Jeremy D. Schmahmann and Deepak N. Pandya
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195104233
- eISBN:
- 9780199864294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.003.0014
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the extreme capsule (EmC) of rhesus monkey brains. It shows that the EmC is the principal association pathway linking the middle superior ...
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This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the extreme capsule (EmC) of rhesus monkey brains. It shows that the EmC is the principal association pathway linking the middle superior temporal region with the caudal parts of the orbital cortex and the ventral-lateral prefrontal cortex. In addition to carrying these long association fiber connections, the fibers destined for the claustrum from the parietal, temporal, and frontal lobes also traverse the EmC.Less
This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the extreme capsule (EmC) of rhesus monkey brains. It shows that the EmC is the principal association pathway linking the middle superior temporal region with the caudal parts of the orbital cortex and the ventral-lateral prefrontal cortex. In addition to carrying these long association fiber connections, the fibers destined for the claustrum from the parietal, temporal, and frontal lobes also traverse the EmC.
Jeremy D. Schmahmann and Deepak N. Pandya
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195104233
- eISBN:
- 9780199864294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.003.0015
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the middle longitudinal fasciculus (MdLF) of rhesus monkey brains. Observations confirm the presence of the MdLF pathway that lies in the ...
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This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the middle longitudinal fasciculus (MdLF) of rhesus monkey brains. Observations confirm the presence of the MdLF pathway that lies in the white matter of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and extends from the caudal end of the STG to the temporal pole. In addition to the fibers within the MdLF that arise in the caudal inferior parietal lobule and terminate in the STG and the cortex of the superior temporal sulcus, researchers observed that the MdLF conveys fibers from the caudal cingulated gyrus and the middle sector of the parahippocampal gyrus toward the multimodal cortex (area TPO and PGa) in the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus. Further, the MdLF links caudal with rostral sectors within the superior temporal region itself. In addition, fibers arise from the lateral and orbital prefrontal cortices and travel caudally first in the extreme capsule, and then within the MdLF to terminate in area TPO.Less
This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the middle longitudinal fasciculus (MdLF) of rhesus monkey brains. Observations confirm the presence of the MdLF pathway that lies in the white matter of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and extends from the caudal end of the STG to the temporal pole. In addition to the fibers within the MdLF that arise in the caudal inferior parietal lobule and terminate in the STG and the cortex of the superior temporal sulcus, researchers observed that the MdLF conveys fibers from the caudal cingulated gyrus and the middle sector of the parahippocampal gyrus toward the multimodal cortex (area TPO and PGa) in the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus. Further, the MdLF links caudal with rostral sectors within the superior temporal region itself. In addition, fibers arise from the lateral and orbital prefrontal cortices and travel caudally first in the extreme capsule, and then within the MdLF to terminate in area TPO.
Jeremy D. Schmahmann and Deepak N. Pandya
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195104233
- eISBN:
- 9780199864294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.003.0026
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter begins with a discussion of the five principal thalamic peduncles: the superior, lateral, inferior, and anterior thalamic peduncles and the ventral subcortical bundle. These peduncles ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of the five principal thalamic peduncles: the superior, lateral, inferior, and anterior thalamic peduncles and the ventral subcortical bundle. These peduncles represent staging areas of the fibers from the cerebral cortex before they pass through the reticular nucleus to enter the respective thalamic nuclei. It then considers the cortical origins of thalamic peduncles.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of the five principal thalamic peduncles: the superior, lateral, inferior, and anterior thalamic peduncles and the ventral subcortical bundle. These peduncles represent staging areas of the fibers from the cerebral cortex before they pass through the reticular nucleus to enter the respective thalamic nuclei. It then considers the cortical origins of thalamic peduncles.
Guenael Mettraux
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199559329
- eISBN:
- 9780191705304
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559329.003.0007
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology, Public International Law
This chapter deals generally with the elements that make up the doctrine of superior responsibility.
This chapter deals generally with the elements that make up the doctrine of superior responsibility.
Mohamed Shahabuddeen
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199670826
- eISBN:
- 9780191751523
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199670826.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Public International Law, Criminal Law and Criminology
International criminal justice has undergone rapid recent development. Since the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 1993, and the International ...
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International criminal justice has undergone rapid recent development. Since the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 1993, and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in the following year, the field has changed beyond recognition. The traditional immunity of presidents or heads of government, prime ministers, and other functionaries acting in an official capacity no longer prevails; the doctrine of superior orders is inapplicable except, where appropriate, as in mitigation; and the gap between international armed conflict and non-international armed conflict has closed. More generally, the bridge has been crossed between the irresponsibility of the state and the criminal responsibility of the individual. As a result, the traditional impunity of the state has practically gone. This book assesses some of the workings of the ICTY that have shaped these developments. It provides an insightful overview of the nature of this criminal court, established on behalf of the whole of the international community. It reflects on its transformation into one of the leading fora for the growth of international criminal law first-hand, offering a unique perspective on the challenges it has faced.Less
International criminal justice has undergone rapid recent development. Since the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 1993, and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) in the following year, the field has changed beyond recognition. The traditional immunity of presidents or heads of government, prime ministers, and other functionaries acting in an official capacity no longer prevails; the doctrine of superior orders is inapplicable except, where appropriate, as in mitigation; and the gap between international armed conflict and non-international armed conflict has closed. More generally, the bridge has been crossed between the irresponsibility of the state and the criminal responsibility of the individual. As a result, the traditional impunity of the state has practically gone. This book assesses some of the workings of the ICTY that have shaped these developments. It provides an insightful overview of the nature of this criminal court, established on behalf of the whole of the international community. It reflects on its transformation into one of the leading fora for the growth of international criminal law first-hand, offering a unique perspective on the challenges it has faced.
Paul Borgman
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195331608
- eISBN:
- 9780199868001
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195331608.003.0002
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
Israel's second king, David, will commit what looks like far greater wrong than anything done by God's first choice, King Saul. But David proves much the superior leader. Why might God have given up ...
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Israel's second king, David, will commit what looks like far greater wrong than anything done by God's first choice, King Saul. But David proves much the superior leader. Why might God have given up so quickly on Saul, and what does this intimate about God's reversal of choices, for David? Possible answers begin to emerge with the narrator's presentation of Saul's three anointings and paralleled wrongdoing, the latter sandwiching a picture of Jonathan, of everything good that Saul isn't. With Saul we find an anatomy of failure that goes beyond mere wrongdoing. Something within Saul is tragically lacking, a flaw that will prove definitive as a contrast with David. Brought into a unifying vision by this and other patterns are “blocks” of material considered quite disparate by many biblical scholars.Less
Israel's second king, David, will commit what looks like far greater wrong than anything done by God's first choice, King Saul. But David proves much the superior leader. Why might God have given up so quickly on Saul, and what does this intimate about God's reversal of choices, for David? Possible answers begin to emerge with the narrator's presentation of Saul's three anointings and paralleled wrongdoing, the latter sandwiching a picture of Jonathan, of everything good that Saul isn't. With Saul we find an anatomy of failure that goes beyond mere wrongdoing. Something within Saul is tragically lacking, a flaw that will prove definitive as a contrast with David. Brought into a unifying vision by this and other patterns are “blocks” of material considered quite disparate by many biblical scholars.
Suzanne Vromen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195181289
- eISBN:
- 9780199870752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181289.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
This chapter draws on interviews with surviving nuns to show that mothers superior were responsible for accepting children in the convents and that they did so while maintaining all possible secrecy ...
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This chapter draws on interviews with surviving nuns to show that mothers superior were responsible for accepting children in the convents and that they did so while maintaining all possible secrecy about their actions. Not only children were hidden in convents, sometimes right under the noses of the occupiers, but also entire families as well as young people who avoided labor conscription. Jewish children were expected to go to mass and were treated like all the other boarders, a strategy that, from the point of view of nuns, served to conceal them. In the contemporary interviews nuns argue that at the time hidden Jewish children were not coerced into baptism and communion; they depict rescue in a humanitarian light. In running the convents in wartime, German nuns facilitated relationships with the German occupiers. Assuring a sufficient food supply demanded great skill and the occasional recourse to collective resources from other orders. In the nuns' recollections the fear of bombardments is the most vivid one. The chapter affirms the nuns' general active stance and highlights many facets of the entrepreneurial and affective authority of mothers superior. In conclusion the contributions of these mothers superior to the Resistance and to rescue have been taken for granted and not accorded the recognition that they deserve.Less
This chapter draws on interviews with surviving nuns to show that mothers superior were responsible for accepting children in the convents and that they did so while maintaining all possible secrecy about their actions. Not only children were hidden in convents, sometimes right under the noses of the occupiers, but also entire families as well as young people who avoided labor conscription. Jewish children were expected to go to mass and were treated like all the other boarders, a strategy that, from the point of view of nuns, served to conceal them. In the contemporary interviews nuns argue that at the time hidden Jewish children were not coerced into baptism and communion; they depict rescue in a humanitarian light. In running the convents in wartime, German nuns facilitated relationships with the German occupiers. Assuring a sufficient food supply demanded great skill and the occasional recourse to collective resources from other orders. In the nuns' recollections the fear of bombardments is the most vivid one. The chapter affirms the nuns' general active stance and highlights many facets of the entrepreneurial and affective authority of mothers superior. In conclusion the contributions of these mothers superior to the Resistance and to rescue have been taken for granted and not accorded the recognition that they deserve.
Suzanne Vromen
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195181289
- eISBN:
- 9780199870752
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195181289.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Judaism
The organization of the Committee for the Defense of Jews was a remarkable ecumenical achievement transcending religious and political differences and overcoming xenophobia in a country where 94 ...
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The organization of the Committee for the Defense of Jews was a remarkable ecumenical achievement transcending religious and political differences and overcoming xenophobia in a country where 94 percent of the Jewish population was foreign born. The convents as closed institutions were in a particularly favorable position to offer safe hiding places. The cooperation of the mothers superior was essential to successful rescue. The motives of rescuers in general are discussed and the Belgian case examined. The question of how the former hidden children were affected by their experiences is raised, as well as how they deal with these experiences today. As for the issue of commemoration, in France recent ceremonies honoring the French Righteous have come to symbolize and unify all resisters, while in Belgium an extensive report on the collaboration of the Belgian administration with the Nazi occupiers has recently been published. The book's focus on the Belgian Righteous is therefore more than ever timely.Less
The organization of the Committee for the Defense of Jews was a remarkable ecumenical achievement transcending religious and political differences and overcoming xenophobia in a country where 94 percent of the Jewish population was foreign born. The convents as closed institutions were in a particularly favorable position to offer safe hiding places. The cooperation of the mothers superior was essential to successful rescue. The motives of rescuers in general are discussed and the Belgian case examined. The question of how the former hidden children were affected by their experiences is raised, as well as how they deal with these experiences today. As for the issue of commemoration, in France recent ceremonies honoring the French Righteous have come to symbolize and unify all resisters, while in Belgium an extensive report on the collaboration of the Belgian administration with the Nazi occupiers has recently been published. The book's focus on the Belgian Righteous is therefore more than ever timely.
Anthony R. Birley
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199252374
- eISBN:
- 9780191719103
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199252374.003.0002
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, British and Irish History: BCE to 500CE
In the first section of this chapter, the date of the first division of Britain into Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior is discussed. Despite Herodian’s statement that this took place straight ...
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In the first section of this chapter, the date of the first division of Britain into Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior is discussed. Despite Herodian’s statement that this took place straight after Severus’ defeat of Albinus (i.e., in AD 217), Herodian is shown to be unreliable. Additional evidence is presented which shows that a date of c.AD 213 more likely. The main part of the chapter covers the known governors of Britannia Superior and Inferior, and the small number of known legionary legates in Superior, arranged in chronological order. Evidence for events affecting Britain is presented such as transfers of troops from Britain to the continent — the ‘Gallic Empire’ — of which the British provinces formed part lasting from AD 260 to 274, and the attempted coup by a British governor under Probus.Less
In the first section of this chapter, the date of the first division of Britain into Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior is discussed. Despite Herodian’s statement that this took place straight after Severus’ defeat of Albinus (i.e., in AD 217), Herodian is shown to be unreliable. Additional evidence is presented which shows that a date of c.AD 213 more likely. The main part of the chapter covers the known governors of Britannia Superior and Inferior, and the small number of known legionary legates in Superior, arranged in chronological order. Evidence for events affecting Britain is presented such as transfers of troops from Britain to the continent — the ‘Gallic Empire’ — of which the British provinces formed part lasting from AD 260 to 274, and the attempted coup by a British governor under Probus.
Patrick Polden
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199258819
- eISBN:
- 9780191718151
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258819.003.0018
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter begins with a discussion of practice and procedure in the superior courts in the 19th century. It then discusses the law of evidence in civil causes, organization and business of the ...
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This chapter begins with a discussion of practice and procedure in the superior courts in the 19th century. It then discusses the law of evidence in civil causes, organization and business of the courts of common law, the great sessions of Wales, the Assize system, and the Central Criminal Court.Less
This chapter begins with a discussion of practice and procedure in the superior courts in the 19th century. It then discusses the law of evidence in civil causes, organization and business of the courts of common law, the great sessions of Wales, the Assize system, and the Central Criminal Court.
Patrick Polden
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199258819
- eISBN:
- 9780191718151
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199258819.003.0030
- Subject:
- Law, Legal History
This chapter on the judiciary in the 19th century begins with a discussion of the judges of the superior courts. It then discusses county court judges and stipendiary magistrates.
This chapter on the judiciary in the 19th century begins with a discussion of the judges of the superior courts. It then discusses county court judges and stipendiary magistrates.
Michael Suk-Young Chwe
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691162447
- eISBN:
- 9781400851331
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691162447.003.0012
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter examines how Jane Austen deals with cluelessness in her novels. It discusses the five explanations offered by Austen for cluelessness. The first is lack of natural ability and the second ...
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This chapter examines how Jane Austen deals with cluelessness in her novels. It discusses the five explanations offered by Austen for cluelessness. The first is lack of natural ability and the second is social distance. In the latter case, an unmarried person for example is not so good at understanding married people because he has not yet had the experience of being married. The third is excessive self-reference, using yourself too much as a template for understanding others. The fourth is status maintenance: a higher-status person is not supposed to think about the intentions of a lower-status person, and risks blurring the status distinction if she does. The fifth is that sometimes presumption, believing that one can directly manipulate another's preferences, actually works. The chapter applies these explanations to the decisive blunders of superiors such as Lady Catherine and General Tilney in Northanger Abbey.Less
This chapter examines how Jane Austen deals with cluelessness in her novels. It discusses the five explanations offered by Austen for cluelessness. The first is lack of natural ability and the second is social distance. In the latter case, an unmarried person for example is not so good at understanding married people because he has not yet had the experience of being married. The third is excessive self-reference, using yourself too much as a template for understanding others. The fourth is status maintenance: a higher-status person is not supposed to think about the intentions of a lower-status person, and risks blurring the status distinction if she does. The fifth is that sometimes presumption, believing that one can directly manipulate another's preferences, actually works. The chapter applies these explanations to the decisive blunders of superiors such as Lady Catherine and General Tilney in Northanger Abbey.
Benjamin A. Rowland, Barry E. Stein, and Terrence R. Stanford
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195387247
- eISBN:
- 9780199918379
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195387247.003.0018
- Subject:
- Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Cognitive Psychology
This chapter discusses four models of the integration of visual and auditory cues in the cat superior colliculus. Models 1–3 are analytical models, each incorporating elements of the former but also ...
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This chapter discusses four models of the integration of visual and auditory cues in the cat superior colliculus. Models 1–3 are analytical models, each incorporating elements of the former but also evolving in an attempt to better incorporate the aforementioned empirical observations to explain multisensory enhancement. Model 4, a network model, incorporates the same key empirical observations as does Model 3, but with an entirely different implementation and also accounts for multisensory depression.Less
This chapter discusses four models of the integration of visual and auditory cues in the cat superior colliculus. Models 1–3 are analytical models, each incorporating elements of the former but also evolving in an attempt to better incorporate the aforementioned empirical observations to explain multisensory enhancement. Model 4, a network model, incorporates the same key empirical observations as does Model 3, but with an entirely different implementation and also accounts for multisensory depression.
Michael J. Crawford
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780813034706
- eISBN:
- 9780813038346
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University Press of Florida
- DOI:
- 10.5744/florida/9780813034706.003.0018
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
The superior court of the district of Edenton, in November 1778, heard on appeal the case of the blacks manumitted by North Carolina Quakers and reversed the order of the Pasquotank and Perquimans ...
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The superior court of the district of Edenton, in November 1778, heard on appeal the case of the blacks manumitted by North Carolina Quakers and reversed the order of the Pasquotank and Perquimans county courts that the blacks be sold and re-enslaved. It orders to “remove all the orders and proceedings of the court of the said county relating to the sale and enslaving.” The verdict expressed county court's decision a “violation of the constitution of this state, and contrary to natural justice, and that there are manifest errors and irregularities in the said proceedings.”Less
The superior court of the district of Edenton, in November 1778, heard on appeal the case of the blacks manumitted by North Carolina Quakers and reversed the order of the Pasquotank and Perquimans county courts that the blacks be sold and re-enslaved. It orders to “remove all the orders and proceedings of the court of the said county relating to the sale and enslaving.” The verdict expressed county court's decision a “violation of the constitution of this state, and contrary to natural justice, and that there are manifest errors and irregularities in the said proceedings.”
Maurizio Viroli
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151823
- eISBN:
- 9781400840274
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151823.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, International Relations and Politics
This chapter discusses the court system. When an enormous or arbitrary power establishes itself in a country, the court system is created. A court exists when a person, by virtue of his enormous ...
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This chapter discusses the court system. When an enormous or arbitrary power establishes itself in a country, the court system is created. A court exists when a person, by virtue of his enormous power, constantly occupies a more elevated and central position in relation to a relatively large number of individuals who depend on him in order to gain, keep, and increase their wealth, status, and chance of appearing and being seen and admired. This system depends on the effective power of the signore to distribute to the courtiers material and symbolic benefits and to threaten them, equally effectively, with the loss of those goods. In the court system, the prince too depends to a certain degree on the courtiers and all those whom he can benefit or threaten. However, the superior power of the signore and his central position are not in question. Ultimately, the most important reason for a court's existence is the practice of servitude.Less
This chapter discusses the court system. When an enormous or arbitrary power establishes itself in a country, the court system is created. A court exists when a person, by virtue of his enormous power, constantly occupies a more elevated and central position in relation to a relatively large number of individuals who depend on him in order to gain, keep, and increase their wealth, status, and chance of appearing and being seen and admired. This system depends on the effective power of the signore to distribute to the courtiers material and symbolic benefits and to threaten them, equally effectively, with the loss of those goods. In the court system, the prince too depends to a certain degree on the courtiers and all those whom he can benefit or threaten. However, the superior power of the signore and his central position are not in question. Ultimately, the most important reason for a court's existence is the practice of servitude.
Jon H. Kaas, Christine E. Collins, and Yuzo M. Chino
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195140132
- eISBN:
- 9780199865307
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195140132.003.0010
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems, Behavioral Neuroscience
The mammalian visual system is characterized by a hierarchy of processing stations that tend to preserve and reflect the spatial order of outputs from the retina of each eye. The optic nerve fibers ...
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The mammalian visual system is characterized by a hierarchy of processing stations that tend to preserve and reflect the spatial order of outputs from the retina of each eye. The optic nerve fibers maintain much of the spatial organization as they leave the eye, and refine that order as they terminate in their major brainstem targets: the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the superior colliculus. A retinotopic pattern is preserved in the LGN projections to primary visual cortex and in at least several other areas devoted to the early stages of cortical processing of visual information. This chapter considers what happens to these orderly representations of the retinal outputs when some part of the retina is missing.Less
The mammalian visual system is characterized by a hierarchy of processing stations that tend to preserve and reflect the spatial order of outputs from the retina of each eye. The optic nerve fibers maintain much of the spatial organization as they leave the eye, and refine that order as they terminate in their major brainstem targets: the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the superior colliculus. A retinotopic pattern is preserved in the LGN projections to primary visual cortex and in at least several other areas devoted to the early stages of cortical processing of visual information. This chapter considers what happens to these orderly representations of the retinal outputs when some part of the retina is missing.
Guénaël Mettraux
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199559329
- eISBN:
- 9780191705304
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559329.001.0001
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology, Public International Law
The book studies the law of command or superior responsibility under international law. Born in the aftermath of the Second World War, the doctrine of superior responsibility provides that a military ...
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The book studies the law of command or superior responsibility under international law. Born in the aftermath of the Second World War, the doctrine of superior responsibility provides that a military commander, a civilian leader or the leader of a terrorist, paramilitary, or rebel group could be held criminally responsible in relation to crimes committed by subordinates even where he has taken no direct or personal part in the commission of these crimes. The basis of this type of liability lies in a grave and culpable failure on the part of the superior to fulfil his duties to prevent or punish crimes of subordinates. Though it first developed in the international arena, the doctrine of superior responsibility has now spread into many domestic jurisdictions, thus offering judicial and prosecutorial authorities a ready-made instrument to hold to account the leaders of men who knew of the crimes of their subordinates and failed to respond adequately to prevent or punish those crimes. This book provides a dissection of the doctrine of superior responsibility, the scope of its application, its elements as well as the evidential difficulties involved in establishing the criminal responsibility of a superior in the context of a criminal prosecution.Less
The book studies the law of command or superior responsibility under international law. Born in the aftermath of the Second World War, the doctrine of superior responsibility provides that a military commander, a civilian leader or the leader of a terrorist, paramilitary, or rebel group could be held criminally responsible in relation to crimes committed by subordinates even where he has taken no direct or personal part in the commission of these crimes. The basis of this type of liability lies in a grave and culpable failure on the part of the superior to fulfil his duties to prevent or punish crimes of subordinates. Though it first developed in the international arena, the doctrine of superior responsibility has now spread into many domestic jurisdictions, thus offering judicial and prosecutorial authorities a ready-made instrument to hold to account the leaders of men who knew of the crimes of their subordinates and failed to respond adequately to prevent or punish those crimes. This book provides a dissection of the doctrine of superior responsibility, the scope of its application, its elements as well as the evidential difficulties involved in establishing the criminal responsibility of a superior in the context of a criminal prosecution.
Dr. David Nersessian
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199588909
- eISBN:
- 9780191594557
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199588909.003.0003
- Subject:
- Law, Human Rights and Immigration, Public International Law
This chapter focuses upon the actus reus of genocide, outlining both the conduct elements of the offence and the complexities of identifying the contours of protected groups. It first discusses the ...
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This chapter focuses upon the actus reus of genocide, outlining both the conduct elements of the offence and the complexities of identifying the contours of protected groups. It first discusses the various modes of perpetration for international crimes generally, including the doctrines of command responsibility and joint criminal enterprise. It then focuses on the actus reus of genocide and details the acts prohibited under Genocide Convention that constitute physical genocide (killing group members, causing them serious bodily or mental harm, and imposing destructive conditions of life upon them) and biological genocide (preventing births within the group and removing the children of group members). It also discusses distinctions and commonalities among the racial, ethnic, national, and religious groups protected under the Genocide Convention. It further details the complexities of determining the applicable criteria for group membership and assesses the benefits and drawbacks of ascertaining membership using subjective versus objective characteristics.Less
This chapter focuses upon the actus reus of genocide, outlining both the conduct elements of the offence and the complexities of identifying the contours of protected groups. It first discusses the various modes of perpetration for international crimes generally, including the doctrines of command responsibility and joint criminal enterprise. It then focuses on the actus reus of genocide and details the acts prohibited under Genocide Convention that constitute physical genocide (killing group members, causing them serious bodily or mental harm, and imposing destructive conditions of life upon them) and biological genocide (preventing births within the group and removing the children of group members). It also discusses distinctions and commonalities among the racial, ethnic, national, and religious groups protected under the Genocide Convention. It further details the complexities of determining the applicable criteria for group membership and assesses the benefits and drawbacks of ascertaining membership using subjective versus objective characteristics.
Jeremy D. Schmahmann and Deepak N. Pandya
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195104233
- eISBN:
- 9780199864294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.003.0016
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the uncinate fasciculus (UF) of rhesus monkey brains. It shows that the UF is a bidirectional pathway that preferentially links the anterior ...
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This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the uncinate fasciculus (UF) of rhesus monkey brains. It shows that the UF is a bidirectional pathway that preferentially links the anterior temporal lobe with the medial and orbital prefrontal cortex. Fibers from the rostral part of the superior temporal gyrus (temporal proisocortex and area TS1) and the inferotemporal region (areas TE1 and TEa) ascend in the temporal stem, where they are positioned rostral to the most anteriorly situated fibers of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus. The uncinate fibers then aggregate lateral to the ventral part of the claustrum, situated medial to the insular cortex, and below and medial to the fibers of the extreme capsule. They then move medially through the limen insula into the white matter of the orbital cortex.Less
This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the uncinate fasciculus (UF) of rhesus monkey brains. It shows that the UF is a bidirectional pathway that preferentially links the anterior temporal lobe with the medial and orbital prefrontal cortex. Fibers from the rostral part of the superior temporal gyrus (temporal proisocortex and area TS1) and the inferotemporal region (areas TE1 and TEa) ascend in the temporal stem, where they are positioned rostral to the most anteriorly situated fibers of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus. The uncinate fibers then aggregate lateral to the ventral part of the claustrum, situated medial to the insular cortex, and below and medial to the fibers of the extreme capsule. They then move medially through the limen insula into the white matter of the orbital cortex.
Jeremy D. Schmahmann and Deepak N. Pandya
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195104233
- eISBN:
- 9780199864294
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195104233.003.0006
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Techniques, Disorders of the Nervous System
This chapter describes the isotope injection cases in the parietal lobe of six rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber trajectories, as ...
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This chapter describes the isotope injection cases in the parietal lobe of six rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber trajectories, as well as the cortical and subcortical terminations. The injections were in the superior parietal lobule in area PGm, encroaching upon area PEc (Case 1), the medial part of area PEc at the junction of area PE (Case 2), and the lateral part of area PEc at the junction of area PE (Case 3). Injections in the inferior parietal lobule were placed in the caudal part of area PG and in area Opt (Case 4), the rostral inferior parietal lobule, area PF (Case 5), and the middle part of the parietal operculum (Case 6).Less
This chapter describes the isotope injection cases in the parietal lobe of six rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber trajectories, as well as the cortical and subcortical terminations. The injections were in the superior parietal lobule in area PGm, encroaching upon area PEc (Case 1), the medial part of area PEc at the junction of area PE (Case 2), and the lateral part of area PEc at the junction of area PE (Case 3). Injections in the inferior parietal lobule were placed in the caudal part of area PG and in area Opt (Case 4), the rostral inferior parietal lobule, area PF (Case 5), and the middle part of the parietal operculum (Case 6).
