Mark L. Latash
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195333169
- eISBN:
- 9780199864195
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333169.001.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Techniques
This book discusses a general problem in biology: the lack of an adequate language for formulating biologically specific problems. This book describes recent progress in the control and coordination ...
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This book discusses a general problem in biology: the lack of an adequate language for formulating biologically specific problems. This book describes recent progress in the control and coordination of human movement. It begins with a brief history of movement studies and reviews the current central controversies in the area of control of movements with an emphasis on the equilibrium-point hypothesis. An operational definition of synergy is introduced and a method of analysis of synergies is described based on the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis. This method is further used to characterize synergies in a variety of tasks including such common motor tasks as standing, pointing, reaching, standing-up, and manipulation of hand-held objects. Applications of this method to movements by persons with neurological disorders, persons with atypical development, and healthy elderly persons are illustrated, as well as changes in motor synergies with practice. Possible neurophysiological mechanisms of synergies are also discussed, focusing on such conspicuous structures as the spinal cord, the cerebellum, the basal ganglia, and the cortex of the large hemispheres. A variety of models are discussed based on different computational and neurophysiological principles. Possible applications of the introduced definition of synergies to other areas such as perception and language are discussed.Less
This book discusses a general problem in biology: the lack of an adequate language for formulating biologically specific problems. This book describes recent progress in the control and coordination of human movement. It begins with a brief history of movement studies and reviews the current central controversies in the area of control of movements with an emphasis on the equilibrium-point hypothesis. An operational definition of synergy is introduced and a method of analysis of synergies is described based on the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis. This method is further used to characterize synergies in a variety of tasks including such common motor tasks as standing, pointing, reaching, standing-up, and manipulation of hand-held objects. Applications of this method to movements by persons with neurological disorders, persons with atypical development, and healthy elderly persons are illustrated, as well as changes in motor synergies with practice. Possible neurophysiological mechanisms of synergies are also discussed, focusing on such conspicuous structures as the spinal cord, the cerebellum, the basal ganglia, and the cortex of the large hemispheres. A variety of models are discussed based on different computational and neurophysiological principles. Possible applications of the introduced definition of synergies to other areas such as perception and language are discussed.
Mark L. Latash
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195395273
- eISBN:
- 9780199863518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395273.003.0001
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
This chapter presents an overview of two major developments in the field of motor control: the referent configuration hypothesis (equilibrium-point hypothesis) and the theory of synergies (using the ...
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This chapter presents an overview of two major developments in the field of motor control: the referent configuration hypothesis (equilibrium-point hypothesis) and the theory of synergies (using the computational apparatus of the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis). It is suggested that a control hierarchy based on referent configurations at the whole-body, joint, and muscle levels may use synergic mechanisms to stabilize shifts of the task-related referent configuration expressed in salient for the motor task variables. On the other hand, control with referent configurations can itself lead to synergic relations within an ensemble of elemental performance variables that stabilize important performance variables produced by the ensemble as a whole. Relations between the notions of referent configuration and synergy and the control of vertical posture are discussed. Changes in synergy indices are described prior to a planned quick action or a reaction to a self-triggered perturbation. These phenomena, termed anticipatory synergy adjustments, share many common features with the well-known phenomena of anticipatory postural adjustments. A hypothesis is offered that anticipatory postural adjustments represent a superposition of two processes: anticipatory synergy adjustments with a minimal net mechanical effect and the generation of net forces and moments of force that are expected to counteract the anticipated perturbation.Less
This chapter presents an overview of two major developments in the field of motor control: the referent configuration hypothesis (equilibrium-point hypothesis) and the theory of synergies (using the computational apparatus of the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis). It is suggested that a control hierarchy based on referent configurations at the whole-body, joint, and muscle levels may use synergic mechanisms to stabilize shifts of the task-related referent configuration expressed in salient for the motor task variables. On the other hand, control with referent configurations can itself lead to synergic relations within an ensemble of elemental performance variables that stabilize important performance variables produced by the ensemble as a whole. Relations between the notions of referent configuration and synergy and the control of vertical posture are discussed. Changes in synergy indices are described prior to a planned quick action or a reaction to a self-triggered perturbation. These phenomena, termed anticipatory synergy adjustments, share many common features with the well-known phenomena of anticipatory postural adjustments. A hypothesis is offered that anticipatory postural adjustments represent a superposition of two processes: anticipatory synergy adjustments with a minimal net mechanical effect and the generation of net forces and moments of force that are expected to counteract the anticipated perturbation.
Jonathan Fox
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199208852
- eISBN:
- 9780191709005
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199208852.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter analyzes the iterative process through which the rural poor were able to take advantage of cycles of partial openings from above to build the autonomous regional membership organizations ...
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This chapter analyzes the iterative process through which the rural poor were able to take advantage of cycles of partial openings from above to build the autonomous regional membership organizations that embody the social foundations of accountability. It engages with broader debates over where social capital comes from. The explanatory framework brings politics in by combining political opportunity structure and strategic interaction approaches. The argument is illustrated by a comparison of the regional impacts of three successive reformist rural development programs in Mexico from the 1970s through the early 1990s. The analysis emphasizes the critical role of uneven reformist openings for allowing the partial degrees of freedom of association needed to make collective action possible.Less
This chapter analyzes the iterative process through which the rural poor were able to take advantage of cycles of partial openings from above to build the autonomous regional membership organizations that embody the social foundations of accountability. It engages with broader debates over where social capital comes from. The explanatory framework brings politics in by combining political opportunity structure and strategic interaction approaches. The argument is illustrated by a comparison of the regional impacts of three successive reformist rural development programs in Mexico from the 1970s through the early 1990s. The analysis emphasizes the critical role of uneven reformist openings for allowing the partial degrees of freedom of association needed to make collective action possible.
Eileen Stillwaggon
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- February 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780195169270
- eISBN:
- 9780199783427
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195169271.003.0003
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Public and Welfare
This chapter explains the biological synergies of malnutrition, parasitic and infectious diseases, and immune response that are specific to HIV transmission, and widespread among poor populations in ...
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This chapter explains the biological synergies of malnutrition, parasitic and infectious diseases, and immune response that are specific to HIV transmission, and widespread among poor populations in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the transition countries. It draws on extensive medical literature that demonstrates that malnutrition, malaria, soil-transmitted helminths and other worms, schistosomiasis (and its genital lesions and inflammation, which resemble sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs), and other parasites increase HIV viral load and viral shedding, and hence increase the risk of HIV transmission.Less
This chapter explains the biological synergies of malnutrition, parasitic and infectious diseases, and immune response that are specific to HIV transmission, and widespread among poor populations in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the transition countries. It draws on extensive medical literature that demonstrates that malnutrition, malaria, soil-transmitted helminths and other worms, schistosomiasis (and its genital lesions and inflammation, which resemble sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs), and other parasites increase HIV viral load and viral shedding, and hence increase the risk of HIV transmission.
Vaclav Smil
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- July 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780195168747
- eISBN:
- 9780199835522
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195168747.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic History
No other period in history has brought so many fundamental technical advances in such a short period of time. This Age of Synergy (1867-1914) saw a rapid introduction of science-based innovations, ...
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No other period in history has brought so many fundamental technical advances in such a short period of time. This Age of Synergy (1867-1914) saw a rapid introduction of science-based innovations, their prompt commercialization and improvement and their interaction to create a new knowledge-based economy and a high-energy civilization. This unprecedented technical progress laid the lasting foundations for modern societies: it created not only the basic material, economic, consumption, and social patterns of the 20th century but it will determine our fortunes for generations to come.Less
No other period in history has brought so many fundamental technical advances in such a short period of time. This Age of Synergy (1867-1914) saw a rapid introduction of science-based innovations, their prompt commercialization and improvement and their interaction to create a new knowledge-based economy and a high-energy civilization. This unprecedented technical progress laid the lasting foundations for modern societies: it created not only the basic material, economic, consumption, and social patterns of the 20th century but it will determine our fortunes for generations to come.
Mark L. Latash
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195333169
- eISBN:
- 9780199864195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333169.003.0005
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Techniques
The fifth part of this book overviews a large number of synergies that have been studied. It starts with a review of kinematic synergies during such actions as quiet standing, sit-to-stand action, ...
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The fifth part of this book overviews a large number of synergies that have been studied. It starts with a review of kinematic synergies during such actions as quiet standing, sit-to-stand action, reaching, multi-joint poiting, and even quick-draw pistol shooting. Another Digression is presented on optimization methods in motor control. Further, kinetic synergies are discussed, in particular those involved in multi-digit action of the human hand. Such issues as the emergence and disappearance of synergies and the role of timing errors in synergy indices are touched upon. Later, the phenomenon of anticipatory synergy adjustments is introduced as a method of turning off unwanted synergies in preparation to a quick action. Synergies in prehensile tasks are discussed with particular attention paid to phenomena of chain effects and the principle of superposition in human hand action. The last portion of this Part deals with multi-muscle synergies involved in whole-body tasks performed by a standing person such as swaying the body, manipulating external objects, and making a step.Less
The fifth part of this book overviews a large number of synergies that have been studied. It starts with a review of kinematic synergies during such actions as quiet standing, sit-to-stand action, reaching, multi-joint poiting, and even quick-draw pistol shooting. Another Digression is presented on optimization methods in motor control. Further, kinetic synergies are discussed, in particular those involved in multi-digit action of the human hand. Such issues as the emergence and disappearance of synergies and the role of timing errors in synergy indices are touched upon. Later, the phenomenon of anticipatory synergy adjustments is introduced as a method of turning off unwanted synergies in preparation to a quick action. Synergies in prehensile tasks are discussed with particular attention paid to phenomena of chain effects and the principle of superposition in human hand action. The last portion of this Part deals with multi-muscle synergies involved in whole-body tasks performed by a standing person such as swaying the body, manipulating external objects, and making a step.
Mark L. Latash
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195333169
- eISBN:
- 9780199864195
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195333169.003.0008
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Techniques
The final part of the book addresses two issues: modeling of synergies and possible synergic organization of non-motor functions such as the language and the sensory function. Within the first issue, ...
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The final part of the book addresses two issues: modeling of synergies and possible synergic organization of non-motor functions such as the language and the sensory function. Within the first issue, relations of synergies to the control theory is discussed with a brief overview of the central issues of the control theory such as open-loop and closed-loop control, and optimal control. Two models of synergies are described in more detail. One of them offers a neural network with back-coupling loops as the mechanism for multi-digit synergies. The other one suggests a scheme within which synergies emerge without any explicit feedback mechanisms. Further, the focus shifts to two aspects of synergies within the equilibrium-point hypothesis. One of them suggests that the principle of equilibrium-point control can by itself lead to synergies. The other deals with possible synergies in the hierarchy of control variables within the reference configuration hypothesis. The next two sections in this Part develop the notion of synergies for the sensory systems and for the production of human language. Multi-sensory interactions and synesthesia are described as possible reflections of sensory synergies. The book ends with an overview of its main points and a list of unsolved problems.Less
The final part of the book addresses two issues: modeling of synergies and possible synergic organization of non-motor functions such as the language and the sensory function. Within the first issue, relations of synergies to the control theory is discussed with a brief overview of the central issues of the control theory such as open-loop and closed-loop control, and optimal control. Two models of synergies are described in more detail. One of them offers a neural network with back-coupling loops as the mechanism for multi-digit synergies. The other one suggests a scheme within which synergies emerge without any explicit feedback mechanisms. Further, the focus shifts to two aspects of synergies within the equilibrium-point hypothesis. One of them suggests that the principle of equilibrium-point control can by itself lead to synergies. The other deals with possible synergies in the hierarchy of control variables within the reference configuration hypothesis. The next two sections in this Part develop the notion of synergies for the sensory systems and for the production of human language. Multi-sensory interactions and synesthesia are described as possible reflections of sensory synergies. The book ends with an overview of its main points and a list of unsolved problems.
Eli M. Noam
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195188523
- eISBN:
- 9780199852574
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188523.003.0014
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Information Technology
Mergers among content providers, distributors, retail outlets, and technology firms raise questions about vertical integration. The fear is of an extension of market power from one industry to a ...
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Mergers among content providers, distributors, retail outlets, and technology firms raise questions about vertical integration. The fear is of an extension of market power from one industry to a related one. However, vertical integration may also result in efficiency gains, commonly referred to as synergies. To what extent is the American information sector vertically integrated? And how much more now than twenty years ago? This chapter analyzes market concentration trends for the largest fifty information industry firms, as well as the top twenty-five mass media companies, for the year 1984 and subsequent years. These firms are ranked according to their information sector revenue. All revenues are those in the United States, whether by American or non-American firms. Three measures for vertical integration are described: Participation Index, Sector Share Index, and Company Power Index.Less
Mergers among content providers, distributors, retail outlets, and technology firms raise questions about vertical integration. The fear is of an extension of market power from one industry to a related one. However, vertical integration may also result in efficiency gains, commonly referred to as synergies. To what extent is the American information sector vertically integrated? And how much more now than twenty years ago? This chapter analyzes market concentration trends for the largest fifty information industry firms, as well as the top twenty-five mass media companies, for the year 1984 and subsequent years. These firms are ranked according to their information sector revenue. All revenues are those in the United States, whether by American or non-American firms. Three measures for vertical integration are described: Participation Index, Sector Share Index, and Company Power Index.
BIDYUT CHAKRABARTY
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195676761
- eISBN:
- 9780199081554
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195676761.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Indian Politics
This volume looks at the evolution of coalition politics in India, both at the national and provincial levels. It investigates the processes that led to coalition governments. It explores the ...
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This volume looks at the evolution of coalition politics in India, both at the national and provincial levels. It investigates the processes that led to coalition governments. It explores the formation of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), the Janata Party experiment, and the Third Front experiments. The book highlights the growing importance of regional parties in national politics and argues that the very notion of representation in terms of ‘national’ and ‘local’ is being redefined in the context of the emerging significance of coalition politics. It also examines the role of cultural synergy and political expediency in coalition politics and discusses the inevitability of coalition government in India.Less
This volume looks at the evolution of coalition politics in India, both at the national and provincial levels. It investigates the processes that led to coalition governments. It explores the formation of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA), the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), the Janata Party experiment, and the Third Front experiments. The book highlights the growing importance of regional parties in national politics and argues that the very notion of representation in terms of ‘national’ and ‘local’ is being redefined in the context of the emerging significance of coalition politics. It also examines the role of cultural synergy and political expediency in coalition politics and discusses the inevitability of coalition government in India.
Markus Venzin
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199535200
- eISBN:
- 9780191701153
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199535200.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking, Strategy
This chapter discusses how cross-border synergies can be created in banks and insurance companies by enabling the transfer of knowledge within the network of international units. It highlights the ...
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This chapter discusses how cross-border synergies can be created in banks and insurance companies by enabling the transfer of knowledge within the network of international units. It highlights the critical role of knowledge and knowledge sharing in making internationalization strategies work. It describes nine elements of an organizational culture that facilitates cross-border knowledge sharing and shows how to design a system that supports the international flow of knowledge. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the limits of cross-border knowledge sharing.Less
This chapter discusses how cross-border synergies can be created in banks and insurance companies by enabling the transfer of knowledge within the network of international units. It highlights the critical role of knowledge and knowledge sharing in making internationalization strategies work. It describes nine elements of an organizational culture that facilitates cross-border knowledge sharing and shows how to design a system that supports the international flow of knowledge. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the limits of cross-border knowledge sharing.
Michael A. Hitt, David King, Hema Krishnan, Marianna Makri, Mario Schijven, Katsuhiko Shimizu, and Hong Zhu
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199601462
- eISBN:
- 9780191743320
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199601462.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Finance, Accounting, and Banking, Strategy
Mergers and acquisitions have been a popular strategy, but the research suggests that acquiring firms create little or no value. Reasons for these outcomes include an inability to create synergy, ...
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Mergers and acquisitions have been a popular strategy, but the research suggests that acquiring firms create little or no value. Reasons for these outcomes include an inability to create synergy, paying too high a premium, selecting inappropriate targets, and ineffective integration processes, among others. However, careful selection of targets and effectively implemented acquisitions can achieve synergy and create value. For example, targets selected that have capabilities complementary to those held by the acquiring firm provide the greatest opportunity for synergy creation. Acquisitions that provide new knowledge to the acquiring firm that can be used to enhance its competitive position often create value. For example, the knowledge gained from acquisitions can enhance innovation when the target firm has complementary science and technology to that held in the acquiring firm. In addition, cross-border acquisitions present significant opportunities, but they also provide more complex challenges for achieving synergy and creating value. Finally, research shows that executives frequently have trouble admitting failure and divesting acquisitions.Less
Mergers and acquisitions have been a popular strategy, but the research suggests that acquiring firms create little or no value. Reasons for these outcomes include an inability to create synergy, paying too high a premium, selecting inappropriate targets, and ineffective integration processes, among others. However, careful selection of targets and effectively implemented acquisitions can achieve synergy and create value. For example, targets selected that have capabilities complementary to those held by the acquiring firm provide the greatest opportunity for synergy creation. Acquisitions that provide new knowledge to the acquiring firm that can be used to enhance its competitive position often create value. For example, the knowledge gained from acquisitions can enhance innovation when the target firm has complementary science and technology to that held in the acquiring firm. In addition, cross-border acquisitions present significant opportunities, but they also provide more complex challenges for achieving synergy and creating value. Finally, research shows that executives frequently have trouble admitting failure and divesting acquisitions.
Erin Ryan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199737987
- eISBN:
- 9780199918652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737987.003.0002
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
Chapter two takes on the critical question of why the Constitution establishes a federal system at all. After considering the political origins of federalism, the fraught relationship between ...
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Chapter two takes on the critical question of why the Constitution establishes a federal system at all. After considering the political origins of federalism, the fraught relationship between structural federalism and first-order policy concerns, and the distinction between true federalism and decentralization, it explores the individual principles of good government on which federalism is premised. It reviews how federalism fosters: (1) checks and balances between state and federal power that safeguard individuals against overreaching or abdication by either side; (2) transparent and accountable governance that enables meaningful democratic participation at all points on the jurisdictional spectrum; (3) local autonomy and diversity that give rise to the interjurisdictional competition and innovation of federalism’s great “laboratory of ideas;” and (4) problem-solving synergy between the unique capacities of local and national government for coping with different parts of interjurisdictional problems. The chapter discusses the how the checks and balances of jurisdictional overlap establish as powerful a bulwark against tyranny as those of jurisdictional separation, and it explores the provenance of federalism’s underappreciated problem-solving value within the subsidiarity principle.Less
Chapter two takes on the critical question of why the Constitution establishes a federal system at all. After considering the political origins of federalism, the fraught relationship between structural federalism and first-order policy concerns, and the distinction between true federalism and decentralization, it explores the individual principles of good government on which federalism is premised. It reviews how federalism fosters: (1) checks and balances between state and federal power that safeguard individuals against overreaching or abdication by either side; (2) transparent and accountable governance that enables meaningful democratic participation at all points on the jurisdictional spectrum; (3) local autonomy and diversity that give rise to the interjurisdictional competition and innovation of federalism’s great “laboratory of ideas;” and (4) problem-solving synergy between the unique capacities of local and national government for coping with different parts of interjurisdictional problems. The chapter discusses the how the checks and balances of jurisdictional overlap establish as powerful a bulwark against tyranny as those of jurisdictional separation, and it explores the provenance of federalism’s underappreciated problem-solving value within the subsidiarity principle.
Erin Ryan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199737987
- eISBN:
- 9780199918652
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737987.003.0010
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law
The preceding positive account provides foundation for Chapter Ten’s critical normative claim: that federalism bargaining is not only a pragmatic solution to a problem of doctrinal uncertainty, but ...
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The preceding positive account provides foundation for Chapter Ten’s critical normative claim: that federalism bargaining is not only a pragmatic solution to a problem of doctrinal uncertainty, but can itself be a legitimate way of interpreting federalism, when federalism interpretation is understood as a way of constraining public agencies to act consistently with constitutional directives. Federalism bargaining achieves interpretive status when it procedurally incorporates not only the mutual consent principles that legitimize bargaining in general, but also the fundamental federalism values that should guide federalism interpretation in any forum. After all, the core federalism values are essentially realized through good governance procedure: (1) the maintenance of checks and balances to protect individuals against sovereign excess or abdication; (2) the protection of accountability and transparency to ensure meaningful democratic participation; (3) the preference for process that fosters local innovation, variation, and competition; and (4) the cultivation of regulatory space for harnessing synergy between local and national capacity when needed to cope with interjurisdictional problems. Incorporating these values into the bargaining process allows negotiators to interpret federalism directives procedurally when consensus on the substance is unavailable. The more bargaining process incorporates mutual consent and federalism values, the more it warrants judicial deference as a means of federalism interpretation. Interpretive bargaining becomes less legitimate as factual circumstances depart from the assumptions of mutual consent—when bargainers cannot freely opt out, understand their own interests, or be trusted to faithfully represent their principals—and when procedures contravene core federalism values. When reviewing federalism challenges to such bargaining, the judicial role shifts to deferential oversight for these criteria. Drawing on the procedural application of fair bargaining and federalism values, negotiated governance opens possibilities for filling the inevitable interpretive gaps left by unilateral mandates. Indeed, it has been doing so all along. Chapter Ten’s analysis provides the missing theoretical justification for operative political safeguards while preserving a role for limited judicial review. It concludes by evaluating examples against these interpretive criteria and offering recommendations for engineering greater structural support for federalism values in bilateral governance.Less
The preceding positive account provides foundation for Chapter Ten’s critical normative claim: that federalism bargaining is not only a pragmatic solution to a problem of doctrinal uncertainty, but can itself be a legitimate way of interpreting federalism, when federalism interpretation is understood as a way of constraining public agencies to act consistently with constitutional directives. Federalism bargaining achieves interpretive status when it procedurally incorporates not only the mutual consent principles that legitimize bargaining in general, but also the fundamental federalism values that should guide federalism interpretation in any forum. After all, the core federalism values are essentially realized through good governance procedure: (1) the maintenance of checks and balances to protect individuals against sovereign excess or abdication; (2) the protection of accountability and transparency to ensure meaningful democratic participation; (3) the preference for process that fosters local innovation, variation, and competition; and (4) the cultivation of regulatory space for harnessing synergy between local and national capacity when needed to cope with interjurisdictional problems. Incorporating these values into the bargaining process allows negotiators to interpret federalism directives procedurally when consensus on the substance is unavailable. The more bargaining process incorporates mutual consent and federalism values, the more it warrants judicial deference as a means of federalism interpretation. Interpretive bargaining becomes less legitimate as factual circumstances depart from the assumptions of mutual consent—when bargainers cannot freely opt out, understand their own interests, or be trusted to faithfully represent their principals—and when procedures contravene core federalism values. When reviewing federalism challenges to such bargaining, the judicial role shifts to deferential oversight for these criteria. Drawing on the procedural application of fair bargaining and federalism values, negotiated governance opens possibilities for filling the inevitable interpretive gaps left by unilateral mandates. Indeed, it has been doing so all along. Chapter Ten’s analysis provides the missing theoretical justification for operative political safeguards while preserving a role for limited judicial review. It concludes by evaluating examples against these interpretive criteria and offering recommendations for engineering greater structural support for federalism values in bilateral governance.
Tommy Gustafsson and Pietari Kääpä
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780748693184
- eISBN:
- 9781474412223
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748693184.003.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
The demand for all areas of Nordic film and television culture outside the borders of the Nordic countries may come as no surprise. The popularity of television shows such as The Killing ...
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The demand for all areas of Nordic film and television culture outside the borders of the Nordic countries may come as no surprise. The popularity of television shows such as The Killing (Forbrydelsen, 2007) and The Bridge (Bron|Broen, 2011) both domestically and internationally have increased the profile of Nordic media while the crime novels of Henning Mankell and Stieg Larsson have penetrated the American market – the barometer for global Commercial ‘relevance’. The Guardian in the UK has published several articles on the craze, noting how the protagonist of the original Danish version of The Killing, detective Sarah Lund, has become an unlikely fashion icon with her knitted sweaters. While a certain type of Nordic film – the existential artistry of a Dreyer, a Bergman or a Kaurismäki – has existed at the periphery of this global consciousness, such perceptions are clearly shifting as the contemporary situation seems to be more characterised by Nordic contributions to global popular culture instead of the more traditional frameworks of artistic or experimental relevance. How did we get to this situation? In short, how did the media products of this small region of the world become part of global popular culture?Less
The demand for all areas of Nordic film and television culture outside the borders of the Nordic countries may come as no surprise. The popularity of television shows such as The Killing (Forbrydelsen, 2007) and The Bridge (Bron|Broen, 2011) both domestically and internationally have increased the profile of Nordic media while the crime novels of Henning Mankell and Stieg Larsson have penetrated the American market – the barometer for global Commercial ‘relevance’. The Guardian in the UK has published several articles on the craze, noting how the protagonist of the original Danish version of The Killing, detective Sarah Lund, has become an unlikely fashion icon with her knitted sweaters. While a certain type of Nordic film – the existential artistry of a Dreyer, a Bergman or a Kaurismäki – has existed at the periphery of this global consciousness, such perceptions are clearly shifting as the contemporary situation seems to be more characterised by Nordic contributions to global popular culture instead of the more traditional frameworks of artistic or experimental relevance. How did we get to this situation? In short, how did the media products of this small region of the world become part of global popular culture?
Yiu-Wai Chu
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9789888390571
- eISBN:
- 9789888390298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Hong Kong University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5790/hongkong/9789888390571.003.0003
- Subject:
- Music, Popular
The rise of Cantopop can be attributed to the huge growth in local audiences in Hong Kong in the 1970s, when local Cantonese cultural industries became profitable business. The radical transformation ...
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The rise of Cantopop can be attributed to the huge growth in local audiences in Hong Kong in the 1970s, when local Cantonese cultural industries became profitable business. The radical transformation of the socio-political background and the swift development of local mass media in the 1970s provided a historical juncture in which a local Hong Kong consciousness came into being at long last. While Cantonese television and cinema became central to the colony’s cultural industries, Cantopop industry also provided a new source of stars. Thanks to its thriving vitality, the changing mediascape, and the developing economy, Cantopop had grown into a highly profitable business with a quickly expanding market by the end of the 1970s.Less
The rise of Cantopop can be attributed to the huge growth in local audiences in Hong Kong in the 1970s, when local Cantonese cultural industries became profitable business. The radical transformation of the socio-political background and the swift development of local mass media in the 1970s provided a historical juncture in which a local Hong Kong consciousness came into being at long last. While Cantonese television and cinema became central to the colony’s cultural industries, Cantopop industry also provided a new source of stars. Thanks to its thriving vitality, the changing mediascape, and the developing economy, Cantopop had grown into a highly profitable business with a quickly expanding market by the end of the 1970s.
Mike Douglass, Orathai Ard-Am, and Ik Ki Kim
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520230248
- eISBN:
- 9780520935976
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520230248.003.0002
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter contrasts the strategies used to improve environmental conditions in two low-income communities in two different urban contexts: the Wolgoksa-dong squatter community in Seoul, Korea, and ...
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This chapter contrasts the strategies used to improve environmental conditions in two low-income communities in two different urban contexts: the Wolgoksa-dong squatter community in Seoul, Korea, and the Wat Chonglom slum community in Bangkok, Thailand. In each case, the analysis moves from the level of the household and gender relations, through the level of community organization and leadership, to the linkages and conflicts that each community has to translocal organizations and the state. The comparisons suggest that the Wat Chonglom community was much better positioned than Wolgoksa-dong — and the vast majority of other slum communities in Bangkok — to expand its social capital and use it in the pursuit of livability. Both communities have shown, over the past decades, an admirable vitality and resilience in the face of highly adverse political and economic forces.Less
This chapter contrasts the strategies used to improve environmental conditions in two low-income communities in two different urban contexts: the Wolgoksa-dong squatter community in Seoul, Korea, and the Wat Chonglom slum community in Bangkok, Thailand. In each case, the analysis moves from the level of the household and gender relations, through the level of community organization and leadership, to the linkages and conflicts that each community has to translocal organizations and the state. The comparisons suggest that the Wat Chonglom community was much better positioned than Wolgoksa-dong — and the vast majority of other slum communities in Bangkok — to expand its social capital and use it in the pursuit of livability. Both communities have shown, over the past decades, an admirable vitality and resilience in the face of highly adverse political and economic forces.
Arlin C. Migliazzo
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823222209
- eISBN:
- 9780823236800
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823222209.003.0015
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This concluding chapter gives a summary of the outcome of attempts to integrate faith with teaching as described in this book. Christian ...
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This concluding chapter gives a summary of the outcome of attempts to integrate faith with teaching as described in this book. Christian educators from the past did much to say on the issue of linking academic content to different perspectives. Modern educators are more naturalistically bent. They simply apply the ideas learnt from graduate school with regard to teaching. They review the evidence, rethink the conclusions, think of new possibilities, and renew relationships with other seekers of truth. Educators should be always be ready to listen and remain open to new things.Less
This concluding chapter gives a summary of the outcome of attempts to integrate faith with teaching as described in this book. Christian educators from the past did much to say on the issue of linking academic content to different perspectives. Modern educators are more naturalistically bent. They simply apply the ideas learnt from graduate school with regard to teaching. They review the evidence, rethink the conclusions, think of new possibilities, and renew relationships with other seekers of truth. Educators should be always be ready to listen and remain open to new things.
Dorota Ostrowska and Małgorzata Radkiewicz
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748623082
- eISBN:
- 9780748651122
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623082.003.0008
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
In the 1960s, across Europe and the United States, the production of large-scale, spectacular, and costly historical blockbusters was seen as an expression of the battle between silver and small ...
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In the 1960s, across Europe and the United States, the production of large-scale, spectacular, and costly historical blockbusters was seen as an expression of the battle between silver and small screen, in which cinema was trying to attract the spectators with a spectacle they would not be able to see on their television screens. In the socialist bloc countries such as Poland, the same period was marked by quite a different development. Instead of competition there was a deep synergy between the two media regarding the production and exhibition of lavish adaptations of the classics of national literature, which were compared to the Italian peplum, to westerns, to family melodramas, and to historical romances. Przygody Pana Micha ła (Sir Michael's Adventures, 1969) was compared to a western film; Noce i Dnie (Nights and Days, film 1975, TV serial 1977) was compared to a family soap opera by Maria A. Hessel (Hessel 1969); and Hrabina Cosel (Countess Cosel, film 1968, TV serial 1968) was praised for being a spectacular historical romance full of balls, duels, and galloping horses (Toeplitz 1968). Each of these major productions was accompanied by a television serial, which was an extended version of the cinematic film, shot using the same casts, crew, directors, locations, and decorations as the film, but adjusted to the needs of television. TV serials were characterised by an extended narrative scope and the division of episodes.Less
In the 1960s, across Europe and the United States, the production of large-scale, spectacular, and costly historical blockbusters was seen as an expression of the battle between silver and small screen, in which cinema was trying to attract the spectators with a spectacle they would not be able to see on their television screens. In the socialist bloc countries such as Poland, the same period was marked by quite a different development. Instead of competition there was a deep synergy between the two media regarding the production and exhibition of lavish adaptations of the classics of national literature, which were compared to the Italian peplum, to westerns, to family melodramas, and to historical romances. Przygody Pana Micha ła (Sir Michael's Adventures, 1969) was compared to a western film; Noce i Dnie (Nights and Days, film 1975, TV serial 1977) was compared to a family soap opera by Maria A. Hessel (Hessel 1969); and Hrabina Cosel (Countess Cosel, film 1968, TV serial 1968) was praised for being a spectacular historical romance full of balls, duels, and galloping horses (Toeplitz 1968). Each of these major productions was accompanied by a television serial, which was an extended version of the cinematic film, shot using the same casts, crew, directors, locations, and decorations as the film, but adjusted to the needs of television. TV serials were characterised by an extended narrative scope and the division of episodes.
George E. Mitchell, Hans Peter Schmitz, and Tosca Bruno-van Vijfeijken
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- July 2020
- ISBN:
- 9780190084714
- eISBN:
- 9780190084752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190084714.003.0011
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Organization Studies, Public Management
Chapter 11 argues that mergers and acquisitions (M&As) can be an important strategic tool for acquiring capabilities needed to improve organizational effectiveness, relevance, and competitiveness. ...
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Chapter 11 argues that mergers and acquisitions (M&As) can be an important strategic tool for acquiring capabilities needed to improve organizational effectiveness, relevance, and competitiveness. However, typically M&As within the sector are rare and often reactive in nature. They usually involve the joining together of a smaller, financially stressed organization with a larger, healthier TNGO looking to expand. Much less common are more proactive M&A efforts where both partners come together from positions of strength. M&As appear to be underutilized as a strategic tool to increase scale and impact due to a variety of normative and institutional barriers. These include legal structures that disincentivize or prevent takeovers, cultures of uniqueness among TNGOs and their supporters, and the lack of M&A matchmakers and resources for competently exploring and executing the M&A process.Less
Chapter 11 argues that mergers and acquisitions (M&As) can be an important strategic tool for acquiring capabilities needed to improve organizational effectiveness, relevance, and competitiveness. However, typically M&As within the sector are rare and often reactive in nature. They usually involve the joining together of a smaller, financially stressed organization with a larger, healthier TNGO looking to expand. Much less common are more proactive M&A efforts where both partners come together from positions of strength. M&As appear to be underutilized as a strategic tool to increase scale and impact due to a variety of normative and institutional barriers. These include legal structures that disincentivize or prevent takeovers, cultures of uniqueness among TNGOs and their supporters, and the lack of M&A matchmakers and resources for competently exploring and executing the M&A process.
Janet Starkey
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9789774165290
- eISBN:
- 9781617971334
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- American University in Cairo Press
- DOI:
- 10.5743/cairo/9789774165290.003.0005
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Middle Eastern Studies
This chapter examines the Khan al-Jumruk (‘Customs Khan’) and its place within the social space of the Aleppo commercial center, exploring the many-faceted spatial relationships and the synergy ...
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This chapter examines the Khan al-Jumruk (‘Customs Khan’) and its place within the social space of the Aleppo commercial center, exploring the many-faceted spatial relationships and the synergy between the Khān al-Jumruk and the surrounding bazaars of the World Heritage site, the city of Aleppo in northern Syria. The khan was built in 1574 as part of a larger complex that included a qaysāriyyaand two sūqs. Typically it has a central interior courtyard with commercial enterprises on the ground floor and larger rooms and accommodation for traveling merchants on the first floor. It is also near other khans and caravanserais and is on a key route through the bazaar towards the citadel, which dominates the city and overshadows the bazaars.Less
This chapter examines the Khan al-Jumruk (‘Customs Khan’) and its place within the social space of the Aleppo commercial center, exploring the many-faceted spatial relationships and the synergy between the Khān al-Jumruk and the surrounding bazaars of the World Heritage site, the city of Aleppo in northern Syria. The khan was built in 1574 as part of a larger complex that included a qaysāriyyaand two sūqs. Typically it has a central interior courtyard with commercial enterprises on the ground floor and larger rooms and accommodation for traveling merchants on the first floor. It is also near other khans and caravanserais and is on a key route through the bazaar towards the citadel, which dominates the city and overshadows the bazaars.
