Search Results

Extreme Capsule

Jeremy D. Schmahmann and Deepak N. Pandya

in Fiber Pathways of the Brain

This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the extreme capsule (EmC) of rhesus monkey brains. It shows that the EmC is the principal association pathway linking the middle superior ... More

This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the extreme capsule (EmC) of rhesus monkey brains. It shows that the EmC is the principal association pathway linking the middle superior temporal region with the caudal parts of the orbital cortex and the ventral-lateral prefrontal cortex. In addition to carrying these long association fiber connections, the fibers destined for the claustrum from the parietal, temporal, and frontal lobes also traverse the EmC.Less

Middle Longitudinal Fasciculus

Jeremy D. Schmahmann and Deepak N. Pandya

in Fiber Pathways of the Brain

This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the middle longitudinal fasciculus (MdLF) of rhesus monkey brains. Observations confirm the presence of the MdLF pathway that lies in the ... More

This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the middle longitudinal fasciculus (MdLF) of rhesus monkey brains. Observations confirm the presence of the MdLF pathway that lies in the white matter of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and extends from the caudal end of the STG to the temporal pole. In addition to the fibers within the MdLF that arise in the caudal inferior parietal lobule and terminate in the STG and the cortex of the superior temporal sulcus, researchers observed that the MdLF conveys fibers from the caudal cingulated gyrus and the middle sector of the parahippocampal gyrus toward the multimodal cortex (area TPO and PGa) in the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus. Further, the MdLF links caudal with rostral sectors within the superior temporal region itself. In addition, fibers arise from the lateral and orbital prefrontal cortices and travel caudally first in the extreme capsule, and then within the MdLF to terminate in area TPO.Less

Thalamic Peduncles

Jeremy D. Schmahmann and Deepak N. Pandya

in Fiber Pathways of the Brain

This chapter begins with a discussion of the five principal thalamic peduncles: the superior, lateral, inferior, and anterior thalamic peduncles and the ventral subcortical bundle. These peduncles ... More

This chapter begins with a discussion of the five principal thalamic peduncles: the superior, lateral, inferior, and anterior thalamic peduncles and the ventral subcortical bundle. These peduncles represent staging areas of the fibers from the cerebral cortex before they pass through the reticular nucleus to enter the respective thalamic nuclei. It then considers the cortical origins of thalamic peduncles.Less

General Remarks

Guenael Mettraux

in The Law of Command Responsibility

This chapter deals generally with the elements that make up the doctrine of superior responsibility.

 Saul: Three Anointings, Two Wrongdoings, One Good Son Between: Patterns 1 and 2

Paul Borgman

in David, Saul, and God: Rediscovering an Ancient Story

Israel's second king, David, will commit what looks like far greater wrong than anything done by God's first choice, King Saul. But David proves much the superior leader. Why might God have given up ... More

Israel's second king, David, will commit what looks like far greater wrong than anything done by God's first choice, King Saul. But David proves much the superior leader. Why might God have given up so quickly on Saul, and what does this intimate about God's reversal of choices, for David? Possible answers begin to emerge with the narrator's presentation of Saul's three anointings and paralleled wrongdoing, the latter sandwiching a picture of Jonathan, of everything good that Saul isn't. With Saul we find an anatomy of failure that goes beyond mere wrongdoing. Something within Saul is tragically lacking, a flaw that will prove definitive as a contrast with David. Brought into a unifying vision by this and other patterns are “blocks” of material considered quite disparate by many biblical scholars.Less

 The Nuns

Suzanne Vromen

in Hidden Children of the Holocaust

This chapter draws on interviews with surviving nuns to show that mothers superior were responsible for accepting children in the convents and that they did so while maintaining all possible secrecy ... More

This chapter draws on interviews with surviving nuns to show that mothers superior were responsible for accepting children in the convents and that they did so while maintaining all possible secrecy about their actions. Not only children were hidden in convents, sometimes right under the noses of the occupiers, but also entire families as well as young people who avoided labor conscription. Jewish children were expected to go to mass and were treated like all the other boarders, a strategy that, from the point of view of nuns, served to conceal them. In the contemporary interviews nuns argue that at the time hidden Jewish children were not coerced into baptism and communion; they depict rescue in a humanitarian light. In running the convents in wartime, German nuns facilitated relationships with the German occupiers. Assuring a sufficient food supply demanded great skill and the occasional recourse to collective resources from other orders. In the nuns' recollections the fear of bombardments is the most vivid one. The chapter affirms the nuns' general active stance and highlights many facets of the entrepreneurial and affective authority of mothers superior. In conclusion the contributions of these mothers superior to the Resistance and to rescue have been taken for granted and not accorded the recognition that they deserve.Less

Epilogue

Suzanne Vromen

in Hidden Children of the Holocaust

The organization of the Committee for the Defense of Jews was a remarkable ecumenical achievement transcending religious and political differences and overcoming xenophobia in a country where 94 ... More

The organization of the Committee for the Defense of Jews was a remarkable ecumenical achievement transcending religious and political differences and overcoming xenophobia in a country where 94 percent of the Jewish population was foreign born. The convents as closed institutions were in a particularly favorable position to offer safe hiding places. The cooperation of the mothers superior was essential to successful rescue. The motives of rescuers in general are discussed and the Belgian case examined. The question of how the former hidden children were affected by their experiences is raised, as well as how they deal with these experiences today. As for the issue of commemoration, in France recent ceremonies honoring the French Righteous have come to symbolize and unify all resisters, while in Belgium an extensive report on the collaboration of the Belgian administration with the Nazi occupiers has recently been published. The book's focus on the Belgian Righteous is therefore more than ever timely.Less

Caracalla to Carinus

Anthony R. Birley

in The Roman Government of Britain

In the first section of this chapter, the date of the first division of Britain into Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior is discussed. Despite Herodian’s statement that this took place straight ... More

In the first section of this chapter, the date of the first division of Britain into Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior is discussed. Despite Herodian’s statement that this took place straight after Severus’ defeat of Albinus (i.e., in AD 217), Herodian is shown to be unreliable. Additional evidence is presented which shows that a date of c.AD 213 more likely. The main part of the chapter covers the known governors of Britannia Superior and Inferior, and the small number of known legionary legates in Superior, arranged in chronological order. Evidence for events affecting Britain is presented such as transfers of troops from Britain to the continent — the ‘Gallic Empire’ — of which the British provinces formed part lasting from AD 260 to 274, and the attempted coup by a British governor under Probus.Less

The Superior Courts of Common Law

Patrick Polden

in The Oxford History of the Laws of England: Volume XI: 1820–1914 English Legal System

This chapter begins with a discussion of practice and procedure in the superior courts in the 19th century. It then discusses the law of evidence in civil causes, organization and business of the ... More

This chapter begins with a discussion of practice and procedure in the superior courts in the 19th century. It then discusses the law of evidence in civil causes, organization and business of the courts of common law, the great sessions of Wales, the Assize system, and the Central Criminal Court.Less

The Judiciary

Patrick Polden

in The Oxford History of the Laws of England: Volume XI: 1820–1914 English Legal System

This chapter on the judiciary in the 19th century begins with a discussion of the judges of the superior courts. It then discusses county court judges and stipendiary magistrates.

Austen on Cluelessness

Michael Suk-Young Chwe

in Jane Austen, Game Theorist

This chapter examines how Jane Austen deals with cluelessness in her novels. It discusses the five explanations offered by Austen for cluelessness. The first is lack of natural ability and the second ... More

This chapter examines how Jane Austen deals with cluelessness in her novels. It discusses the five explanations offered by Austen for cluelessness. The first is lack of natural ability and the second is social distance. In the latter case, an unmarried person for example is not so good at understanding married people because he has not yet had the experience of being married. The third is excessive self-reference, using yourself too much as a template for understanding others. The fourth is status maintenance: a higher-status person is not supposed to think about the intentions of a lower-status person, and risks blurring the status distinction if she does. The fifth is that sometimes presumption, believing that one can directly manipulate another's preferences, actually works. The chapter applies these explanations to the decisive blunders of superiors such as Lady Catherine and General Tilney in Northanger Abbey.Less

Computational Models of Multisensory Integration in the Cat Superior Colliculus

Benjamin A. Rowland, Barry E. Stein, and Terrence R. Stanford

in Sensory Cue Integration

This chapter discusses four models of the integration of visual and auditory cues in the cat superior colliculus. Models 1–3 are analytical models, each incorporating elements of the former but also ... More

This chapter discusses four models of the integration of visual and auditory cues in the cat superior colliculus. Models 1–3 are analytical models, each incorporating elements of the former but also evolving in an attempt to better incorporate the aforementioned empirical observations to explain multisensory enhancement. Model 4, a network model, incorporates the same key empirical observations as does Model 3, but with an entirely different implementation and also accounts for multisensory depression.Less

The Court System

Maurizio Viroli

in The Liberty of Servants: Berlusconi's Italy

This chapter discusses the court system. When an enormous or arbitrary power establishes itself in a country, the court system is created. A court exists when a person, by virtue of his enormous ... More

This chapter discusses the court system. When an enormous or arbitrary power establishes itself in a country, the court system is created. A court exists when a person, by virtue of his enormous power, constantly occupies a more elevated and central position in relation to a relatively large number of individuals who depend on him in order to gain, keep, and increase their wealth, status, and chance of appearing and being seen and admired. This system depends on the effective power of the signore to distribute to the courtiers material and symbolic benefits and to threaten them, equally effectively, with the loss of those goods. In the court system, the prince too depends to a certain degree on the courtiers and all those whom he can benefit or threaten. However, the superior power of the signore and his central position are not in question. Ultimately, the most important reason for a court's existence is the practice of servitude.Less

The Reactivation and Reorganization of Retinotopic Maps in Visual Cortex of Adult Mammals After Retinal and Cortical Lesions

Jon H. Kaas, Christine E. Collins, and Yuzo M. Chino

in Filling-In: From Perceptual Completion to Cortical Reorganization

The mammalian visual system is characterized by a hierarchy of processing stations that tend to preserve and reflect the spatial order of outputs from the retina of each eye. The optic nerve fibers ... More

The mammalian visual system is characterized by a hierarchy of processing stations that tend to preserve and reflect the spatial order of outputs from the retina of each eye. The optic nerve fibers maintain much of the spatial organization as they leave the eye, and refine that order as they terminate in their major brainstem targets: the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and the superior colliculus. A retinotopic pattern is preserved in the LGN projections to primary visual cortex and in at least several other areas devoted to the early stages of cortical processing of visual information. This chapter considers what happens to these orderly representations of the retinal outputs when some part of the retina is missing.Less

1778: The Superior Court Annuls Re-Enslavements

Michael J. Crawford

in The Having of Negroes Is Become a Burden: The Quaker Struggle to Free Slaves in Revolutionary North Carolina

The superior court of the district of Edenton, in November 1778, heard on appeal the case of the blacks manumitted by North Carolina Quakers and reversed the order of the Pasquotank and Perquimans ... More

The superior court of the district of Edenton, in November 1778, heard on appeal the case of the blacks manumitted by North Carolina Quakers and reversed the order of the Pasquotank and Perquimans county courts that the blacks be sold and re-enslaved. It orders to “remove all the orders and proceedings of the court of the said county relating to the sale and enslaving.” The verdict expressed county court's decision a “violation of the constitution of this state, and contrary to natural justice, and that there are manifest errors and irregularities in the said proceedings.”Less

Uncinate Fasciculus

Jeremy D. Schmahmann and Deepak N. Pandya

in Fiber Pathways of the Brain

This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the uncinate fasciculus (UF) of rhesus monkey brains. It shows that the UF is a bidirectional pathway that preferentially links the anterior ... More

This chapter discusses the results of the investigation of the uncinate fasciculus (UF) of rhesus monkey brains. It shows that the UF is a bidirectional pathway that preferentially links the anterior temporal lobe with the medial and orbital prefrontal cortex. Fibers from the rostral part of the superior temporal gyrus (temporal proisocortex and area TS1) and the inferotemporal region (areas TE1 and TEa) ascend in the temporal stem, where they are positioned rostral to the most anteriorly situated fibers of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus. The uncinate fibers then aggregate lateral to the ventral part of the claustrum, situated medial to the insular cortex, and below and medial to the fibers of the extreme capsule. They then move medially through the limen insula into the white matter of the orbital cortex.Less

Parietal Lobe

Jeremy D. Schmahmann and Deepak N. Pandya

in Fiber Pathways of the Brain

This chapter describes the isotope injection cases in the parietal lobe of six rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber trajectories, as ... More

This chapter describes the isotope injection cases in the parietal lobe of six rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber trajectories, as well as the cortical and subcortical terminations. The injections were in the superior parietal lobule in area PGm, encroaching upon area PEc (Case 1), the medial part of area PEc at the junction of area PE (Case 2), and the lateral part of area PEc at the junction of area PE (Case 3). Injections in the inferior parietal lobule were placed in the caudal part of area PG and in area Opt (Case 4), the rostral inferior parietal lobule, area PF (Case 5), and the middle part of the parietal operculum (Case 6).Less

Superior Temporal Region

Jeremy D. Schmahmann and Deepak N. Pandya

in Fiber Pathways of the Brain

This chapter describes the isotope injection cases in the superior temporal region of five rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber ... More

This chapter describes the isotope injection cases in the superior temporal region of five rhesus monkeys. It analyzes the resulting association, striatal, commissural, and subcortical fiber trajectories, as well as the cortical and subcortical terminations. The injections were in the caudal part of the superior temporal gyrus involving area Tpt (Case 7), the caudal part of the superior temporal gyrus in areas paAlt and Tpt (Case 8), the midportion of area TPO in the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus, the ventral superior temporal gyrus in area TAa and the caudal part of primary auditory area KA (Case 9), the rostral part of area TS3 (Case 10), and area Pro and area TS1 encroaching on area TS2 (Case 11).Less