Michael J. North and Charles M. Macal
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195172119
- eISBN:
- 9780199789894
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195172119.003.0013
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter shows how to understand and present agent-based modeling and simulation results. A supply chain example is used to illustrate the concepts.
This chapter shows how to understand and present agent-based modeling and simulation results. A supply chain example is used to illustrate the concepts.
Sharan Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This chapter shows how the firm should choose marketing policies when its products are sold by distributors. It distinguishes between exclusive and nonexclusive distributors, show how the firm can ...
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This chapter shows how the firm should choose marketing policies when its products are sold by distributors. It distinguishes between exclusive and nonexclusive distributors, show how the firm can coordinate its bricks-and-mortar and Internet pricing strategies to maximize performance, show how the firm should coordinate its price and advertising strategies when it sells through distributors, and discuss when the firm should use vertical integration strategies. In particular, it shows how the multiproduct firm should coordinate its channel strategy when the distributor also sells multiple products.Less
This chapter shows how the firm should choose marketing policies when its products are sold by distributors. It distinguishes between exclusive and nonexclusive distributors, show how the firm can coordinate its bricks-and-mortar and Internet pricing strategies to maximize performance, show how the firm should coordinate its price and advertising strategies when it sells through distributors, and discuss when the firm should use vertical integration strategies. In particular, it shows how the multiproduct firm should coordinate its channel strategy when the distributor also sells multiple products.
Gary Herrigel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557738
- eISBN:
- 9780191720871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557738.003.0006
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter outlines the globalization of disintegrated production. It discusses the relationship between contemporary global disintegrated trends and earlier discussions of disintegration that came ...
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This chapter outlines the globalization of disintegrated production. It discusses the relationship between contemporary global disintegrated trends and earlier discussions of disintegration that came out of literatures on industrial districts and the Japanese system of production. Elements of both are contained within current practices. A second section discusses the locational dynamics within supply chains dominated by multinational corporations. A final section looks at small and medium sized firm efforts to globalize within contemporary transnational supply chains and examines a range of public policy efforts to support sme globalizationLess
This chapter outlines the globalization of disintegrated production. It discusses the relationship between contemporary global disintegrated trends and earlier discussions of disintegration that came out of literatures on industrial districts and the Japanese system of production. Elements of both are contained within current practices. A second section discusses the locational dynamics within supply chains dominated by multinational corporations. A final section looks at small and medium sized firm efforts to globalize within contemporary transnational supply chains and examines a range of public policy efforts to support sme globalization
James W. Cortada
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195165883
- eISBN:
- 9780199789672
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195165883.003.0004
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Business History
This chapter is a history of key computer applications in manufacturing across three periods of time, beginning in the 1940s and extending to the early 2000s. Key uses included business and ...
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This chapter is a history of key computer applications in manufacturing across three periods of time, beginning in the 1940s and extending to the early 2000s. Key uses included business and accounting, numerical control, integrated computer manufacturing, CAD/CAM, Computer Aided Manufacturing, robotics, and flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). It concludes with a description of supply chains and extent of deployment of all uses in manufacturing.Less
This chapter is a history of key computer applications in manufacturing across three periods of time, beginning in the 1940s and extending to the early 2000s. Key uses included business and accounting, numerical control, integrated computer manufacturing, CAD/CAM, Computer Aided Manufacturing, robotics, and flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). It concludes with a description of supply chains and extent of deployment of all uses in manufacturing.
Mari Sako
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199263233
- eISBN:
- 9780191718847
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199263233.003.0012
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter takes the automobile industry as an empirical setting for clarification of the concept of modularity in product architecture. Three arenas of modularity: Modularity in Design, Modularity ...
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This chapter takes the automobile industry as an empirical setting for clarification of the concept of modularity in product architecture. Three arenas of modularity: Modularity in Design, Modularity in Production, and Modularity in Use are discussed as presenting alternative criteria for making boundary choices in complex products. The chapter moves on to understanding strategic drivers for pushing the product architecture towards modularity. It then considers the implications of these different paths for industry dynamics (in particular the power balance between customer and supplier companies) and supply chain management.Less
This chapter takes the automobile industry as an empirical setting for clarification of the concept of modularity in product architecture. Three arenas of modularity: Modularity in Design, Modularity in Production, and Modularity in Use are discussed as presenting alternative criteria for making boundary choices in complex products. The chapter moves on to understanding strategic drivers for pushing the product architecture towards modularity. It then considers the implications of these different paths for industry dynamics (in particular the power balance between customer and supplier companies) and supply chain management.
Yossi Sheffi
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029797
- eISBN:
- 9780262330626
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029797.003.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
From a purely supply chain perspective, the 2011 earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disaster in Japan was the single largest and broadest natural disaster in recent times. The event affected companies ...
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From a purely supply chain perspective, the 2011 earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disaster in Japan was the single largest and broadest natural disaster in recent times. The event affected companies around the world that depend on semiconductors, electronics, specialty chemicals, and other manufactured goods coming from Japan’s prodigious industrial network. Chapter 1 describes the event and Intel’s response to it in depth, to illustrate many of the issues faced and tactics used by companies in big disruptions. The chapter ends with a short primer on supply chains to help frame the what, who, and where of supply chain risks and risk management.Less
From a purely supply chain perspective, the 2011 earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disaster in Japan was the single largest and broadest natural disaster in recent times. The event affected companies around the world that depend on semiconductors, electronics, specialty chemicals, and other manufactured goods coming from Japan’s prodigious industrial network. Chapter 1 describes the event and Intel’s response to it in depth, to illustrate many of the issues faced and tactics used by companies in big disruptions. The chapter ends with a short primer on supply chains to help frame the what, who, and where of supply chain risks and risk management.
Yossi Sheffi
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029797
- eISBN:
- 9780262330626
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029797.003.0013
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
One of the major themes of the book, explored in Chapter 13, is the growing dependency of companies on deep-tier suppliers as well as on concentrations of supply sources that create fragile ...
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One of the major themes of the book, explored in Chapter 13, is the growing dependency of companies on deep-tier suppliers as well as on concentrations of supply sources that create fragile chokepoints in the global economy. Although the world has yet to see a true systemic collapse of any supply chain for a major product category, these chokepoints and other trends signal potential near-misses that presage a more serious event. Supply chain risk management is in a race between the fragility of complex global supply chains and the resilience created by better risk management.Less
One of the major themes of the book, explored in Chapter 13, is the growing dependency of companies on deep-tier suppliers as well as on concentrations of supply sources that create fragile chokepoints in the global economy. Although the world has yet to see a true systemic collapse of any supply chain for a major product category, these chokepoints and other trends signal potential near-misses that presage a more serious event. Supply chain risk management is in a race between the fragility of complex global supply chains and the resilience created by better risk management.
Tim Lang, David Barling, and Martin Caraher
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198567882
- eISBN:
- 9780191724121
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567882.003.0005
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter explores how and why the food system has the shape it does, in order to assess whether and how the various food sectors are rising to the ecological public health challenge; and if not, ...
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This chapter explores how and why the food system has the shape it does, in order to assess whether and how the various food sectors are rising to the ecological public health challenge; and if not, how to encourage or make them do so. For decades, food producers have been locked into demands to increase output and to produce whatever they do more cheaply. Now, from health, environmental and societal interests, different urgent messages emanate, but can food businesses engage? Some argue that they can and must, which others claim that they cannot and are locked-in.Less
This chapter explores how and why the food system has the shape it does, in order to assess whether and how the various food sectors are rising to the ecological public health challenge; and if not, how to encourage or make them do so. For decades, food producers have been locked into demands to increase output and to produce whatever they do more cheaply. Now, from health, environmental and societal interests, different urgent messages emanate, but can food businesses engage? Some argue that they can and must, which others claim that they cannot and are locked-in.
Gary Herrigel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557738
- eISBN:
- 9780191720871
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557738.003.0008
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
This chapter uses a case study of reform efforts in the German industrial relations system to consider the ways in which the dynamics of vertical disintegration are impacting processes of change at ...
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This chapter uses a case study of reform efforts in the German industrial relations system to consider the ways in which the dynamics of vertical disintegration are impacting processes of change at regional and national levels of governance. Despite apparent stalemate at the national level, rich and creative processes of experimentation are occurring in German firms and regions regarding the governance of the workplace. Crucially, in many cases, the diffusion of sustained contingent collaboration appears to be giving rise to the redefinition of who stakeholders in production are and how they should interact with one another in governance processes. This has created a disconnect with the older institutional system of industrial relations and creates a variety of possible options for works council and union action.Less
This chapter uses a case study of reform efforts in the German industrial relations system to consider the ways in which the dynamics of vertical disintegration are impacting processes of change at regional and national levels of governance. Despite apparent stalemate at the national level, rich and creative processes of experimentation are occurring in German firms and regions regarding the governance of the workplace. Crucially, in many cases, the diffusion of sustained contingent collaboration appears to be giving rise to the redefinition of who stakeholders in production are and how they should interact with one another in governance processes. This has created a disconnect with the older institutional system of industrial relations and creates a variety of possible options for works council and union action.
Yossi Sheffi
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029797
- eISBN:
- 9780262330626
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029797.003.0005
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
In 2008, the global financial system came to the brink of collapse. Chapter 5 shows how a disruption in the money supply chain became a disruption in physical supply chains on both the supply and ...
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In 2008, the global financial system came to the brink of collapse. Chapter 5 shows how a disruption in the money supply chain became a disruption in physical supply chains on both the supply and demand sides. The crisis created a global bullwhip that amplified the drop in consumer spending further up the supply chain. Yet as brutal as the near-depression might have been, it spurred many companies toward more systematic programs for assessing supplier risk. The financial crisis also illustrated the difference between managing a localized, short-term, event-focused disruption (e.g., a storm or quake) and a global step-change that lasts for months or years.Less
In 2008, the global financial system came to the brink of collapse. Chapter 5 shows how a disruption in the money supply chain became a disruption in physical supply chains on both the supply and demand sides. The crisis created a global bullwhip that amplified the drop in consumer spending further up the supply chain. Yet as brutal as the near-depression might have been, it spurred many companies toward more systematic programs for assessing supplier risk. The financial crisis also illustrated the difference between managing a localized, short-term, event-focused disruption (e.g., a storm or quake) and a global step-change that lasts for months or years.
Yossi Sheffi
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029797
- eISBN:
- 9780262330626
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029797.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Globalization implies that suppliers play a growing role in the companies’ risks, disruptions, and response options. Chapter 7 delves into companies’ proactive approaches toward supplier risk ...
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Globalization implies that suppliers play a growing role in the companies’ risks, disruptions, and response options. Chapter 7 delves into companies’ proactive approaches toward supplier risk management, using a segmentation of the procurement conditions. It is based, on the one hand, on the complexity and risk associated with the input purchased from the supplier and, on the other hand, on the company’s annual expenditure with that supplier. The chapter also discusses the growing problem of counterfeit materials that arise as supply chains grow longer and more opaque.Less
Globalization implies that suppliers play a growing role in the companies’ risks, disruptions, and response options. Chapter 7 delves into companies’ proactive approaches toward supplier risk management, using a segmentation of the procurement conditions. It is based, on the one hand, on the complexity and risk associated with the input purchased from the supplier and, on the other hand, on the company’s annual expenditure with that supplier. The chapter also discusses the growing problem of counterfeit materials that arise as supply chains grow longer and more opaque.
Tim Lang, David Barling, and Martin Caraher
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780198567882
- eISBN:
- 9780191724121
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198567882.003.0006
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Public Health, Epidemiology
This chapter explores the environmental impacts of food production and contemporary supply chains, and the policy responses that have emerged to address these impacts. These policy responses are ...
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This chapter explores the environmental impacts of food production and contemporary supply chains, and the policy responses that have emerged to address these impacts. These policy responses are still quite hesitant and the environmental impacts are still unfolding as we complete the first decade of the new millennium. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment has warned that fifteen out of the twenty-four of the world's ecosystem services are being degraded or used unsustainably. Climate change is bringing in its wake sudden and unexpected variations in climate resulting in weather extremes in terms of severe drought or storms and flooding, which can decimate harvests and widen the spread of insect-borne animal disease dislocating upon food supply. The impacts of dislocated food supply affect the poorest nations and the poorest within individual national economies most severely.Less
This chapter explores the environmental impacts of food production and contemporary supply chains, and the policy responses that have emerged to address these impacts. These policy responses are still quite hesitant and the environmental impacts are still unfolding as we complete the first decade of the new millennium. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment has warned that fifteen out of the twenty-four of the world's ecosystem services are being degraded or used unsustainably. Climate change is bringing in its wake sudden and unexpected variations in climate resulting in weather extremes in terms of severe drought or storms and flooding, which can decimate harvests and widen the spread of insect-borne animal disease dislocating upon food supply. The impacts of dislocated food supply affect the poorest nations and the poorest within individual national economies most severely.
Yossi Sheffi
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780262029797
- eISBN:
- 9780262330626
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262029797.003.0008
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Financial Economics
Companies’ increasing awareness of supply chain risks, coupled with the growing use of technology, has led to a greater emphasis on detection, which is the subject of Chapter 8. The sooner a company ...
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Companies’ increasing awareness of supply chain risks, coupled with the growing use of technology, has led to a greater emphasis on detection, which is the subject of Chapter 8. The sooner a company knows about a general risk or a specific event, the sooner it can address it; the first company to lock in alternative supplies has an advantage. New technologies and new services help companies detect risks and events sooner than ever before.Less
Companies’ increasing awareness of supply chain risks, coupled with the growing use of technology, has led to a greater emphasis on detection, which is the subject of Chapter 8. The sooner a company knows about a general risk or a specific event, the sooner it can address it; the first company to lock in alternative supplies has an advantage. New technologies and new services help companies detect risks and events sooner than ever before.
Sharan Jagpal and Shireen Jagpal
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195371055
- eISBN:
- 9780199870745
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195371055.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Marketing
This book shows how to fuse marketing, finance, and other disciplines to improve performance for the corporation or organization. Specifically, it shows decision makers at different levels in the ...
More
This book shows how to fuse marketing, finance, and other disciplines to improve performance for the corporation or organization. Specifically, it shows decision makers at different levels in the organization and in different functional areas (e.g., marketing, finance, new product development, and human resources management) how to overcome the problems resulting from function- and discipline-based “silos.” The book has several novel features. All concepts are presented in a simple and easily accessible question-and-answer format. The book provides an in-depth analysis of a broad spectrum of important managerial topics (e.g., how to allocate advertising funds between Internet and conventional advertising, how to evaluate brand equity for mergers and acquisitions, and how to coordinate product design, marketing strategy, and production). In addition, because of its fusion-based methodology, the book provides decision makers with new tools to address familiar managerial problems (e.g., resource allocation and the design of managerial contracts in multiproduct or multidivisional firms). Throughout the book, the focus is on providing managers with actionable theories and metrics that are rigorous yet practical, and that allow the firm or organization to fuse — not merely interface — different functional areas.Less
This book shows how to fuse marketing, finance, and other disciplines to improve performance for the corporation or organization. Specifically, it shows decision makers at different levels in the organization and in different functional areas (e.g., marketing, finance, new product development, and human resources management) how to overcome the problems resulting from function- and discipline-based “silos.” The book has several novel features. All concepts are presented in a simple and easily accessible question-and-answer format. The book provides an in-depth analysis of a broad spectrum of important managerial topics (e.g., how to allocate advertising funds between Internet and conventional advertising, how to evaluate brand equity for mergers and acquisitions, and how to coordinate product design, marketing strategy, and production). In addition, because of its fusion-based methodology, the book provides decision makers with new tools to address familiar managerial problems (e.g., resource allocation and the design of managerial contracts in multiproduct or multidivisional firms). Throughout the book, the focus is on providing managers with actionable theories and metrics that are rigorous yet practical, and that allow the firm or organization to fuse — not merely interface — different functional areas.
Philip Cooke and Kevin Morgan
- Published in print:
- 1998
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198290186
- eISBN:
- 9780191684784
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198290186.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Innovation, Political Economy
This chapter focuses on four areas — corporate governance, R&D, production and supply chains — where organizational change has been more pronounced. In corporate governance, many firms are trying to ...
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This chapter focuses on four areas — corporate governance, R&D, production and supply chains — where organizational change has been more pronounced. In corporate governance, many firms are trying to strike a better balance between the interests of shareholders and stakeholders on the one hand and between their central and peripheral organizations on the other. In R&D, all firms are coming under intense pressure to forge better links between their laboratories and their factories. In the area of production, the more innovative firms are trying to devolve responsibility to work teams who are empowered to use their local knowledge in the name of continuous improvement, with the result that the factory becomes more like a laboratory. The advent of more integrated supply chains suggest that innovative capacity rests not so much with the firm per se as with a network of firms in which formally independent bodies become ever more functionally integrated. The focus throughout this chapter is on emergent tendencies in the large-firm sector of the economy.Less
This chapter focuses on four areas — corporate governance, R&D, production and supply chains — where organizational change has been more pronounced. In corporate governance, many firms are trying to strike a better balance between the interests of shareholders and stakeholders on the one hand and between their central and peripheral organizations on the other. In R&D, all firms are coming under intense pressure to forge better links between their laboratories and their factories. In the area of production, the more innovative firms are trying to devolve responsibility to work teams who are empowered to use their local knowledge in the name of continuous improvement, with the result that the factory becomes more like a laboratory. The advent of more integrated supply chains suggest that innovative capacity rests not so much with the firm per se as with a network of firms in which formally independent bodies become ever more functionally integrated. The focus throughout this chapter is on emergent tendencies in the large-firm sector of the economy.
Genevieve LeBaron and Andrew Crane
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780197266472
- eISBN:
- 9780191884214
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266472.003.0002
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
Most forced labour takes place in business contexts, yet the business logics of exploitation are rarely explored empirically. This gap relates to the lack of researchers in the field with specific ...
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Most forced labour takes place in business contexts, yet the business logics of exploitation are rarely explored empirically. This gap relates to the lack of researchers in the field with specific expertise in business and management, as well as the methodological and logistical challenges with researching the business dynamics of forced labour. This Chapter will argue that we need to take the business of forced labour seriously if we are to understand and address it in a meaningful way. We propose an analytical framework that can be used to understand the business and organisational dynamics of forced labour. Drawing on our own research on forced labour’s business models and supply chains, we reflect on how business methodologies can be strengthened to overcome the substantive gaps that exist in our knowledge about how forced labour works as a business.Less
Most forced labour takes place in business contexts, yet the business logics of exploitation are rarely explored empirically. This gap relates to the lack of researchers in the field with specific expertise in business and management, as well as the methodological and logistical challenges with researching the business dynamics of forced labour. This Chapter will argue that we need to take the business of forced labour seriously if we are to understand and address it in a meaningful way. We propose an analytical framework that can be used to understand the business and organisational dynamics of forced labour. Drawing on our own research on forced labour’s business models and supply chains, we reflect on how business methodologies can be strengthened to overcome the substantive gaps that exist in our knowledge about how forced labour works as a business.
Gary Herrigel
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199557738
- eISBN:
- 9780191720871
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199557738.001.0001
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
Manufacturing Possibilities examines adjustment dynamics in the steel, automobile and machinery industries in Germany, the U.S., and Japan since World War II. Using detailed historical ...
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Manufacturing Possibilities examines adjustment dynamics in the steel, automobile and machinery industries in Germany, the U.S., and Japan since World War II. Using detailed historical and interview based contemporary analysis, the book shows that as national industrial actors in each sector try to compete in global markets, they recompose firm and industry boundaries, producer strategies, stakeholder interests and governance mechanisms at all levels of their political economies. Theoretically, the book marks a departure from both neoliberal economic and historical institutionalist perspectives on change in advanced political economies. It characterizes industrial change as a creative, bottom up, process driven by reflective social actors. The alternative view consists of two distinctive claims. The first is that action is social, reflective and ultimately creative. When their interactive habits are disrupted, industrial actors seek to repair their relations by reconceiving them. Such imaginative interaction redefines interest and causes unforeseen possibilities for action to emerge, enabling actors to trump existing rules and constraints. Second, industrial change driven by creative action is recompositional. In the social process of reflection, actors rearrange, modify, reconceive and reposition inherited organizational forms and governance mechanisms as they experiment with solutions to the challenges that they face. Continuity in relations is interwoven with continuous reform and change. Most remarkably, creativity in the recomposition process makes the introduction of entirely new practices and relations possible. Ultimately, the message of Manufacturing Possibilities is that social study of change in advanced political economies should devote itself to the discovery of possibility. Preoccupation with constraint and failure to appreciate the capaciousness of reflective social action has led much of contemporary debate to misrecognize the dynamics of change. As a result, discussion of the range of adjustment possibilities has been unnecessarily limited.Less
Manufacturing Possibilities examines adjustment dynamics in the steel, automobile and machinery industries in Germany, the U.S., and Japan since World War II. Using detailed historical and interview based contemporary analysis, the book shows that as national industrial actors in each sector try to compete in global markets, they recompose firm and industry boundaries, producer strategies, stakeholder interests and governance mechanisms at all levels of their political economies. Theoretically, the book marks a departure from both neoliberal economic and historical institutionalist perspectives on change in advanced political economies. It characterizes industrial change as a creative, bottom up, process driven by reflective social actors. The alternative view consists of two distinctive claims. The first is that action is social, reflective and ultimately creative. When their interactive habits are disrupted, industrial actors seek to repair their relations by reconceiving them. Such imaginative interaction redefines interest and causes unforeseen possibilities for action to emerge, enabling actors to trump existing rules and constraints. Second, industrial change driven by creative action is recompositional. In the social process of reflection, actors rearrange, modify, reconceive and reposition inherited organizational forms and governance mechanisms as they experiment with solutions to the challenges that they face. Continuity in relations is interwoven with continuous reform and change. Most remarkably, creativity in the recomposition process makes the introduction of entirely new practices and relations possible. Ultimately, the message of Manufacturing Possibilities is that social study of change in advanced political economies should devote itself to the discovery of possibility. Preoccupation with constraint and failure to appreciate the capaciousness of reflective social action has led much of contemporary debate to misrecognize the dynamics of change. As a result, discussion of the range of adjustment possibilities has been unnecessarily limited.
Richard P. Appelbaum
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199590179
- eISBN:
- 9780191724893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590179.003.0010
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
In this chapter, Appelbaum examines a subset of these contract manufacturers in greater detail. The increase in global sourcing by large retailers and merchandisers has given rise to a few giant ...
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In this chapter, Appelbaum examines a subset of these contract manufacturers in greater detail. The increase in global sourcing by large retailers and merchandisers has given rise to a few giant transnational contractors, based primarily in Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and China, that operate factories throughout the world. The emergence of these giant transnational contractors portends a dramatic shift in the organizational power within global supply chains, which may provide a counterweight to the growing power of large retailers. Global supply networks have typically been buyerdriven, with large retailers and branded manufacturers playing the central role in their creation and coordination. Most of the contractors have been small, reinforcing their vulnerability to big buyers. However, this situation is changing with the emergence of large contract manufacturers. This chapter examines several examples of these giant contract manufacturers, including Nien Hsing Textiles, Li & Fung, and Yue Yuen/Pou Chen. Increasingly, large contractors, and not the retailers, manage the supply chain. Their emergence, along with the pressure of lean retailing for cost cutting and quick response, is also compelling retailers to shift critical functions such as inventory management to these giant contract suppliers. China’s rise as an industrial power may further change global supply chain dynamics, with synergies arising from its supplier clusters, investment in the next generation of technologies, and the rapid growth of its domestic retail chains..Less
In this chapter, Appelbaum examines a subset of these contract manufacturers in greater detail. The increase in global sourcing by large retailers and merchandisers has given rise to a few giant transnational contractors, based primarily in Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and China, that operate factories throughout the world. The emergence of these giant transnational contractors portends a dramatic shift in the organizational power within global supply chains, which may provide a counterweight to the growing power of large retailers. Global supply networks have typically been buyerdriven, with large retailers and branded manufacturers playing the central role in their creation and coordination. Most of the contractors have been small, reinforcing their vulnerability to big buyers. However, this situation is changing with the emergence of large contract manufacturers. This chapter examines several examples of these giant contract manufacturers, including Nien Hsing Textiles, Li & Fung, and Yue Yuen/Pou Chen. Increasingly, large contractors, and not the retailers, manage the supply chain. Their emergence, along with the pressure of lean retailing for cost cutting and quick response, is also compelling retailers to shift critical functions such as inventory management to these giant contract suppliers. China’s rise as an industrial power may further change global supply chain dynamics, with synergies arising from its supplier clusters, investment in the next generation of technologies, and the rapid growth of its domestic retail chains..
Andreas Rühmkorf
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780197266472
- eISBN:
- 9780191884214
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266472.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Political Economy
Private commercial relationships constitute significant practical challenges for researchers analysing issues of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), such as forced labour in global supply chains. ...
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Private commercial relationships constitute significant practical challenges for researchers analysing issues of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), such as forced labour in global supply chains. The private nature of commercial relations means that freedom of information requests are not available. One way for researchers to study forced labour in global supply chains, therefore, is to use information made available by the corporations themselves. This Chapter draws on empirical legal research methods to explore the value of publicly available documents on how companies address CSR issues. It argues that, despite some limitations, it is possible to use data that is available on company websites such as codes of conduct, terms and conditions of purchase and nonfinancial reporting to assess business practices. These documents can complement both traditional doctrinal legal research of cases and statutes and research from other disciplines, thus providing new opportunities for research on forced labour in global supply chains.Less
Private commercial relationships constitute significant practical challenges for researchers analysing issues of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), such as forced labour in global supply chains. The private nature of commercial relations means that freedom of information requests are not available. One way for researchers to study forced labour in global supply chains, therefore, is to use information made available by the corporations themselves. This Chapter draws on empirical legal research methods to explore the value of publicly available documents on how companies address CSR issues. It argues that, despite some limitations, it is possible to use data that is available on company websites such as codes of conduct, terms and conditions of purchase and nonfinancial reporting to assess business practices. These documents can complement both traditional doctrinal legal research of cases and statutes and research from other disciplines, thus providing new opportunities for research on forced labour in global supply chains.
Howard Sklamberg and Jennifer Devine
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780231171182
- eISBN:
- 9780231540070
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Columbia University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7312/columbia/9780231171182.003.0004
- Subject:
- Law, Medical Law
This chapter offers an insider’s view from within FDA, focusing on the way in which the supply chain for therapeutics has become globalized, thrusting FDA into a new world of regulatory challenges. ...
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This chapter offers an insider’s view from within FDA, focusing on the way in which the supply chain for therapeutics has become globalized, thrusting FDA into a new world of regulatory challenges. After describing this phenomenon, the chapter turns to how FDA has tried to manage these developments, including through congressional changes to agency authority, partnerships with other national regulators, and additional steps.Less
This chapter offers an insider’s view from within FDA, focusing on the way in which the supply chain for therapeutics has become globalized, thrusting FDA into a new world of regulatory challenges. After describing this phenomenon, the chapter turns to how FDA has tried to manage these developments, including through congressional changes to agency authority, partnerships with other national regulators, and additional steps.
