Jason Ralph
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199214310
- eISBN:
- 9780191706615
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199214310.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
In stark contrast to American policy, European states have embraced the ICC. This chapter examines what this tells us about Europe as an actor on the global state. Drawing on Andrew Linklater's ...
More
In stark contrast to American policy, European states have embraced the ICC. This chapter examines what this tells us about Europe as an actor on the global state. Drawing on Andrew Linklater's conception of a post‐Westphalian political association, the chapter examines how the European Union and its member governments have interacted with Westphalian states like the US on matters relating to the ICC. In particular the chapter focuses on the political dilemmas created by US attempts to exempt its citizens from the ICC's jurisdiction and it uses these as case studies to illustrate how support for the Court impacts on our understanding of good international citizenship. The chapter offers detailed accounts of the debate on bilateral non‐surrender or bilateral immunity agreements, the debate at the Security Council on exemptions for peacekeepers, and the Security Council's decision to refer the situation in Darfur to the ICC.Less
In stark contrast to American policy, European states have embraced the ICC. This chapter examines what this tells us about Europe as an actor on the global state. Drawing on Andrew Linklater's conception of a post‐Westphalian political association, the chapter examines how the European Union and its member governments have interacted with Westphalian states like the US on matters relating to the ICC. In particular the chapter focuses on the political dilemmas created by US attempts to exempt its citizens from the ICC's jurisdiction and it uses these as case studies to illustrate how support for the Court impacts on our understanding of good international citizenship. The chapter offers detailed accounts of the debate on bilateral non‐surrender or bilateral immunity agreements, the debate at the Security Council on exemptions for peacekeepers, and the Security Council's decision to refer the situation in Darfur to the ICC.
Ray A. Moore and Donald L. Robinson
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195151169
- eISBN:
- 9780199833917
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/019515116X.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
Describes the U.S. government's wartime (1942–1945) planning of the occupation of Japan. American planners clashed over the role of Japan's emperor in a postwar democratic nation. Joseph Grew and ...
More
Describes the U.S. government's wartime (1942–1945) planning of the occupation of Japan. American planners clashed over the role of Japan's emperor in a postwar democratic nation. Joseph Grew and Henry Stimson favored his retention, but failed to get their view in the Potsdam Declaration, which defined the conditions for Japan's surrender. Washington's directive to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP), General Douglas MacArthur, was ambiguous on constitutional reform and treatment of the emperor. This gave MacArthur an opportunity to interpret U.S. policy and place his indelible imprint on Japan's postwar political structure.Less
Describes the U.S. government's wartime (1942–1945) planning of the occupation of Japan. American planners clashed over the role of Japan's emperor in a postwar democratic nation. Joseph Grew and Henry Stimson favored his retention, but failed to get their view in the Potsdam Declaration, which defined the conditions for Japan's surrender. Washington's directive to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP), General Douglas MacArthur, was ambiguous on constitutional reform and treatment of the emperor. This gave MacArthur an opportunity to interpret U.S. policy and place his indelible imprint on Japan's postwar political structure.
Rachel Kerr
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199263059
- eISBN:
- 9780191601422
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199263051.003.0007
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter examines the legal framework, politics, and logistics involved in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia’s apprehension of the accused. It considers custody ...
More
This chapter examines the legal framework, politics, and logistics involved in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia’s apprehension of the accused. It considers custody obtained through arrests by national police authorities, detention by international forces, and voluntary surrenders. It discusses the political and judicial consequences of apprehending suspects.Less
This chapter examines the legal framework, politics, and logistics involved in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia’s apprehension of the accused. It considers custody obtained through arrests by national police authorities, detention by international forces, and voluntary surrenders. It discusses the political and judicial consequences of apprehending suspects.
Arthur J. Marder, Mark Jacobsen, and John Horsfield
- Published in print:
- 1990
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198201502
- eISBN:
- 9780191674907
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198201502.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Military History
This first account of the Royal Navy in the Pacific War is a companion volume to Arthur Marder's Old Friends, New Enemies: Strategic Illusions, 1936–1941. Picking up the story at the nadir of British ...
More
This first account of the Royal Navy in the Pacific War is a companion volume to Arthur Marder's Old Friends, New Enemies: Strategic Illusions, 1936–1941. Picking up the story at the nadir of British naval fortunes – ‘everywhere weak and naked’, in Churchill's phrase – it examines the Royal Navy's role in events from 1942 to the Japanese surrender in August 1945. Drawing on both British and Japanese sources and personal accounts by participants, the authors retell the story of the collapse of Allied defences in the Dutch East Indies, culminating in the Battle of the Java Sea. They recount the attempts of the ‘fighting admiral’, Sir James Somerville, to train his motley fleet of cast-offs into an efficient fighting force in spite of the reluctance of Churchill, who resisted the formation of a full-scale British Pacific Fleet until the 1945 assault on the Ryukyu Islands immediately south of Japan. The account provides an analysis of the key personalities who shaped events in these momentous years.Less
This first account of the Royal Navy in the Pacific War is a companion volume to Arthur Marder's Old Friends, New Enemies: Strategic Illusions, 1936–1941. Picking up the story at the nadir of British naval fortunes – ‘everywhere weak and naked’, in Churchill's phrase – it examines the Royal Navy's role in events from 1942 to the Japanese surrender in August 1945. Drawing on both British and Japanese sources and personal accounts by participants, the authors retell the story of the collapse of Allied defences in the Dutch East Indies, culminating in the Battle of the Java Sea. They recount the attempts of the ‘fighting admiral’, Sir James Somerville, to train his motley fleet of cast-offs into an efficient fighting force in spite of the reluctance of Churchill, who resisted the formation of a full-scale British Pacific Fleet until the 1945 assault on the Ryukyu Islands immediately south of Japan. The account provides an analysis of the key personalities who shaped events in these momentous years.
Steven P. Hopkins
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195326390
- eISBN:
- 9780199870455
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326390.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
A full translation of Venkatesha's Tamil prabandham, the Navamanimalai, with detailed thematic afterword and notes. Devotional themes include the poem's roots in classical Cankam Tamil poetics of ...
More
A full translation of Venkatesha's Tamil prabandham, the Navamanimalai, with detailed thematic afterword and notes. Devotional themes include the poem's roots in classical Cankam Tamil poetics of akam and puram, the Tamil of the Alvars, particularly allusions to the poems of the female Alvar Antal, as well as poem's sequential description of various forms of the god Vishnu, in telescoping fashion, from the cosmic and most transcendent to the earthly and most accessible, including the ten avataras or “incarnations” of Vishnu through sacred “history.” Afterword also treats of the important themes of the “big in the little,” the image of the cowherd child‐god Krishna, the beauty (alaku) of the god's impassible body “that saves,” ritual surrender (adaikkalam), helplessness, and the passionate appeal to Vishu's “grace, mercy, power‐potenital of presence (arul).”Less
A full translation of Venkatesha's Tamil prabandham, the Navamanimalai, with detailed thematic afterword and notes. Devotional themes include the poem's roots in classical Cankam Tamil poetics of akam and puram, the Tamil of the Alvars, particularly allusions to the poems of the female Alvar Antal, as well as poem's sequential description of various forms of the god Vishnu, in telescoping fashion, from the cosmic and most transcendent to the earthly and most accessible, including the ten avataras or “incarnations” of Vishnu through sacred “history.” Afterword also treats of the important themes of the “big in the little,” the image of the cowherd child‐god Krishna, the beauty (alaku) of the god's impassible body “that saves,” ritual surrender (adaikkalam), helplessness, and the passionate appeal to Vishu's “grace, mercy, power‐potenital of presence (arul).”
Steven P. Hopkins
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195326390
- eISBN:
- 9780199870455
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326390.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
A full translation of Venkatesha's Sanskrit stotra, the Devanayakapanchashat, with detailed thematic afterword and notes. Chapter situates Venkatesha's stotra in the history of Sanskrit stotra ...
More
A full translation of Venkatesha's Sanskrit stotra, the Devanayakapanchashat, with detailed thematic afterword and notes. Chapter situates Venkatesha's stotra in the history of Sanskrit stotra literature, focusing on themes of recitation, a poetry of power, and the “fruits” of stotra composition and recitation in goals of prosperity, happiness, auspiciousness (kushalam), as expressed particularly in the concluding verses (phalashrutis) that describe manifold benefits (phalah) of reading, reciting, or studying the poem. The afterword also focuses detailed attention on a major literary motif of this poem and of the remaining poems in the volume, the ecstatic beholding of the beautiful body of Vishnu through the deployment of the anubhava, the step‐wise sequential description, using extravagant similes and metaphors, from foot‐to‐head or head‐to‐foot, of the body of god. Such devotional visions, comparable to the wasfs in the Hebrew Song of Songs, form the emotional center of gravity of the shrine poems to Devanayaka. Afterword ends with a return to the theme of radical surrender (prapatti) to the god and the vulnerability of love, helplessness, and the asymmetry of lover/beloved in Venkatesha's devotional poetics.Less
A full translation of Venkatesha's Sanskrit stotra, the Devanayakapanchashat, with detailed thematic afterword and notes. Chapter situates Venkatesha's stotra in the history of Sanskrit stotra literature, focusing on themes of recitation, a poetry of power, and the “fruits” of stotra composition and recitation in goals of prosperity, happiness, auspiciousness (kushalam), as expressed particularly in the concluding verses (phalashrutis) that describe manifold benefits (phalah) of reading, reciting, or studying the poem. The afterword also focuses detailed attention on a major literary motif of this poem and of the remaining poems in the volume, the ecstatic beholding of the beautiful body of Vishnu through the deployment of the anubhava, the step‐wise sequential description, using extravagant similes and metaphors, from foot‐to‐head or head‐to‐foot, of the body of god. Such devotional visions, comparable to the wasfs in the Hebrew Song of Songs, form the emotional center of gravity of the shrine poems to Devanayaka. Afterword ends with a return to the theme of radical surrender (prapatti) to the god and the vulnerability of love, helplessness, and the asymmetry of lover/beloved in Venkatesha's devotional poetics.
Steven Paul Hopkins
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780195127355
- eISBN:
- 9780199834327
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0195127358.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
After recalling themes of “emotional” bhakti in the Tamil poems for Devanåyaka at Tiruvahândrapuram, Chapter Seven is a close reading of selected passages from Vedåntadeóika's Sanskrit and Måhåråóìrâ ...
More
After recalling themes of “emotional” bhakti in the Tamil poems for Devanåyaka at Tiruvahândrapuram, Chapter Seven is a close reading of selected passages from Vedåntadeóika's Sanskrit and Måhåråóìrâ Pråkrit poems to Devanåyaka, the Devanåyakapañcåóat and the Acyutaóatakam, respectively. We see in these Sanskrit and Pråkrit poems for Devanåyaka what we saw in his Tamil poems for the same god: how creatively Deóika transforms the resources of a secular poetics of love — in this case, the many valences of óãígåra rasa, or the aesthetic experience of the erotic — into hymns praising the beautiful body of god. This chapter's close reading also provides a recapitulation of the main themes of the book, including the theology of place and the “real presence” of Vishnu in the shrine and icon, the anubhava as “verbal icon” of the body of the god, the erotics of bathing, surrender (prapatti) and “worthlessness” (akiñcanatvam), salvific beauty, and the linking of the “emotional” and “intellectual” in Vedåntadeóika's bhakti poetics.Less
After recalling themes of “emotional” bhakti in the Tamil poems for Devanåyaka at Tiruvahândrapuram, Chapter Seven is a close reading of selected passages from Vedåntadeóika's Sanskrit and Måhåråóìrâ Pråkrit poems to Devanåyaka, the Devanåyakapañcåóat and the Acyutaóatakam, respectively. We see in these Sanskrit and Pråkrit poems for Devanåyaka what we saw in his Tamil poems for the same god: how creatively Deóika transforms the resources of a secular poetics of love — in this case, the many valences of óãígåra rasa, or the aesthetic experience of the erotic — into hymns praising the beautiful body of god. This chapter's close reading also provides a recapitulation of the main themes of the book, including the theology of place and the “real presence” of Vishnu in the shrine and icon, the anubhava as “verbal icon” of the body of the god, the erotics of bathing, surrender (prapatti) and “worthlessness” (akiñcanatvam), salvific beauty, and the linking of the “emotional” and “intellectual” in Vedåntadeóika's bhakti poetics.
S. J. Connolly
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198208167
- eISBN:
- 9780191716546
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208167.003.0004
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter analyses how Henry VIII and his ministers blundered into a confrontation with the Kildare dynasty, on which they depended for the management of the Irish lordship. The rebellion and ...
More
This chapter analyses how Henry VIII and his ministers blundered into a confrontation with the Kildare dynasty, on which they depended for the management of the Irish lordship. The rebellion and destruction of the Kildares left a power vacuum, filled by the new strategy of seeking to integrate the Gaelic Irish lords, formerly considered aliens, into the English social hierarchy — the policy known as surrender and regrant. Meanwhile, Ireland followed England in rejecting the authority of the pope. Under Edward VI, surrender and regrant gave way to a more aggressive policy, while more far reaching changes in doctrine and liturgy — a true Protestant Reformation — encountered strong resistance.Less
This chapter analyses how Henry VIII and his ministers blundered into a confrontation with the Kildare dynasty, on which they depended for the management of the Irish lordship. The rebellion and destruction of the Kildares left a power vacuum, filled by the new strategy of seeking to integrate the Gaelic Irish lords, formerly considered aliens, into the English social hierarchy — the policy known as surrender and regrant. Meanwhile, Ireland followed England in rejecting the authority of the pope. Under Edward VI, surrender and regrant gave way to a more aggressive policy, while more far reaching changes in doctrine and liturgy — a true Protestant Reformation — encountered strong resistance.
Donald Bloxham
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780198208723
- eISBN:
- 9780191717017
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198208723.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History
This chapter examines the specific question of the treatment of anti-Jewish crimes within the general framework of the trials. It suggests continuities between the latter and the attitude of the ...
More
This chapter examines the specific question of the treatment of anti-Jewish crimes within the general framework of the trials. It suggests continuities between the latter and the attitude of the liberal democracies to the Jewish plight in wartime. Thus, in crude terms, on both sides of the German surrender, responses were characterized either by a failure to recognize the fate of the European Jews or a reluctance to act upon any such recognition.Less
This chapter examines the specific question of the treatment of anti-Jewish crimes within the general framework of the trials. It suggests continuities between the latter and the attitude of the liberal democracies to the Jewish plight in wartime. Thus, in crude terms, on both sides of the German surrender, responses were characterized either by a failure to recognize the fate of the European Jews or a reluctance to act upon any such recognition.
Holger Afflerbach and Hew Strachan (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199693627
- eISBN:
- 9780191741258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199693627.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter introduces the topics covered in this book. This volume deals with the history of surrender. It seeks answers to the question of ‘how fighting ends’. The chapter describes how the book ...
More
This chapter introduces the topics covered in this book. This volume deals with the history of surrender. It seeks answers to the question of ‘how fighting ends’. The chapter describes how the book title came about and compares the phrase ‘how fighting ends’ with the term ‘surrender’ and explains why the former is important. The task of this book, this chapter states, is to analyse the reasons behind decisions to stop fighting and to consider them at different levels of authority: those of individual soldiers, of armies, and of entire societies.Less
This chapter introduces the topics covered in this book. This volume deals with the history of surrender. It seeks answers to the question of ‘how fighting ends’. The chapter describes how the book title came about and compares the phrase ‘how fighting ends’ with the term ‘surrender’ and explains why the former is important. The task of this book, this chapter states, is to analyse the reasons behind decisions to stop fighting and to consider them at different levels of authority: those of individual soldiers, of armies, and of entire societies.
Arvind Sharma
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195676389
- eISBN:
- 9780199081974
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195676389.003.0017
- Subject:
- Religion, Hinduism
A characteristic of modern Hinduism is the simplification of the various yogas that lead to spiritual realization, and the recognition of their interconnection. The combination of bhakti and jñāna is ...
More
A characteristic of modern Hinduism is the simplification of the various yogas that lead to spiritual realization, and the recognition of their interconnection. The combination of bhakti and jñāna is simple yet effective. In this context, the devotee may first ask a question on devotion to the master, who in this case is Ramana Maharsi. The devotee then proceeds to ask more questions about the relationship of bhakti and jñāna, about his problems in pursuing devotional practices steadily, and again about the relationship of bhakti and jñāna. How should one carry on nāma-japa? Where is the need for inquiry or vichāra? Jñāna does not differ from absolute surrender to the Lord in terms of thought, word, and deed. To be complete, surrender must be unquestioning; such entire surrender comprises all: it is jñāna and vairāgya, devotion and love.Less
A characteristic of modern Hinduism is the simplification of the various yogas that lead to spiritual realization, and the recognition of their interconnection. The combination of bhakti and jñāna is simple yet effective. In this context, the devotee may first ask a question on devotion to the master, who in this case is Ramana Maharsi. The devotee then proceeds to ask more questions about the relationship of bhakti and jñāna, about his problems in pursuing devotional practices steadily, and again about the relationship of bhakti and jñāna. How should one carry on nāma-japa? Where is the need for inquiry or vichāra? Jñāna does not differ from absolute surrender to the Lord in terms of thought, word, and deed. To be complete, surrender must be unquestioning; such entire surrender comprises all: it is jñāna and vairāgya, devotion and love.
Jean d'Aspremont and Catherine Brölmann
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199595297
- eISBN:
- 9780191595752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199595297.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Public International Law
This chapter demonstrates that in the field of international criminal law decisions of international courts and tribunals have recurrently been challenged before national courts. Since most ...
More
This chapter demonstrates that in the field of international criminal law decisions of international courts and tribunals have recurrently been challenged before national courts. Since most international criminal courts and tribunals are either organs of international organizations, such as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) or the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), or enjoy the status of an international organization (International Criminal Court), putting their judgments into question amounts to challenging the acts of an international organization. It is against the backdrop of the obligation of States to cooperate with these international tribunals that national courts have often been called upon to address such challenges, mostly in the context of the transfer of a suspect. In these cases, they have faced a dilemma arising out of the need to secure the independent and efficacious functioning of the international tribunal while simultaneously safeguarding domestic fundamental rights.Less
This chapter demonstrates that in the field of international criminal law decisions of international courts and tribunals have recurrently been challenged before national courts. Since most international criminal courts and tribunals are either organs of international organizations, such as the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) or the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), or enjoy the status of an international organization (International Criminal Court), putting their judgments into question amounts to challenging the acts of an international organization. It is against the backdrop of the obligation of States to cooperate with these international tribunals that national courts have often been called upon to address such challenges, mostly in the context of the transfer of a suspect. In these cases, they have faced a dilemma arising out of the need to secure the independent and efficacious functioning of the international tribunal while simultaneously safeguarding domestic fundamental rights.
Eleonore Stump
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199277421
- eISBN:
- 9780191594298
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199277421.003.0008
- Subject:
- Philosophy, History of Philosophy, Philosophy of Religion
This chapter considers the way in which human moral wrongdoing fragments the psyche of the wrongdoer. It examines the theological doctrine of original sin and argues against attempts to show that a ...
More
This chapter considers the way in which human moral wrongdoing fragments the psyche of the wrongdoer. It examines the theological doctrine of original sin and argues against attempts to show that a human tendency to moral wrongdoing, of the sort postulated by the doctrine of original sin, is incompatible with the existence of a perfectly good, omniscient, omnipotent God. It then presents the remedies for the human proclivity to moral wrongdoing as Aquinas sees them. These consist in the processes of justification and sanctification. The chapter argues that each of these processes requires a certain kind of passivity and surrender on the part of the person engaged in the process. Contrary to Harry Frankfurt's position that passivity is inimical to the true self and to human flourishing, it is argued that some significant goods for human beings, including the love of friendship, are impossible without some reciprocal passivity.Less
This chapter considers the way in which human moral wrongdoing fragments the psyche of the wrongdoer. It examines the theological doctrine of original sin and argues against attempts to show that a human tendency to moral wrongdoing, of the sort postulated by the doctrine of original sin, is incompatible with the existence of a perfectly good, omniscient, omnipotent God. It then presents the remedies for the human proclivity to moral wrongdoing as Aquinas sees them. These consist in the processes of justification and sanctification. The chapter argues that each of these processes requires a certain kind of passivity and surrender on the part of the person engaged in the process. Contrary to Harry Frankfurt's position that passivity is inimical to the true self and to human flourishing, it is argued that some significant goods for human beings, including the love of friendship, are impossible without some reciprocal passivity.
Klemens von Klemperer
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198205517
- eISBN:
- 9780191676659
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205517.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Military History
This study uncovers the beliefs and activities of numerous individuals who fought against Nazism within Germany, and traces their many efforts to forge alliances with Hitler’s opponents outside the ...
More
This study uncovers the beliefs and activities of numerous individuals who fought against Nazism within Germany, and traces their many efforts to forge alliances with Hitler’s opponents outside the Third Reich. Measured by conventional standards of diplomacy, the foreign ventures of the German Resistance ended in failure. The Allied agencies, notably the British Foreign Office and the US State Department, were ill prepared to deal with the unorthodox approaches of the Widerstand. Ultimately, the Allies’ policy of ‘absolute silence’, the Grand Alliance with the Soviet Union, and the demand for ‘unconditional surrender’ pushed the war to its final denouement, disregarding the German Resistance.Less
This study uncovers the beliefs and activities of numerous individuals who fought against Nazism within Germany, and traces their many efforts to forge alliances with Hitler’s opponents outside the Third Reich. Measured by conventional standards of diplomacy, the foreign ventures of the German Resistance ended in failure. The Allied agencies, notably the British Foreign Office and the US State Department, were ill prepared to deal with the unorthodox approaches of the Widerstand. Ultimately, the Allies’ policy of ‘absolute silence’, the Grand Alliance with the Soviet Union, and the demand for ‘unconditional surrender’ pushed the war to its final denouement, disregarding the German Resistance.
Alex Weisiger
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- August 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780801451867
- eISBN:
- 9780801468179
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9780801451867.001.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, Security Studies
Most wars between countries end quickly and at relatively low cost. The few in which high-intensity fighting continues for years bring about a disproportionate amount of death and suffering. What ...
More
Most wars between countries end quickly and at relatively low cost. The few in which high-intensity fighting continues for years bring about a disproportionate amount of death and suffering. What separates these few unusually long and intense wars from the many conflicts that are far less destructive? This book tests three explanations for a nation's decision to go to war and continue fighting regardless of the costs. It combines statistical analysis of interstate wars over the past two centuries with nine narrative case studies. The book examines well-known conflicts as well as unfamiliar ones. When leaders go to war expecting easy victory, events usually correct their misperceptions quickly and with fairly low casualties, thereby setting the stage for a negotiated agreement. A second explanation involves motives born of domestic politics; as war becomes more intense, however, leaders are increasingly constrained in their ability to continue the fighting. Particularly destructive wars instead arise from mistrust of an opponent's intentions. Countries that launch preventive wars to forestall expected decline tend to have particularly ambitious war aims that they hold to even when fighting goes poorly. Moreover, in some cases, their opponents interpret the preventive attack as evidence of a dispositional commitment to aggression, resulting in the rejection of any form of negotiation and a demand for unconditional surrender.Less
Most wars between countries end quickly and at relatively low cost. The few in which high-intensity fighting continues for years bring about a disproportionate amount of death and suffering. What separates these few unusually long and intense wars from the many conflicts that are far less destructive? This book tests three explanations for a nation's decision to go to war and continue fighting regardless of the costs. It combines statistical analysis of interstate wars over the past two centuries with nine narrative case studies. The book examines well-known conflicts as well as unfamiliar ones. When leaders go to war expecting easy victory, events usually correct their misperceptions quickly and with fairly low casualties, thereby setting the stage for a negotiated agreement. A second explanation involves motives born of domestic politics; as war becomes more intense, however, leaders are increasingly constrained in their ability to continue the fighting. Particularly destructive wars instead arise from mistrust of an opponent's intentions. Countries that launch preventive wars to forestall expected decline tend to have particularly ambitious war aims that they hold to even when fighting goes poorly. Moreover, in some cases, their opponents interpret the preventive attack as evidence of a dispositional commitment to aggression, resulting in the rejection of any form of negotiation and a demand for unconditional surrender.
Christopher Maginn
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199697151
- eISBN:
- 9780191739262
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199697151.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Early Modern History
This chapter is constructed around William Cecil's appointment as principal secretary and to the privy council in 1550 during the reign of Edward VI. It offers an account of society and government in ...
More
This chapter is constructed around William Cecil's appointment as principal secretary and to the privy council in 1550 during the reign of Edward VI. It offers an account of society and government in Ireland, by then a kingdom, at a time when the implications of the constitutional and political changes introduced late in the reign of Henry VIII were steadily revealing themselves against a backdrop of religious polarization and war in Europe which had altered the traditional relationship between Ireland and England.Less
This chapter is constructed around William Cecil's appointment as principal secretary and to the privy council in 1550 during the reign of Edward VI. It offers an account of society and government in Ireland, by then a kingdom, at a time when the implications of the constitutional and political changes introduced late in the reign of Henry VIII were steadily revealing themselves against a backdrop of religious polarization and war in Europe which had altered the traditional relationship between Ireland and England.
S. P. Mackenzie
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199203079
- eISBN:
- 9780191695469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203079.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Military History
Having negotiated the awkward transition from fighting men to POWs and being questioned, captured men faced further potential challenges. In overall terms, Nazi Germany's armed forces observed both ...
More
Having negotiated the awkward transition from fighting men to POWs and being questioned, captured men faced further potential challenges. In overall terms, Nazi Germany's armed forces observed both formal and informal conventions surrounding capture with respect to the Western Allies. Once firmly in enemy hands, the next major hurdle for POWs was a personal interrogation, either near the battlefront or at a special interview centre. Sometimes the process could be quite painless; in other cases it was very tough indeed. Much depended on the circumstances of capture, service and rank, and above all on whether or not those in custody were thought likely to possess valuable tactical or technical information. Surrender and interrogation were only the first steps in becoming a POW. Now prisoners had to contend with being moved to permanent camps, as well as the process of being transformed into officially recognized POWs of the Third Reich.Less
Having negotiated the awkward transition from fighting men to POWs and being questioned, captured men faced further potential challenges. In overall terms, Nazi Germany's armed forces observed both formal and informal conventions surrounding capture with respect to the Western Allies. Once firmly in enemy hands, the next major hurdle for POWs was a personal interrogation, either near the battlefront or at a special interview centre. Sometimes the process could be quite painless; in other cases it was very tough indeed. Much depended on the circumstances of capture, service and rank, and above all on whether or not those in custody were thought likely to possess valuable tactical or technical information. Surrender and interrogation were only the first steps in becoming a POW. Now prisoners had to contend with being moved to permanent camps, as well as the process of being transformed into officially recognized POWs of the Third Reich.
S. P. Mackenzie
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199203079
- eISBN:
- 9780191695469
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203079.003.0014
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Military History
For decades, the story of Colditz has directly or indirectly influenced popular perceptions of what it was like to be a POW in the Third Reich. In marked contrast to the stark images of death or ...
More
For decades, the story of Colditz has directly or indirectly influenced popular perceptions of what it was like to be a POW in the Third Reich. In marked contrast to the stark images of death or survival against the odds associated with captivity in Japanese hands, a picture developed of German captivity in which optimism prevailed and escape was always uppermost in the minds of prisoners of war. It is clear that the realities of life as a British POW in German hands during World War II were rather more complex and often less upbeat than is still commonly imagined. Surrender, interrogation, and both the inward and outward transit experience could be and often were traumatic. Once inside the wire, neither physical nor mental health could ever be taken for granted. Both labour and recreation involved potential hazards. Being a British or Commonwealth POW in Nazi Germany, in short, was more of an endurance test than an adventure. Colditz, and more especially what it has come to symbolize, therefore needs to be kept in perspective.Less
For decades, the story of Colditz has directly or indirectly influenced popular perceptions of what it was like to be a POW in the Third Reich. In marked contrast to the stark images of death or survival against the odds associated with captivity in Japanese hands, a picture developed of German captivity in which optimism prevailed and escape was always uppermost in the minds of prisoners of war. It is clear that the realities of life as a British POW in German hands during World War II were rather more complex and often less upbeat than is still commonly imagined. Surrender, interrogation, and both the inward and outward transit experience could be and often were traumatic. Once inside the wire, neither physical nor mental health could ever be taken for granted. Both labour and recreation involved potential hazards. Being a British or Commonwealth POW in Nazi Germany, in short, was more of an endurance test than an adventure. Colditz, and more especially what it has come to symbolize, therefore needs to be kept in perspective.
James R. Brandon
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- November 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780824832001
- eISBN:
- 9780824869137
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Hawai'i Press
- DOI:
- 10.21313/hawaii/9780824832001.001.0001
- Subject:
- Society and Culture, Asian Studies
According to a myth constructed after Japan's surrender to the Allied Forces in 1945, kabuki was a pure, classical art form with no real place in modern Japanese society. This book calls this view ...
More
According to a myth constructed after Japan's surrender to the Allied Forces in 1945, kabuki was a pure, classical art form with no real place in modern Japanese society. This book calls this view into question and makes a compelling case that, up to the very end of the Pacific War, kabuki was a living theater and, as an institution, an active participant in contemporary events, rising and falling in consonance with Japan's imperial adventures. The book shows that kabuki played an important role in Japan's Fifteen-Year Sacred War. It reveals, for example, that kabuki stars raised funds to buy fighter and bomber aircraft for the imperial forces and that producers arranged large-scale tours for kabuki troupes to entertain soldiers stationed in Manchuria, China, and Korea. Kabuki playwrights contributed no less than 160 new plays that dramatized frontline battles or rewrote history to propagate imperial ideology. Abridged by censors, molded by the Bureau of Information, and partially incorporated into the League of Touring Theaters, kabuki reached new audiences as it expanded along with the new Japanese empire. By the end of the war, however, it had fallen from government favor and in 1944–1946 it nearly expired when Japanese government decrees banished leading kabuki companies to minor urban theaters and the countryside. The book includes more than a hundred illustrations, many of which have never been published in an English-language work. It is a complete revision of kabuki's recent history and as such goes beyond correcting a significant misconception.Less
According to a myth constructed after Japan's surrender to the Allied Forces in 1945, kabuki was a pure, classical art form with no real place in modern Japanese society. This book calls this view into question and makes a compelling case that, up to the very end of the Pacific War, kabuki was a living theater and, as an institution, an active participant in contemporary events, rising and falling in consonance with Japan's imperial adventures. The book shows that kabuki played an important role in Japan's Fifteen-Year Sacred War. It reveals, for example, that kabuki stars raised funds to buy fighter and bomber aircraft for the imperial forces and that producers arranged large-scale tours for kabuki troupes to entertain soldiers stationed in Manchuria, China, and Korea. Kabuki playwrights contributed no less than 160 new plays that dramatized frontline battles or rewrote history to propagate imperial ideology. Abridged by censors, molded by the Bureau of Information, and partially incorporated into the League of Touring Theaters, kabuki reached new audiences as it expanded along with the new Japanese empire. By the end of the war, however, it had fallen from government favor and in 1944–1946 it nearly expired when Japanese government decrees banished leading kabuki companies to minor urban theaters and the countryside. The book includes more than a hundred illustrations, many of which have never been published in an English-language work. It is a complete revision of kabuki's recent history and as such goes beyond correcting a significant misconception.
R.R. Davies
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199257249
- eISBN:
- 9780191698439
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199257249.003.0008
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Medieval History
The surrender of the Scottish political leaders in the spring of 1304 marked the beginning of the final capitulation of the Scots. Edward I then directed that the records of English bureaucracy be ...
More
The surrender of the Scottish political leaders in the spring of 1304 marked the beginning of the final capitulation of the Scots. Edward I then directed that the records of English bureaucracy be carried back to its headquarters in Westminster. In 1305, Edward had reason to believe that his authority over the British Isles was secure, as Scotland, Wales, and Ireland were learning administrative processes that were in favour of English culture. Also, several events, such as the arrest and death of William Wallace, reinforced Edward’s power. Within ten years, however, the situation changed because the people seemed far from being ‘united’. Several setbacks and even a revolt occurred. All these events resulted in the English losing their will and nerve and a military shift to a propaganda war. This chapter elaborates on other events that accompanied this backslide.Less
The surrender of the Scottish political leaders in the spring of 1304 marked the beginning of the final capitulation of the Scots. Edward I then directed that the records of English bureaucracy be carried back to its headquarters in Westminster. In 1305, Edward had reason to believe that his authority over the British Isles was secure, as Scotland, Wales, and Ireland were learning administrative processes that were in favour of English culture. Also, several events, such as the arrest and death of William Wallace, reinforced Edward’s power. Within ten years, however, the situation changed because the people seemed far from being ‘united’. Several setbacks and even a revolt occurred. All these events resulted in the English losing their will and nerve and a military shift to a propaganda war. This chapter elaborates on other events that accompanied this backslide.
