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This chapter discusses suretyship contracts in Belgian banking practice. Topics covered include commercial suretyships and consumer suretyships, suretyships and indebtedness of individuals and families, unfair suretyships of non-professional guarantors, laws for surety protection, impact on the guarantor's position of changes in the debtor-creditor relationship, the most effective means of protection for non-professional sureties, and proposals to improve the protection of non-professional sureties.

This chapter discusses suretyship contracts in Finnish banking practice. Topics covered include commercial suretyships and consumer suretyships, suretyships and indebtedness of individuals and families, unfair suretyships of non-professional guarantors, laws for surety protection, impact on the guarantor's position of changes in the debtor-creditor relationship, the most effective means of protection for non-professional sureties, and proposals to improve the protection of non-professional sureties.

This chapter discusses suretyship contracts in French banking practice. Topics covered include commercial suretyships and consumer suretyships, suretyships and indebtedness of individuals and families, unfair suretyships of non-professional guarantors, laws for surety protection, impact on the guarantor's position of changes in the debtor-creditor relationship, the most effective means of protection for non-professional sureties, and proposals to improve the protection of non-professional sureties.

This chapter discusses suretyship contracts in Italian banking practice. Topics covered include commercial suretyships and consumer suretyships, suretyships and indebtedness of individuals and families, unfair suretyships of non-professional guarantors, laws for surety protection, impact on the guarantor's position of changes in the debtor-creditor relationship, the most effective means of protection for non-professional sureties, and proposals to improve the protection of non-professional sureties.

This chapter discusses suretyship contracts in English and Welsh banking practice. Topics covered include commercial suretyships and consumer suretyships, suretyships and indebtedness of individuals and families, unfair suretyships of non-professional guarantors, laws for surety protection, impact on the guarantor's position of changes in the debtor-creditor relationship, the most effective means of protection for non-professional sureties, and proposals to improve the protection of non-professional sureties.

This chapter discusses suretyship contracts in Spanish banking practice. Topics covered include commercial suretyships and consumer suretyships, suretyships and indebtedness of individuals and families, unfair suretyships of non-professional guarantors, laws for surety protection, impact on the guarantor's position of changes in the debtor-creditor relationship, the most effective means of protection for non-professional sureties, and proposals to improve the protection of non-professional sureties.

This chapter discusses suretyship contracts in Austrian banking practice. Topics covered include commercial suretyships and consumer suretyships, suretyships and indebtedness of individuals and families, unfair suretyships of non-professional guarantors, laws for surety protection, impact on the guarantor's position of changes in the debtor-creditor relationship, the most effective means of protection for non-professional sureties, and proposals to improve the protection of non-professional sureties.

This chapter discusses suretyship contracts in Estonian banking practice. Topics covered include commercial suretyships and consumer suretyships, suretyships and indebtedness of individuals and families, unfair suretyships of non-professional guarantors, laws for surety protection, impact on the guarantor's position of changes in the debtor-creditor relationship, the most effective means of protection for non-professional sureties, and proposals to improve the protection of non-professional sureties.

This chapter discusses suretyship contracts in Danish banking practice. Topics covered include commercial suretyships and consumer suretyships, suretyships and indebtedness of individuals and families, unfair suretyships of non-professional guarantors, laws for surety protection, impact on the guarantor's position of changes in the debtor-creditor relationship, the most effective means of protection for non-professional sureties, and proposals to improve the protection of non-professional sureties.

This chapter discusses suretyship contracts in German banking practice. Topics covered include commercial suretyships and consumer suretyships, suretyships and indebtedness of individuals and families, unfair suretyships of non-professional guarantors, laws for surety protection, impact on the guarantor's position of changes in the debtor-creditor relationship, the most effective means of protection for non- professional sureties, and proposals to improve the protection of non-professional sureties.

This chapter discusses suretyship contracts in Swedish banking practice. Topics covered include commercial suretyships and consumer suretyships, suretyships and indebtedness of individuals and families, unfair suretyships of non-professional guarantors, laws for surety protection, impact on the guarantor's position of changes in the debtor-creditor relationship, the most effective means of protection for non-professional sureties, and proposals to improve the protection of non-professional sureties.

This chapter discusses suretyship contracts in Polish banking practice. Topics covered include commercial suretyships and consumer suretyships, suretyships and indebtedness of individuals and families, unfair suretyships of non-professional guarantors, laws for surety protection, impact on the guarantor's position of changes in the debtor-creditor relationship, the most effective means of protection for non-professional sureties, and proposals to improve the protection of non-professional sureties.

This chapter discusses suretyship contracts in Hungarian banking practice. Topics covered include commercial suretyships and consumer suretyships, suretyships and indebtedness of individuals and families, unfair suretyships of non-professional guarantors, laws for surety protection, impact on the guarantor's position of changes in the debtor-creditor relationship, the most effective means of protection for non-professional sureties, and proposals to improve the protection of non-professional sureties.

This chapter discusses suretyship contracts in Lithuanian banking practice. Topics covered include commercial suretyships and consumer suretyships, suretyships and indebtedness of individuals and families, unfair suretyships of non-professional guarantors, laws for surety protection, impact on the guarantor's position of changes in the debtor-creditor relationship, the most effective means of protection for non-professional sureties, and proposals to improve the protection of non-professional sureties.

This chapter begins with a brief history of hostageship, from biblical times to the present day. It then discusses the ways in which hostageship has been treated by earlier historiography: as a form of surety or an aspect of international law by legal historians, and as a variety of captivity or imprisonment by social historians. It defines the medieval hostage as a third-party guarantor of an agreement, notionally given rather than taken, and actually or potentially subject to loss of liberty, distinguishing it from captives and other forms of non-custodial guarantors. It then addresses the challenges of locating hostages in the sources, outlining a conservative approach, but maintaining that the hostage was for the authors of medieval texts a distinct category. The chapter closes with an outline of the rest of the book.

This chapter discusses suretyship contracts in Greek banking practice. Topics covered include commercial suretyships and consumer suretyships, suretyships and indebtedness of individuals and families, unfair suretyships of non-professional guarantors, laws for surety protection, impact on the guarantor's position of changes in the debtor-creditor relationship, the most effective means of protection for non-professional sureties, and proposals to improve the protection of non-professional sureties.

This chapter discusses suretyship contracts in Portuguese banking practice. Topics covered include commercial suretyships and consumer suretyships, suretyships and indebtedness of individuals and families, unfair suretyships of non-professional guarantors, laws for surety protection, impact on the guarantor's position of changes in the debtor-creditor relationship, the most effective means of protection for non-professional sureties, and proposals to improve the protection of non-professional sureties.

This chapter discusses suretyship contracts in Slovenian banking practice. Topics covered include commercial suretyships and consumer suretyships, suretyships and indebtedness of individuals and families, unfair suretyships of non-professional guarantors, laws for surety protection, impact on the guarantor's position of changes in the debtor-creditor relationship, the most effective means of protection for non-professional sureties, and proposals to improve the protection of non-professional sureties.

This chapter discusses suretyship contracts in Latvian banking practice. Topics covered include commercial suretyships and consumer suretyships, suretyships and indebtedness of individuals and families, unfair suretyships of non-professional guarantors, laws for surety protection, impact on the guarantor's position of changes in the debtor-creditor relationship, the most effective means of protection for non-professional sureties, and proposals to improve the protection of non-professional sureties.

This chapter discusses suretyship contracts in Dutch banking practice. Topics covered include commercial suretyships and consumer suretyships, suretyships and indebtedness of individuals and families, unfair suretyships of non-professional guarantors, laws for surety protection, impact on the guarantor's position of changes in the debtor-creditor relationship, the most effective means of protection for non-professional sureties, and proposals to improve the protection of non-professional sureties.