/Dakota BBS (US), Arts Wire (US), ArtsNet (Australia), the WELL (US), and Usenet (international). Produced at a time of impending transformational technological change, the project provided a platform for people to participate in co-creating cyberspace, bringing their cultural backgrounds, stories and histories to the table. Cultures in Cyberspace was based on the premise that social, political and cultural meanings are made possible or not depending on who is connected to whom and the forms of communication that are supported and prioritized. The chapter discusses the art practices and socio-political context that informed the project, as well as its concept, design, implementation, and content. It includes participants' contemporary reflections on questions raised by the project.
Christopher Hodges
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780198766353
- eISBN:
- 9780191833601
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198766353.003.0017
- Subject:
- Law, EU Law
The development of consumer ADR (CDR) is still only in its infancy. The EU has taken the bold step of creating a pan-EU network of CDR bodies. This creates coverage of supply, establishes the ...
More
The development of consumer ADR (CDR) is still only in its infancy. The EU has taken the bold step of creating a pan-EU network of CDR bodies. This creates coverage of supply, establishes the essential quality requirements, and a regulatory structure to control quality. But the system is at an early stage, and many developments can be expected. It would be a mistake to expect everything to be transformed just because of the existence of the Directive and its implementation. Much more remains to be done. This chapter aims to take an overview of where CDR in Europe currently stands, the major issues that need to be addressed, and sets out a possible vision for CDR in future.Less
The development of consumer ADR (CDR) is still only in its infancy. The EU has taken the bold step of creating a pan-EU network of CDR bodies. This creates coverage of supply, establishes the essential quality requirements, and a regulatory structure to control quality. But the system is at an early stage, and many developments can be expected. It would be a mistake to expect everything to be transformed just because of the existence of the Directive and its implementation. Much more remains to be done. This chapter aims to take an overview of where CDR in Europe currently stands, the major issues that need to be addressed, and sets out a possible vision for CDR in future.
