David O. Clayden
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198565932
- eISBN:
- 9780191714016
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565932.003.0018
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter presents background information on valves. A valve consists of an evacuated glass envelope containing a number of electrodes. These are connected to the outside by wires passing though ...
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This chapter presents background information on valves. A valve consists of an evacuated glass envelope containing a number of electrodes. These are connected to the outside by wires passing though special seals. The innermost electrode is the cathode, which consists of a metal tube coated with a material that emits electrons when it is heated. In the simplest form of valve, called a diode, the cathode is surrounded by a metal cylinder called the anode. If the anode is connected to a voltage that is positive relative to the cathode, the anode attracts electrons from the cathode and a current flows. Valves as amplifiers and switches, power consumption, and valve specifications are described.Less
This chapter presents background information on valves. A valve consists of an evacuated glass envelope containing a number of electrodes. These are connected to the outside by wires passing though special seals. The innermost electrode is the cathode, which consists of a metal tube coated with a material that emits electrons when it is heated. In the simplest form of valve, called a diode, the cathode is surrounded by a metal cylinder called the anode. If the anode is connected to a voltage that is positive relative to the cathode, the anode attracts electrons from the cathode and a current flows. Valves as amplifiers and switches, power consumption, and valve specifications are described.
Anthony F. Heath, Roger M. Jowell, and John K. Curtice
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199245116
- eISBN:
- 9780191599453
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199245118.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
The authors analyse the long process of modernization of the Labour party that had its origins in Neil Kinnock's period as a leader of the party between 1983 and 1992 and that culminated in Labour's ...
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The authors analyse the long process of modernization of the Labour party that had its origins in Neil Kinnock's period as a leader of the party between 1983 and 1992 and that culminated in Labour's victory in the 1997 general election. Heath, Jowell, and Curtice draw the conclusion that on the non‐economic issues such as disarmament, Europe, and devolution, Tony Blair's New Labour was merely a continuation of Neil Kinnock's policy. It was Neil Kinnock not Tony Blair who had made the radical break with Labour's recent past. However, on economic issues New Labour made a clearer break with its Old Labour inheritance—on nationalization, unions, government spending, and taxation, New Labour adopted many Thatcherite precepts. The decisive move of New Labour towards the centre on the economic issues, did have major electoral benefits because it squeezed the Liberal Democrats’ share of the vote on the centre‐left, but it also captured ground on the centre‐right from the Conservatives. New Labour's move to the centre also disrupted the usual patterns of vote‐switching; more Conservatives than usual switching directly to Labour rather than to the Liberal Democrats.Less
The authors analyse the long process of modernization of the Labour party that had its origins in Neil Kinnock's period as a leader of the party between 1983 and 1992 and that culminated in Labour's victory in the 1997 general election. Heath, Jowell, and Curtice draw the conclusion that on the non‐economic issues such as disarmament, Europe, and devolution, Tony Blair's New Labour was merely a continuation of Neil Kinnock's policy. It was Neil Kinnock not Tony Blair who had made the radical break with Labour's recent past. However, on economic issues New Labour made a clearer break with its Old Labour inheritance—on nationalization, unions, government spending, and taxation, New Labour adopted many Thatcherite precepts. The decisive move of New Labour towards the centre on the economic issues, did have major electoral benefits because it squeezed the Liberal Democrats’ share of the vote on the centre‐left, but it also captured ground on the centre‐right from the Conservatives. New Labour's move to the centre also disrupted the usual patterns of vote‐switching; more Conservatives than usual switching directly to Labour rather than to the Liberal Democrats.
Mark Dykman (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199691388
- eISBN:
- 9780191742255
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199691388.001.0001
- Subject:
- Physics, Theoretical, Computational, and Statistical Physics
The book elucidates the physics of classical and quantum fluctuations in nonlinear oscillators and provides a unifying insight into fluctuation phenomena in a variety of vibrational systems of ...
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The book elucidates the physics of classical and quantum fluctuations in nonlinear oscillators and provides a unifying insight into fluctuation phenomena in a variety of vibrational systems of current interest. The considered systems are mesoscopis: they are small, so that fluctuations play an important role, but can be individually accessed. The book consists of chapters written by leading experts in the field. The chapters are self-contained and complement each other. They describe major types of nonlinear mesoscopic vibrational systems and the new quantum and classical physics learned using these systems. Also described are new approaches to quantum and classical measurements. The discussed topics include nonlinear dynamics, bistability, and quantum control of microwave cavity modes coupled to qubits; measurements with bifurcation amplifiers based on modulated vibrational systems and new types of such amplifiers; switching rate scaling and a new quantum mechanism of switching in modulated systems; nonlinear wave mixing, parametric excitation, and amplification in the quantum regime; collective phenomena in coupled modulated vibrational systems and the interaction-induced breaking of the time-translation symmetry; quantum back-action in strongly coupled electron-vibrational systems and the effect on the vibrations of the shot noise from spin current; new mechanisms of vibrational relaxation; and the quantum-classical correspondence in the strongly nonlinear regime. The specific systems considered in the book include Josephson junctions, microwave cavities containing qubits or other devices based on Josephson junctions, nano- and micro-mechanical systems, carbon nanotubes, cold atoms, and nano-magnetic oscillators.Less
The book elucidates the physics of classical and quantum fluctuations in nonlinear oscillators and provides a unifying insight into fluctuation phenomena in a variety of vibrational systems of current interest. The considered systems are mesoscopis: they are small, so that fluctuations play an important role, but can be individually accessed. The book consists of chapters written by leading experts in the field. The chapters are self-contained and complement each other. They describe major types of nonlinear mesoscopic vibrational systems and the new quantum and classical physics learned using these systems. Also described are new approaches to quantum and classical measurements. The discussed topics include nonlinear dynamics, bistability, and quantum control of microwave cavity modes coupled to qubits; measurements with bifurcation amplifiers based on modulated vibrational systems and new types of such amplifiers; switching rate scaling and a new quantum mechanism of switching in modulated systems; nonlinear wave mixing, parametric excitation, and amplification in the quantum regime; collective phenomena in coupled modulated vibrational systems and the interaction-induced breaking of the time-translation symmetry; quantum back-action in strongly coupled electron-vibrational systems and the effect on the vibrations of the shot noise from spin current; new mechanisms of vibrational relaxation; and the quantum-classical correspondence in the strongly nonlinear regime. The specific systems considered in the book include Josephson junctions, microwave cavities containing qubits or other devices based on Josephson junctions, nano- and micro-mechanical systems, carbon nanotubes, cold atoms, and nano-magnetic oscillators.
Nicolas Dirr
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199239252
- eISBN:
- 9780191716911
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239252.003.0011
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics, Analysis
The chapter discusses a multiscale model for a two-phases material. The model is a stochastic process on the finest scale. The effective behaviour on larger scales is governed by deterministic ...
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The chapter discusses a multiscale model for a two-phases material. The model is a stochastic process on the finest scale. The effective behaviour on larger scales is governed by deterministic nonlinear evolution equations. Due to the stochasticity on the finest scale, deviations from these limit evolution laws can happen with small probability. The chapter describes the most likely among those deviations in two situations: (i) the switching from one stable equilibrium of the evolution equation to another one, (ii) enforced, fast motion on a manifold of stationary solutions. This chapter is based on joint work with Giovanni Bellettini, Anna DeMasi and Errico Presutti.Less
The chapter discusses a multiscale model for a two-phases material. The model is a stochastic process on the finest scale. The effective behaviour on larger scales is governed by deterministic nonlinear evolution equations. Due to the stochasticity on the finest scale, deviations from these limit evolution laws can happen with small probability. The chapter describes the most likely among those deviations in two situations: (i) the switching from one stable equilibrium of the evolution equation to another one, (ii) enforced, fast motion on a manifold of stationary solutions. This chapter is based on joint work with Giovanni Bellettini, Anna DeMasi and Errico Presutti.
Witham Larry
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195394757
- eISBN:
- 9780199777372
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195394757.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
Family economics, which looks at the production and consumption in a household, can be applied to religion. The household is typically husband and wife, parents and children, operates under ...
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Family economics, which looks at the production and consumption in a household, can be applied to religion. The household is typically husband and wife, parents and children, operates under constraints of time and money, seeking both economic goals (income) and non-economic goals, such as leisure. Religion falls under the non-economic goals of a household. But all activity in a household can have future consequences, which economics explains with the concept of “human capital.” Education is the typical example. It is an accumulation of skill, habit, and knowledge (capital) that enriches life and promise higher income. The capital approach can be applied to religion by analyzing the household accumulation of religious habit, knowledge, and association. Human “religious capital” predicts religious affiliations, tastes, conversions, “switching,” and marriages. It also throws light on life-cycle patterns of how individuals and families invest time and money in religious beliefs and behaviors.Less
Family economics, which looks at the production and consumption in a household, can be applied to religion. The household is typically husband and wife, parents and children, operates under constraints of time and money, seeking both economic goals (income) and non-economic goals, such as leisure. Religion falls under the non-economic goals of a household. But all activity in a household can have future consequences, which economics explains with the concept of “human capital.” Education is the typical example. It is an accumulation of skill, habit, and knowledge (capital) that enriches life and promise higher income. The capital approach can be applied to religion by analyzing the household accumulation of religious habit, knowledge, and association. Human “religious capital” predicts religious affiliations, tastes, conversions, “switching,” and marriages. It also throws light on life-cycle patterns of how individuals and families invest time and money in religious beliefs and behaviors.
Bjorn Hammarberg
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748635115
- eISBN:
- 9780748651504
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748635115.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Applied Linguistics and Pedagogy
This book brings together six case studies of an adult multilingual speaker who acquires a new language through social interaction. It deals especially with the multilingual situation, the learner's ...
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This book brings together six case studies of an adult multilingual speaker who acquires a new language through social interaction. It deals especially with the multilingual situation, the learner's acquisitional activities, and the involvement of background languages in the process of speaking. The book offers a coherent study of various linguistic phenomena in one individual, including patterns and functions of language switching, word search in interaction, hypothetical construction of words, and articulatory settings in speaking. The main languages involved are English (L1), German (L2), and Swedish (L3). The activation of these languages in the learner's speech is examined in a cognitive perspective in relation to current models of the speaking process. A longitudinal corpus of NNS-NS conversations covering 21 months from the beginner stage provides the main data for these studies. The book highlights the significance of prior L2 knowledge in L3 performance.Less
This book brings together six case studies of an adult multilingual speaker who acquires a new language through social interaction. It deals especially with the multilingual situation, the learner's acquisitional activities, and the involvement of background languages in the process of speaking. The book offers a coherent study of various linguistic phenomena in one individual, including patterns and functions of language switching, word search in interaction, hypothetical construction of words, and articulatory settings in speaking. The main languages involved are English (L1), German (L2), and Swedish (L3). The activation of these languages in the learner's speech is examined in a cognitive perspective in relation to current models of the speaking process. A longitudinal corpus of NNS-NS conversations covering 21 months from the beginner stage provides the main data for these studies. The book highlights the significance of prior L2 knowledge in L3 performance.
Hiroshi Imamizu
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195395273
- eISBN:
- 9780199863518
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195395273.003.0011
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
Internal models are neural mechanisms that mimic the input-output properties of controlled objects, possibly enabling skillful control of our bodies and external tools. This chapter reviews a series ...
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Internal models are neural mechanisms that mimic the input-output properties of controlled objects, possibly enabling skillful control of our bodies and external tools. This chapter reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies investigating the acquisition of an internal model for a novel tool in the human cerebellum, modular organization of internal models for tools with different input-output properties, and switching mechanisms of internal models in the parietal-cerebellar network. Although these studies investigated skills for novel tools, they show intuitive instances of neural mechanisms supporting the acquisition and flexible selection of appropriate skills. A recent study on brain activity related to the imaginary use of common tools (e.g., scissors and a hammer) suggested that the neural mechanisms found in previous work (on uncommon objects and tools) are partly shared by skills for common tools. The chapter discusses how skills acquired in the cerebellum differ from those acquired in the frontal-parietal network, which have long been investigated in neuropsychological studies.Less
Internal models are neural mechanisms that mimic the input-output properties of controlled objects, possibly enabling skillful control of our bodies and external tools. This chapter reviews a series of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies investigating the acquisition of an internal model for a novel tool in the human cerebellum, modular organization of internal models for tools with different input-output properties, and switching mechanisms of internal models in the parietal-cerebellar network. Although these studies investigated skills for novel tools, they show intuitive instances of neural mechanisms supporting the acquisition and flexible selection of appropriate skills. A recent study on brain activity related to the imaginary use of common tools (e.g., scissors and a hammer) suggested that the neural mechanisms found in previous work (on uncommon objects and tools) are partly shared by skills for common tools. The chapter discusses how skills acquired in the cerebellum differ from those acquired in the frontal-parietal network, which have long been investigated in neuropsychological studies.
Brenda Danet and Susan C. Herring (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304794
- eISBN:
- 9780199788248
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304794.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
Although English is the de facto lingua franca of the Internet, most Internet users are not native speakers of English. Two-thirds of the one billion users now online communicate in other languages, ...
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Although English is the de facto lingua franca of the Internet, most Internet users are not native speakers of English. Two-thirds of the one billion users now online communicate in other languages, in non-native English, or both. Yet the English-based scholarly literature on computer-mediated communication (CMC) does not reflect this diversity. This book analyzes text-based CMC in multiple languages other than native English. Its eighteen chapters, most of them case studies focusing on a particular language or multilingual situation, address a range of topics: writing systems and the Internet; linguistic and discourse features of local language use online; gender, language, and culture online; language choice and code switching; and linguistic diversity on the Internet, currently and projected into the future. Secondary themes addressed include playfulness and creativity in CMC; romanization of languages ordinarily written in other scripts; and comparison of CMC-specific features in various languages. The languages described include French, Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Spanish, Catalan, Japanese, Thai, Portuguese, and non-native Englishes. A wide range of CMC modes is covered, from personal email, discussion lists, and text messaging on mobile phones (asynchronous) to instant messaging, ICQ, and graphical chat (synchronous) — as used by teenagers, university students and other young people, housewives, and professionals. The book includes an introduction with numerous references.Less
Although English is the de facto lingua franca of the Internet, most Internet users are not native speakers of English. Two-thirds of the one billion users now online communicate in other languages, in non-native English, or both. Yet the English-based scholarly literature on computer-mediated communication (CMC) does not reflect this diversity. This book analyzes text-based CMC in multiple languages other than native English. Its eighteen chapters, most of them case studies focusing on a particular language or multilingual situation, address a range of topics: writing systems and the Internet; linguistic and discourse features of local language use online; gender, language, and culture online; language choice and code switching; and linguistic diversity on the Internet, currently and projected into the future. Secondary themes addressed include playfulness and creativity in CMC; romanization of languages ordinarily written in other scripts; and comparison of CMC-specific features in various languages. The languages described include French, Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Spanish, Catalan, Japanese, Thai, Portuguese, and non-native Englishes. A wide range of CMC modes is covered, from personal email, discussion lists, and text messaging on mobile phones (asynchronous) to instant messaging, ICQ, and graphical chat (synchronous) — as used by teenagers, university students and other young people, housewives, and professionals. The book includes an introduction with numerous references.
Mohamed Ahmed
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- May 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781474444439
- eISBN:
- 9781474476713
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474444439.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
In the late 1950s, Iraqi Jews were either forced or chose to leave Iraq for Israel. Finding it impossible to continue writing in Arabic in Israel, many Iraqi Jewish novelists faced the literary ...
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In the late 1950s, Iraqi Jews were either forced or chose to leave Iraq for Israel. Finding it impossible to continue writing in Arabic in Israel, many Iraqi Jewish novelists faced the literary challenge of switching to Hebrew. Focusing on the literary works of the writers Shimon Ballas, Sami Michael and Eli Amir, this book examines their use of their native Iraqi Arabic in their Hebrew works. It examines the influence of Arabic language and culture and explores questions of language, place and belonging from the perspective of sociolinguistics and multilingualism.
In addition, the book applies stylistics as a framework to investigate the range of linguistic phenomena that can be found in these exophonic texts, such as code-switching, borrowing, language and translation strategies. This new stylistic framework for analysing exophonic texts offers a future model for the study of other languages.
The social and political implications of this dilemma, as it finds expression in creative writing, are also manifold. In an age of mass migration and population displacement, the conflicted loyalties explored in this book through the prism of Arabic and Hebrew are relevant in a range of linguistic contexts.Less
In the late 1950s, Iraqi Jews were either forced or chose to leave Iraq for Israel. Finding it impossible to continue writing in Arabic in Israel, many Iraqi Jewish novelists faced the literary challenge of switching to Hebrew. Focusing on the literary works of the writers Shimon Ballas, Sami Michael and Eli Amir, this book examines their use of their native Iraqi Arabic in their Hebrew works. It examines the influence of Arabic language and culture and explores questions of language, place and belonging from the perspective of sociolinguistics and multilingualism.
In addition, the book applies stylistics as a framework to investigate the range of linguistic phenomena that can be found in these exophonic texts, such as code-switching, borrowing, language and translation strategies. This new stylistic framework for analysing exophonic texts offers a future model for the study of other languages.
The social and political implications of this dilemma, as it finds expression in creative writing, are also manifold. In an age of mass migration and population displacement, the conflicted loyalties explored in this book through the prism of Arabic and Hebrew are relevant in a range of linguistic contexts.
Richard M. Murray
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691161532
- eISBN:
- 9781400850501
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691161532.003.0005
- Subject:
- Biology, Biochemistry / Molecular Biology
This chapter describes some simple circuit components that have been constructed in E. coli cells using the technology of synthetic biology and then considers a more complicated circuit that already ...
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This chapter describes some simple circuit components that have been constructed in E. coli cells using the technology of synthetic biology and then considers a more complicated circuit that already appears in natural systems to implement adaptation. It first analyzes the negatively autoregulated gene fabricated in E. coli bacteria, before turning to the toggle switch, which is composed of two genes that mutually repress each other. The chapter next illustrates a dynamical model of a “repressilator”—an oscillatory genetic circuit consisting of three repressors arranged in a ring fashion. The activator–repressor clock is then considered, alongside an incoherent feedforward loop (IFFL). Finally, the chapter examines bacterial chemotaxis, which E. coli use to move in the direction of increasing nutrients.Less
This chapter describes some simple circuit components that have been constructed in E. coli cells using the technology of synthetic biology and then considers a more complicated circuit that already appears in natural systems to implement adaptation. It first analyzes the negatively autoregulated gene fabricated in E. coli bacteria, before turning to the toggle switch, which is composed of two genes that mutually repress each other. The chapter next illustrates a dynamical model of a “repressilator”—an oscillatory genetic circuit consisting of three repressors arranged in a ring fashion. The activator–repressor clock is then considered, alongside an incoherent feedforward loop (IFFL). Finally, the chapter examines bacterial chemotaxis, which E. coli use to move in the direction of increasing nutrients.
Brenda Danet and Susan C. Herring
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304794
- eISBN:
- 9780199788248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304794.003.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This introductory chapter reviews research on the language(s) of CMC in a variety of linguistic/sociocultural contexts, focusing on constraints of writing systems; linguistic and discourse features ...
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This introductory chapter reviews research on the language(s) of CMC in a variety of linguistic/sociocultural contexts, focusing on constraints of writing systems; linguistic and discourse features of communication online, with special attention to Japanese and Greek; gender and culture; language choice and code switching; and linguistic diversity on the Internet, compared with linguistic diversity worldwide. Specific issues addressed include how speakers of languages not using the Roman alphabet improvise creative ways to represent their languages online, online language choice in multilingual European contexts, and the status of English vis-à-vis minority languages on the Internet. The eighteen chapters in the book are then described and classified according to the CMC mode(s), linguistic phenomena, and user demographics analyzed in each. The review of literature includes a sampling of publications in European languages.Less
This introductory chapter reviews research on the language(s) of CMC in a variety of linguistic/sociocultural contexts, focusing on constraints of writing systems; linguistic and discourse features of communication online, with special attention to Japanese and Greek; gender and culture; language choice and code switching; and linguistic diversity on the Internet, compared with linguistic diversity worldwide. Specific issues addressed include how speakers of languages not using the Roman alphabet improvise creative ways to represent their languages online, online language choice in multilingual European contexts, and the status of English vis-à-vis minority languages on the Internet. The eighteen chapters in the book are then described and classified according to the CMC mode(s), linguistic phenomena, and user demographics analyzed in each. The review of literature includes a sampling of publications in European languages.
Hsi-Yao Su
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304794
- eISBN:
- 9780199788248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304794.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter investigates creative uses of writing systems on the electronic bulletin boards (BBSs) of two college student organizations in Taipei, Taiwan. Data were collected from postings on ...
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This chapter investigates creative uses of writing systems on the electronic bulletin boards (BBSs) of two college student organizations in Taipei, Taiwan. Data were collected from postings on bulletin boards and semi-structured interviews with members of the student organizations and it was analyzed using qualitative and ethnographic methods. Four popular creative uses of writing systems are identified and discussed: the rendering in Chinese characters of the sounds of English, Taiwanese, and Taiwanese-accented Mandarin, and the recycling of a transliteration alphabet used in elementary education. It is argued that these practices are enabled by the written nature of the Internet, the orthographic systems available in the society, and the multilingual situation in Taiwan, and that everyday meanings associated with the writing systems and languages are appropriated and reproduced through online practice, resulting in a unique mode of communication.Less
This chapter investigates creative uses of writing systems on the electronic bulletin boards (BBSs) of two college student organizations in Taipei, Taiwan. Data were collected from postings on bulletin boards and semi-structured interviews with members of the student organizations and it was analyzed using qualitative and ethnographic methods. Four popular creative uses of writing systems are identified and discussed: the rendering in Chinese characters of the sounds of English, Taiwanese, and Taiwanese-accented Mandarin, and the recycling of a transliteration alphabet used in elementary education. It is argued that these practices are enabled by the written nature of the Internet, the orthographic systems available in the society, and the multilingual situation in Taiwan, and that everyday meanings associated with the writing systems and languages are appropriated and reproduced through online practice, resulting in a unique mode of communication.
Juyoung Song
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195327359
- eISBN:
- 9780199870639
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327359.003.0013
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter explores Korean‐American children's language socialization into Korean address terms and their creative uses of these terms in a Korean‐English bilingual context. The data revealed that, ...
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This chapter explores Korean‐American children's language socialization into Korean address terms and their creative uses of these terms in a Korean‐English bilingual context. The data revealed that, while children's acquisition and use of Korean address terms were mostly mediated by language socialization practices with their parents, their bilingual practices were not directly imposed by these practices. That is, children created their own ways of addressing other Koreans, ways which were novel to adult members of the community. For example, children in this study (1) “anglicized” a social superior's name in Korean utterances and therefore established its bivalency and (2) code‐switched from Korean into English in order to avoid terms that index hierarchy and in‐group intimacy. Such improvised linguistic practices illuminate their ongoing negotiation and construction of the self and the creative potential of children's active participation in their language socialization processes.Less
This chapter explores Korean‐American children's language socialization into Korean address terms and their creative uses of these terms in a Korean‐English bilingual context. The data revealed that, while children's acquisition and use of Korean address terms were mostly mediated by language socialization practices with their parents, their bilingual practices were not directly imposed by these practices. That is, children created their own ways of addressing other Koreans, ways which were novel to adult members of the community. For example, children in this study (1) “anglicized” a social superior's name in Korean utterances and therefore established its bivalency and (2) code‐switched from Korean into English in order to avoid terms that index hierarchy and in‐group intimacy. Such improvised linguistic practices illuminate their ongoing negotiation and construction of the self and the creative potential of children's active participation in their language socialization processes.
Alessandro Duranti and Jennifer F. Reynolds
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195327359
- eISBN:
- 9780199870639
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327359.003.0014
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
Bilingualism is a concept that relies on a variety of theoretical constructs, including the notions of “language,” “speakers,” and “community.” Subjecting these key notions to empirical and ...
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Bilingualism is a concept that relies on a variety of theoretical constructs, including the notions of “language,” “speakers,” and “community.” Subjecting these key notions to empirical and theoretical challenges, this study applies an anthropological approach to bilingualism's most emblematic phenomenon, code‐switching. Audio‐visual recordings of spontaneous interactions collected in a Samoan community in Southern California are examined. Three phenomena are considered: (1) the routine adoption of kinship terms (Dad and Mom) in Samoan discourse; (2) the “island‐like” status of proper names which are not adapted to the Samoan phonological register called “bad speech” spoken at home; (3) the code‐switching to Samoan words that do have an English equivalent and are associated with church activities. It is argued that these phenomena are indexes of social change, revealing that Samoan parents in the U.S. tend to take the child's point of view and that persons are constructed as less contextualized, more permanent entities.Less
Bilingualism is a concept that relies on a variety of theoretical constructs, including the notions of “language,” “speakers,” and “community.” Subjecting these key notions to empirical and theoretical challenges, this study applies an anthropological approach to bilingualism's most emblematic phenomenon, code‐switching. Audio‐visual recordings of spontaneous interactions collected in a Samoan community in Southern California are examined. Three phenomena are considered: (1) the routine adoption of kinship terms (Dad and Mom) in Samoan discourse; (2) the “island‐like” status of proper names which are not adapted to the Samoan phonological register called “bad speech” spoken at home; (3) the code‐switching to Samoan words that do have an English equivalent and are associated with church activities. It is argued that these phenomena are indexes of social change, revealing that Samoan parents in the U.S. tend to take the child's point of view and that persons are constructed as less contextualized, more permanent entities.
Leanne Hinton
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195327359
- eISBN:
- 9780199870639
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327359.003.0020
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter is an examination of the personal side of language maintenance and language shift in the United States, as told by Asian‐Americans from immigrant families. Pertinent selections were ...
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This chapter is an examination of the personal side of language maintenance and language shift in the United States, as told by Asian‐Americans from immigrant families. Pertinent selections were taken for over 250 “language autobiographies” submitted over several years in a course at the University of California at Berkeley. In these autobiographies, the students reveal their struggles with learning English and the concomitant decline of their heritage tongue. They describe from a personal point of view the processes of language attrition and the embarrassments, intergenerational isolation and ultimate regrets coming from their own illiteracy, incomplete learning and attrition of their family's native language. The conclusion points out the waste of heritage languages which, if supported better in the school system, could be important resources for the United States.Less
This chapter is an examination of the personal side of language maintenance and language shift in the United States, as told by Asian‐Americans from immigrant families. Pertinent selections were taken for over 250 “language autobiographies” submitted over several years in a course at the University of California at Berkeley. In these autobiographies, the students reveal their struggles with learning English and the concomitant decline of their heritage tongue. They describe from a personal point of view the processes of language attrition and the embarrassments, intergenerational isolation and ultimate regrets coming from their own illiteracy, incomplete learning and attrition of their family's native language. The conclusion points out the waste of heritage languages which, if supported better in the school system, could be important resources for the United States.
Marcel Brass, Jan Derrfuss, and Yves von Cramon
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195314274
- eISBN:
- 9780199786695
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314274.003.0011
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
This chapter focuses on different aspects of rule‐guided behavior, its functional neuroanatomy and role in cognitive control and, more specifically, cognitive flexibility. First, it argues that an ...
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This chapter focuses on different aspects of rule‐guided behavior, its functional neuroanatomy and role in cognitive control and, more specifically, cognitive flexibility. First, it argues that an area in the posterior lateral prefrontal cortex plays a crucial role in the implementation of task rules and task‐switching. Second, it examines how the functional role of this area is related to premotor cortex function. Furthermore, it discusses differences in rule representation between human and nonhuman primates. Finally, it addresses the question of how the prefrontal and parietal cortices interact during abstract rule implementation.Less
This chapter focuses on different aspects of rule‐guided behavior, its functional neuroanatomy and role in cognitive control and, more specifically, cognitive flexibility. First, it argues that an area in the posterior lateral prefrontal cortex plays a crucial role in the implementation of task rules and task‐switching. Second, it examines how the functional role of this area is related to premotor cortex function. Furthermore, it discusses differences in rule representation between human and nonhuman primates. Finally, it addresses the question of how the prefrontal and parietal cortices interact during abstract rule implementation.
Mark Warschauer, Ghada R. El Said, and Ayman Zohry
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304794
- eISBN:
- 9780199788248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304794.003.0013
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
There has been a good deal of concern around the world about the disproportionate role of English on the Internet and thus a possible displacement of other languages. Yet little prior research has ...
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There has been a good deal of concern around the world about the disproportionate role of English on the Internet and thus a possible displacement of other languages. Yet little prior research has investigated the relationship between use of English and other languages online. This chapter combines linguistic analysis, a survey, and interviews to examine English and Arabic language use in online communication by a group of young professionals in Egypt. The study indicates that among this group, English is used predominantly in World Wide Web browsing and formal email communication, but that a romanized version of Egyptian Arabic is used extensively in informal email messages and online chats. This online use of English and Arabic is analyzed in relation to broader social trends of language, technology, globalization, and identity.Less
There has been a good deal of concern around the world about the disproportionate role of English on the Internet and thus a possible displacement of other languages. Yet little prior research has investigated the relationship between use of English and other languages online. This chapter combines linguistic analysis, a survey, and interviews to examine English and Arabic language use in online communication by a group of young professionals in Egypt. The study indicates that among this group, English is used predominantly in World Wide Web browsing and formal email communication, but that a romanized version of Egyptian Arabic is used extensively in informal email messages and online chats. This online use of English and Arabic is analyzed in relation to broader social trends of language, technology, globalization, and identity.
Mercedes Durham
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304794
- eISBN:
- 9780199788248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304794.003.0014
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter examines the linguistic choices made by multilingual Swiss medical students on an asynchronous Internet discussion list. A quantitative analysis of language choice in over 1,000 messages ...
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This chapter examines the linguistic choices made by multilingual Swiss medical students on an asynchronous Internet discussion list. A quantitative analysis of language choice in over 1,000 messages sent to the list over a period of four calendar years shows that English was progressively adopted as the lingua franca by the French, German, and Italian native speaking members of the association, largely superceding the use of their native languages. The analysis also reveals that although some messages were in English, French, and German, only a small minority of messages contain code switching. A qualitative analysis of participants’ linguistic choices and their own metalinguistic commentary provides clues as to why English has gained in importance on this list and in Switzerland as a whole.Less
This chapter examines the linguistic choices made by multilingual Swiss medical students on an asynchronous Internet discussion list. A quantitative analysis of language choice in over 1,000 messages sent to the list over a period of four calendar years shows that English was progressively adopted as the lingua franca by the French, German, and Italian native speaking members of the association, largely superceding the use of their native languages. The analysis also reveals that although some messages were in English, French, and German, only a small minority of messages contain code switching. A qualitative analysis of participants’ linguistic choices and their own metalinguistic commentary provides clues as to why English has gained in importance on this list and in Switzerland as a whole.
Ann-Sofie Axelsson, Åsa Abelin, and Ralph Schroeder
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195304794
- eISBN:
- 9780199788248
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195304794.003.0016
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
English is the dominant language on the Internet, but as more people access the Internet, more nationalities and languages meet. This study examined language encounters in the Internet-based shared ...
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English is the dominant language on the Internet, but as more people access the Internet, more nationalities and languages meet. This study examined language encounters in the Internet-based shared virtual environment (SVE) ActiveWorlds. The aim of the study, based on participant observations, was to discover whether language minorities are accepted or rejected by the language majority in SVE conversations, and how different conditions affect the outcome of the language encounter. It has been hypothesized that English would be the dominant language, but that minority languages would be common and well accepted by majority language-speaking users. The results showed strong English dominance. Shifts to minority languages introduced by participants were rarely accepted by English speakers and were fully accepted only in language-specific worlds.Less
English is the dominant language on the Internet, but as more people access the Internet, more nationalities and languages meet. This study examined language encounters in the Internet-based shared virtual environment (SVE) ActiveWorlds. The aim of the study, based on participant observations, was to discover whether language minorities are accepted or rejected by the language majority in SVE conversations, and how different conditions affect the outcome of the language encounter. It has been hypothesized that English would be the dominant language, but that minority languages would be common and well accepted by majority language-speaking users. The results showed strong English dominance. Shifts to minority languages introduced by participants were rarely accepted by English speakers and were fully accepted only in language-specific worlds.
Gijsbert Stoet and Lawrence Snyder
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195314274
- eISBN:
- 9780199786695
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314274.003.0014
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience
Task‐switching paradigms are ideal for studying how primates implement and apply rules. This chapter summarizes a large body of work conducted on the comparative primatology and neurophysiology of ...
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Task‐switching paradigms are ideal for studying how primates implement and apply rules. This chapter summarizes a large body of work conducted on the comparative primatology and neurophysiology of task‐switching in macaque monkeys. This chapter presents ?ndings of rule representations from single‐neuron recordings in the intraparietal sulcus in posterior parietal cortex and argues that rule representation and control is implemented by a network spanning both frontal and posterior brain regions. These ?ndings provide a useful model for studying neuronal representations of task rules and the neural processes that apply those rules.Less
Task‐switching paradigms are ideal for studying how primates implement and apply rules. This chapter summarizes a large body of work conducted on the comparative primatology and neurophysiology of task‐switching in macaque monkeys. This chapter presents ?ndings of rule representations from single‐neuron recordings in the intraparietal sulcus in posterior parietal cortex and argues that rule representation and control is implemented by a network spanning both frontal and posterior brain regions. These ?ndings provide a useful model for studying neuronal representations of task rules and the neural processes that apply those rules.
