Ina Zweiniger‐Bargielowska
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199280520
- eISBN:
- 9780191594878
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280520.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
The dysgenic disaster of the First World War compounded anxieties about physical deterioration. Sir George Newman, Chief Medical Officer at the new Ministry of Health, advocated health education as ...
More
The dysgenic disaster of the First World War compounded anxieties about physical deterioration. Sir George Newman, Chief Medical Officer at the new Ministry of Health, advocated health education as an essential aspect of preventive medicine. New pressure groups including the People's League of Health, the Sunlight League, and the New Health Society promoted healthy living as a duty of citizenship. They aimed to transform Britain from a C3 to an A1 nation. These military categories became a recurrent metaphor throughout the interwar years and the virtuous habits of the healthy and fit A1 citizen were juxtaposed with those of the C3 anti‐citizen whose undisciplined lifestyle was attributed to ignorance and lack of self‐control. The revival of life reform was further stimulated by the discovery of vitamins and a new interest in the healing power of sunlight. Dietary advice was not monolithic and the health benefits of wholemeal bread were contested.Less
The dysgenic disaster of the First World War compounded anxieties about physical deterioration. Sir George Newman, Chief Medical Officer at the new Ministry of Health, advocated health education as an essential aspect of preventive medicine. New pressure groups including the People's League of Health, the Sunlight League, and the New Health Society promoted healthy living as a duty of citizenship. They aimed to transform Britain from a C3 to an A1 nation. These military categories became a recurrent metaphor throughout the interwar years and the virtuous habits of the healthy and fit A1 citizen were juxtaposed with those of the C3 anti‐citizen whose undisciplined lifestyle was attributed to ignorance and lack of self‐control. The revival of life reform was further stimulated by the discovery of vitamins and a new interest in the healing power of sunlight. Dietary advice was not monolithic and the health benefits of wholemeal bread were contested.
David Heald
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780197263839
- eISBN:
- 9780191734915
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197263839.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
This chapter discusses whether transparency should be valued intrinsically or instrumentally, or both. Put differently, it considers whether transparency is a core concern or a building block for ...
More
This chapter discusses whether transparency should be valued intrinsically or instrumentally, or both. Put differently, it considers whether transparency is a core concern or a building block for other valued objects sought by public policy. The chapter argues that transparency should be valued instrumentally, and that attempts to elevate it to instrinsic value should be resisted. It proceeds on the basis that transparency – the sunlight metaphor – brings great benefits to economies, governments, and societies. However, there has to be sophistication about directions and varieties of transparency and also subtlety about the specific habitats within which they are situated. In general terms, at very low levels of transparency, more transparency is likely to be beneficial. The trade-offs are most apparent when transparency is already high, in which circumstance the direction and variety, not just the amount, of the incremental transparency will strongly influence the relationship between benefits and costs. The tradeoffs analysed in this chapter relate to: effectiveness; trust; accountability; autonomy and control; confidentiality, privacy and anonymity; fairness; and legitimacy.Less
This chapter discusses whether transparency should be valued intrinsically or instrumentally, or both. Put differently, it considers whether transparency is a core concern or a building block for other valued objects sought by public policy. The chapter argues that transparency should be valued instrumentally, and that attempts to elevate it to instrinsic value should be resisted. It proceeds on the basis that transparency – the sunlight metaphor – brings great benefits to economies, governments, and societies. However, there has to be sophistication about directions and varieties of transparency and also subtlety about the specific habitats within which they are situated. In general terms, at very low levels of transparency, more transparency is likely to be beneficial. The trade-offs are most apparent when transparency is already high, in which circumstance the direction and variety, not just the amount, of the incremental transparency will strongly influence the relationship between benefits and costs. The tradeoffs analysed in this chapter relate to: effectiveness; trust; accountability; autonomy and control; confidentiality, privacy and anonymity; fairness; and legitimacy.
Elizabeth Outka
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195372694
- eISBN:
- 9780199871704
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372694.003.0002
- Subject:
- Literature, 20th-century and Contemporary Literature
This chapter explores the revolutions in town planning and community design that were inspired by the creation of model factory towns at the turn of the century, as well as by the rapid development ...
More
This chapter explores the revolutions in town planning and community design that were inspired by the creation of model factory towns at the turn of the century, as well as by the rapid development of the Garden City Movement. While novel in many respects, model towns such as Bournville and Port Sunlight, and Garden Cities such as Letchworth, presented the illusion of an older economic and cultural time, showing a commitment to past designs that were meant to correct some of the excesses of the industrial age. What set these places apart from earlier efforts was their deliberate reliance on the modern factory system to support the nostalgic country vision, and the emerging ways this vision was marketed as a way to sell products from chocolate to soap. Such efforts received enormous publicity and captured the imagination of many, including Bernard Shaw. In his plays John Bull’s Other Island and Major Barbara, Shaw became the most incisive critic of the new town planning schemes, but also, in ways the chapter examines, their surprising champion. Through analysis of both the literary and the literal model towns, the chapter investigates how long-static visions of the country and the city were united into appealing new hybrids, and industry itself, rather than being the villain, was recast as the provider of new pleasures.Less
This chapter explores the revolutions in town planning and community design that were inspired by the creation of model factory towns at the turn of the century, as well as by the rapid development of the Garden City Movement. While novel in many respects, model towns such as Bournville and Port Sunlight, and Garden Cities such as Letchworth, presented the illusion of an older economic and cultural time, showing a commitment to past designs that were meant to correct some of the excesses of the industrial age. What set these places apart from earlier efforts was their deliberate reliance on the modern factory system to support the nostalgic country vision, and the emerging ways this vision was marketed as a way to sell products from chocolate to soap. Such efforts received enormous publicity and captured the imagination of many, including Bernard Shaw. In his plays John Bull’s Other Island and Major Barbara, Shaw became the most incisive critic of the new town planning schemes, but also, in ways the chapter examines, their surprising champion. Through analysis of both the literary and the literal model towns, the chapter investigates how long-static visions of the country and the city were united into appealing new hybrids, and industry itself, rather than being the villain, was recast as the provider of new pleasures.
Jeffrey Wainwright
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- July 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780719067549
- eISBN:
- 9781781703359
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9780719067549.003.0011
- Subject:
- Literature, Poetry
Looking at the closing passage of ‘Discourse: For Stanley Rosen’, this chapter dwells on the penultimate line: ‘its bleak littoral swept by bursts of sunlight’. The littoral has held a powerful place ...
More
Looking at the closing passage of ‘Discourse: For Stanley Rosen’, this chapter dwells on the penultimate line: ‘its bleak littoral swept by bursts of sunlight’. The littoral has held a powerful place in Geoffrey Hill's poetic imagination right from the beginning. In ‘Discourse: For Stanley Rosen’, littoral and sunlight work as a metaphor for ‘well dug-in language’ itself. All of Hill's work in the tilth of language knows that metaphor is but one instance of its approximate nature, that it ‘pitches us as it finds’. But his wintry, hedged, clouded, ‘rare pale’ sunlights might sometimes pitch him, and so his readers, beyond labouring.Less
Looking at the closing passage of ‘Discourse: For Stanley Rosen’, this chapter dwells on the penultimate line: ‘its bleak littoral swept by bursts of sunlight’. The littoral has held a powerful place in Geoffrey Hill's poetic imagination right from the beginning. In ‘Discourse: For Stanley Rosen’, littoral and sunlight work as a metaphor for ‘well dug-in language’ itself. All of Hill's work in the tilth of language knows that metaphor is but one instance of its approximate nature, that it ‘pitches us as it finds’. But his wintry, hedged, clouded, ‘rare pale’ sunlights might sometimes pitch him, and so his readers, beyond labouring.
Peter A. Ensminger
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- October 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780300088045
- eISBN:
- 9780300133523
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Yale University Press
- DOI:
- 10.12987/yale/9780300088045.001.0001
- Subject:
- Environmental Science, Climate
Which fungus is as sensitive to light as the human eye? What are the myths and facts about the ozone hole, tanning, skin cancer, and sunscreens? What effect does light have on butterfly copulation? ...
More
Which fungus is as sensitive to light as the human eye? What are the myths and facts about the ozone hole, tanning, skin cancer, and sunscreens? What effect does light have on butterfly copulation? This book explores how various organisms—including archaebacteria, slime molds, fungi, plants, insects, and humans—sense and respond to sunlight. The chapters cover vision, photosynthesis, and phototropism, as well as such unusual topics as the reason that light causes beer to develop a “skunky” odor. The book introduces us to the types of eyes that have evolved in different animals, including those in a species of shrimp that is ostensibly eyeless; the book gives us a better appreciation of color vision; explains how plowing fields at night may be used to control weeds; and tells us about variegate porphyria, a metabolic disease that makes people very sensitive to sunlight and that may have afflicted King George III of England.Less
Which fungus is as sensitive to light as the human eye? What are the myths and facts about the ozone hole, tanning, skin cancer, and sunscreens? What effect does light have on butterfly copulation? This book explores how various organisms—including archaebacteria, slime molds, fungi, plants, insects, and humans—sense and respond to sunlight. The chapters cover vision, photosynthesis, and phototropism, as well as such unusual topics as the reason that light causes beer to develop a “skunky” odor. The book introduces us to the types of eyes that have evolved in different animals, including those in a species of shrimp that is ostensibly eyeless; the book gives us a better appreciation of color vision; explains how plowing fields at night may be used to control weeds; and tells us about variegate porphyria, a metabolic disease that makes people very sensitive to sunlight and that may have afflicted King George III of England.
George Jaroszkiewicz
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780198718062
- eISBN:
- 9780191787553
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198718062.003.0006
- Subject:
- Physics, Particle Physics / Astrophysics / Cosmology
This chapter discusses the physical factors that contribute to our conventional view of time. This includes the role of sunlight and how it helps create the visual appearance of the world around us. ...
More
This chapter discusses the physical factors that contribute to our conventional view of time. This includes the role of sunlight and how it helps create the visual appearance of the world around us. Factors discussed are the relatively enormous speed of light, the intensity of daylight as it is experienced on the Earth, and the optical and thermodynamical properties of objects that respond to this light. The chapter points out how the physical properties of light contributes to the mental images that we construct of the world around us. The relationship of the observer to the observed object is discussed in terms of laboratory time, the observer chorus, synchronization protocols, and the concept of superobservers.Less
This chapter discusses the physical factors that contribute to our conventional view of time. This includes the role of sunlight and how it helps create the visual appearance of the world around us. Factors discussed are the relatively enormous speed of light, the intensity of daylight as it is experienced on the Earth, and the optical and thermodynamical properties of objects that respond to this light. The chapter points out how the physical properties of light contributes to the mental images that we construct of the world around us. The relationship of the observer to the observed object is discussed in terms of laboratory time, the observer chorus, synchronization protocols, and the concept of superobservers.
William Day
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- August 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780262015394
- eISBN:
- 9780262312462
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- The MIT Press
- DOI:
- 10.7551/mitpress/9780262015394.003.0003
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
This chapter reviews bacteria in terms of non-living growth processes of chemicals energized mainly by sunlight. It combines well-established chemical specifics with a metabolic overview. It ...
More
This chapter reviews bacteria in terms of non-living growth processes of chemicals energized mainly by sunlight. It combines well-established chemical specifics with a metabolic overview. It demonstrates that the entire growth phenomenon appeared simultaneously, with the earliest life. It argues that light induced the emergence of the cell’s constituent systems and stabilized its dynamic states. This chapter shows that the phosphoenolpyruvate and 1,3-diphosphoglycerate are generated by the energy-growth core to activate compounds for spontaneous reactions. It proposes that the initial synthesis of the entire “energy-growth core” was the single process that has been in continuous existence. It also suggests that life continues incessantly to grow.Less
This chapter reviews bacteria in terms of non-living growth processes of chemicals energized mainly by sunlight. It combines well-established chemical specifics with a metabolic overview. It demonstrates that the entire growth phenomenon appeared simultaneously, with the earliest life. It argues that light induced the emergence of the cell’s constituent systems and stabilized its dynamic states. This chapter shows that the phosphoenolpyruvate and 1,3-diphosphoglycerate are generated by the energy-growth core to activate compounds for spontaneous reactions. It proposes that the initial synthesis of the entire “energy-growth core” was the single process that has been in continuous existence. It also suggests that life continues incessantly to grow.
E. C. Pielou
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226668062
- eISBN:
- 9780226668055
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226668055.003.0011
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
Green plants are the factories that capture energy from sunlight in a series of chemical reactions collectively known as photosynthesis; the green pigment chlorophyll always takes part in the ...
More
Green plants are the factories that capture energy from sunlight in a series of chemical reactions collectively known as photosynthesis; the green pigment chlorophyll always takes part in the reactions. The amount of usable energy reaching vegetation from the sun is difficult to measure directly because the rate at which it arrives is forever changing: it is most easily estimated by measuring the rate at which plants grow, known as their productivity. This chapter discusses the following: ecological productivity; primary productivity of the oceans; and the transfer of energy to the food chains.Less
Green plants are the factories that capture energy from sunlight in a series of chemical reactions collectively known as photosynthesis; the green pigment chlorophyll always takes part in the reactions. The amount of usable energy reaching vegetation from the sun is difficult to measure directly because the rate at which it arrives is forever changing: it is most easily estimated by measuring the rate at which plants grow, known as their productivity. This chapter discusses the following: ecological productivity; primary productivity of the oceans; and the transfer of energy to the food chains.
E. C. Pielou
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226668062
- eISBN:
- 9780226668055
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226668055.003.0012
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
Chapter 11 showed that nearly 2 billion (2 × 1018) kJ of solar energy are captured each year by photosynthesizing plants. What becomes of all the captured energy? Some of it travels from plants to ...
More
Chapter 11 showed that nearly 2 billion (2 × 1018) kJ of solar energy are captured each year by photosynthesizing plants. What becomes of all the captured energy? Some of it travels from plants to herbivores and on to carnivores, up a number of familiar food chains, and is partly dissipated by respiration at each level. But what happens to the rest — the energy still unused when the animals at any level of a food chain die? The bulk of the captured energy, in any case, never gets beyond the lowest level of a food chain: enormous quantities of vegetation die without being eaten. Where, then, does all the energy in the dead vegetation go? The answer to both questions is the same: the energy trapped in dead organisms is ultimately released by decay or by burning. The quantity of energy liberated when organic matter is destroyed is always exactly equal to the quantity of solar energy used to create it. This is true irrespective of whether combustion or decomposition brings about the disintegration. This chapter discusses the following: detritus food chains; energy without sunlight; and rocks built by sunlight.Less
Chapter 11 showed that nearly 2 billion (2 × 1018) kJ of solar energy are captured each year by photosynthesizing plants. What becomes of all the captured energy? Some of it travels from plants to herbivores and on to carnivores, up a number of familiar food chains, and is partly dissipated by respiration at each level. But what happens to the rest — the energy still unused when the animals at any level of a food chain die? The bulk of the captured energy, in any case, never gets beyond the lowest level of a food chain: enormous quantities of vegetation die without being eaten. Where, then, does all the energy in the dead vegetation go? The answer to both questions is the same: the energy trapped in dead organisms is ultimately released by decay or by burning. The quantity of energy liberated when organic matter is destroyed is always exactly equal to the quantity of solar energy used to create it. This is true irrespective of whether combustion or decomposition brings about the disintegration. This chapter discusses the following: detritus food chains; energy without sunlight; and rocks built by sunlight.
E. C. Pielou
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226668062
- eISBN:
- 9780226668055
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226668055.003.0019
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
Every living thing depends on a source of energy outside itself to keep it living and reproducing. Sunlight provides the energy for green plants; animals use the chemical energy in their food. For ...
More
Every living thing depends on a source of energy outside itself to keep it living and reproducing. Sunlight provides the energy for green plants; animals use the chemical energy in their food. For all nonhuman animals, food and sunshine are the only sources of energy. This chapter gives a brief overview of the multitude of energy sources tapped by humans and of some of the ways “raw” natural energy is converted for human use. It covers combustible fuels; wind energy; the energy in moving water; solar energy; and geothermal and nuclear energy.Less
Every living thing depends on a source of energy outside itself to keep it living and reproducing. Sunlight provides the energy for green plants; animals use the chemical energy in their food. For all nonhuman animals, food and sunshine are the only sources of energy. This chapter gives a brief overview of the multitude of energy sources tapped by humans and of some of the ways “raw” natural energy is converted for human use. It covers combustible fuels; wind energy; the energy in moving water; solar energy; and geothermal and nuclear energy.
E. C. Pielou
- Published in print:
- 2001
- Published Online:
- February 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226668062
- eISBN:
- 9780226668055
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226668055.003.0006
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
When sunlight shines on the sea, some of it is reflected back into the sky, and the rest penetrates the surface to contribute its energy to the water; in a word, it is absorbed. This statement ...
More
When sunlight shines on the sea, some of it is reflected back into the sky, and the rest penetrates the surface to contribute its energy to the water; in a word, it is absorbed. This statement prompts two questions. What are the proportions reflected and absorbed? And what becomes of the absorbed energy? This chapter discusses the following: how sunlight penetrates the sea; movement in the sea; wind-driven currents and the Ekman spirals; hills and dales of the ocean's surface; density currents in the depths; and the global energy conveyor.Less
When sunlight shines on the sea, some of it is reflected back into the sky, and the rest penetrates the surface to contribute its energy to the water; in a word, it is absorbed. This statement prompts two questions. What are the proportions reflected and absorbed? And what becomes of the absorbed energy? This chapter discusses the following: how sunlight penetrates the sea; movement in the sea; wind-driven currents and the Ekman spirals; hills and dales of the ocean's surface; density currents in the depths; and the global energy conveyor.
Janice Rogers Brown
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780199331376
- eISBN:
- 9780199394258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199331376.003.0006
- Subject:
- Literature, American, 20th Century Literature, World Literature
Ideas of manliness have changed dramatically over time. As Marilynne Robinson’s Gilead and Mark Helprin’s In Sunlight and in Shadow illustrate, manliness can be a web of virtue whose contours remain ...
More
Ideas of manliness have changed dramatically over time. As Marilynne Robinson’s Gilead and Mark Helprin’s In Sunlight and in Shadow illustrate, manliness can be a web of virtue whose contours remain stable even as the world changes. Indeed, it may be the mysterious something sustaining civilization—and therefore not the bailiwick solely of men. But what are its precise contours? Robinson and Helprin think differently but answer similarly—with answers that, perhaps unexpectedly, also illuminate what it means to be a good judge in a constitutional republic—for each creates a world where time can conquer all good things and people must decide how hard to resist. They craft worlds filled with splendor unnoticed and insight unclaimed, where human nature is both beautiful and ruined. This chapter explores how the novelists position the idea of manliness as an antidote to this potential—yet all too real—spiritual decay.Less
Ideas of manliness have changed dramatically over time. As Marilynne Robinson’s Gilead and Mark Helprin’s In Sunlight and in Shadow illustrate, manliness can be a web of virtue whose contours remain stable even as the world changes. Indeed, it may be the mysterious something sustaining civilization—and therefore not the bailiwick solely of men. But what are its precise contours? Robinson and Helprin think differently but answer similarly—with answers that, perhaps unexpectedly, also illuminate what it means to be a good judge in a constitutional republic—for each creates a world where time can conquer all good things and people must decide how hard to resist. They craft worlds filled with splendor unnoticed and insight unclaimed, where human nature is both beautiful and ruined. This chapter explores how the novelists position the idea of manliness as an antidote to this potential—yet all too real—spiritual decay.
R. Joy Littlewood
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- May 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199644094
- eISBN:
- 9780191745010
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644094.003.0012
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter analyses the significance of Silius’ allusion to Virgil’s aetiological narrative of the cult of Hercules at the Ara Maxima with its underlying civic ideology. While Hercules’ ...
More
This chapter analyses the significance of Silius’ allusion to Virgil’s aetiological narrative of the cult of Hercules at the Ara Maxima with its underlying civic ideology. While Hercules’ monster–slaying and katabasis provide a metaphor to accentuate the moral fortitude of his descendant Fabius Maximus in Punica 7, the disparity of Roman with Carthaginian is poetically underlined by dualistic imagery of sunlight and darkness. This chapter demonstrates how the political metaphor of gigantomachy illustrates Hannibal's arrogance and impiety, while the Carthaginians’ notorious cult of chthonic powers invites the interpretation of Hannibal’s nocturnal conflagration of Roman oxen as a monstrous subversion of the Roman ritual victory sacrifice to Capitoline Jupiter.Less
This chapter analyses the significance of Silius’ allusion to Virgil’s aetiological narrative of the cult of Hercules at the Ara Maxima with its underlying civic ideology. While Hercules’ monster–slaying and katabasis provide a metaphor to accentuate the moral fortitude of his descendant Fabius Maximus in Punica 7, the disparity of Roman with Carthaginian is poetically underlined by dualistic imagery of sunlight and darkness. This chapter demonstrates how the political metaphor of gigantomachy illustrates Hannibal's arrogance and impiety, while the Carthaginians’ notorious cult of chthonic powers invites the interpretation of Hannibal’s nocturnal conflagration of Roman oxen as a monstrous subversion of the Roman ritual victory sacrifice to Capitoline Jupiter.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226262819
- eISBN:
- 9780226262833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226262833.003.0001
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This book describes modern American analogues to Akhenaten, Vitruvius, and Linnaeus, who worshipped the sun, attempted to restyle the home for brightness, and advocated a nature for man in which ...
More
This book describes modern American analogues to Akhenaten, Vitruvius, and Linnaeus, who worshipped the sun, attempted to restyle the home for brightness, and advocated a nature for man in which daylight figured prominently. It ranges from Progressive reform to the histories of the city, the environment, medicine, science, nudism, vacationing, and parenting. The chapter also breaks through geographic boundaries. Sunlight was really a necessity, little different from fresh air or clean water. The history that is presented in the book travels into America's slum alleys, medical wards, and Hollywood movies, and also examines miracle lamps designed to renovate the light of tranquil meadows, rendering comprehensible the begoggled chimpanzees lying under them. This Introduction provides an overview of the chapters that follow.Less
This book describes modern American analogues to Akhenaten, Vitruvius, and Linnaeus, who worshipped the sun, attempted to restyle the home for brightness, and advocated a nature for man in which daylight figured prominently. It ranges from Progressive reform to the histories of the city, the environment, medicine, science, nudism, vacationing, and parenting. The chapter also breaks through geographic boundaries. Sunlight was really a necessity, little different from fresh air or clean water. The history that is presented in the book travels into America's slum alleys, medical wards, and Hollywood movies, and also examines miracle lamps designed to renovate the light of tranquil meadows, rendering comprehensible the begoggled chimpanzees lying under them. This Introduction provides an overview of the chapters that follow.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226262819
- eISBN:
- 9780226262833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226262833.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter describes the reformers in New York city. The perception that darkness was a problem in the maintenance of morals, health, and property values was growing. Blackened skies had begun ...
More
This chapter describes the reformers in New York city. The perception that darkness was a problem in the maintenance of morals, health, and property values was growing. Blackened skies had begun capturing reformers' attention, but many still saw pollution as an indicator of progress, evidence that the nation was an industrial powerhouse. Tenement reformers utilized a new language in expressing compelling concerns about slum conditions. Sunlight was a clear concern for urban Americans. Businessmen had decided that sunshine was worth paying for, and natural light now came at a premium. In general, social reforms prevailed in the early sunlight thinking by undoing the slum, redesigning the school, and reshaping the city. By the 1930s, securing sunlight had become the responsibility of the individual, and scientists, not planners, were providing the necessary tools.Less
This chapter describes the reformers in New York city. The perception that darkness was a problem in the maintenance of morals, health, and property values was growing. Blackened skies had begun capturing reformers' attention, but many still saw pollution as an indicator of progress, evidence that the nation was an industrial powerhouse. Tenement reformers utilized a new language in expressing compelling concerns about slum conditions. Sunlight was a clear concern for urban Americans. Businessmen had decided that sunshine was worth paying for, and natural light now came at a premium. In general, social reforms prevailed in the early sunlight thinking by undoing the slum, redesigning the school, and reshaping the city. By the 1930s, securing sunlight had become the responsibility of the individual, and scientists, not planners, were providing the necessary tools.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226262819
- eISBN:
- 9780226262833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226262833.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter addresses the new knowledge of sunlight. Two main discoveries—rickets and the significance of ultraviolet light—changed discussions about sunlight's uses. The new knowledge of sunlight ...
More
This chapter addresses the new knowledge of sunlight. Two main discoveries—rickets and the significance of ultraviolet light—changed discussions about sunlight's uses. The new knowledge of sunlight covered a brighter future in which technology brought salvation. The relative scarcity of sunlight was a major problem. Rickets, which offered cues to one of the great curiosities of sunlight therapy, remained the unquestioned king of the diseases of darkness; it was also the only one that sunlight treated fully and perfectly. Sunshine was a newly (re)discovered health agent and one that pitchmen enthusiastically sold. Technology would restore natural bright light and good health to every American. It can be stated that the techniques employed to make the sick healthy and the rest robust varied, but all experts counseled that they had to be precise and based on sound, scientific principles.Less
This chapter addresses the new knowledge of sunlight. Two main discoveries—rickets and the significance of ultraviolet light—changed discussions about sunlight's uses. The new knowledge of sunlight covered a brighter future in which technology brought salvation. The relative scarcity of sunlight was a major problem. Rickets, which offered cues to one of the great curiosities of sunlight therapy, remained the unquestioned king of the diseases of darkness; it was also the only one that sunlight treated fully and perfectly. Sunshine was a newly (re)discovered health agent and one that pitchmen enthusiastically sold. Technology would restore natural bright light and good health to every American. It can be stated that the techniques employed to make the sick healthy and the rest robust varied, but all experts counseled that they had to be precise and based on sound, scientific principles.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226262819
- eISBN:
- 9780226262833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226262833.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter reports how the news that sunlight was important to welfare brought all sorts of Americans together in a quest for health. The battle against darkness was not simply a campaign for a ...
More
This chapter reports how the news that sunlight was important to welfare brought all sorts of Americans together in a quest for health. The battle against darkness was not simply a campaign for a well America. Darkness was a troubling problem for a truly modern nation, and specifically was a critical danger. But it would help identify the fate of the nation. Sun therapy could develop a stronger people, and the United States could become a country of relative weaklings. It is observed that Federal Housing Administration's commitment to sunlight saw social benefits in sunlight. Nudism sold a new mode of living, rejecting modern as artificial and hoping followers would turn themselves over to a more natural way of life. Sunshine had become an expensive commodity, just the sort of inequity that tenement reformers had argued against.Less
This chapter reports how the news that sunlight was important to welfare brought all sorts of Americans together in a quest for health. The battle against darkness was not simply a campaign for a well America. Darkness was a troubling problem for a truly modern nation, and specifically was a critical danger. But it would help identify the fate of the nation. Sun therapy could develop a stronger people, and the United States could become a country of relative weaklings. It is observed that Federal Housing Administration's commitment to sunlight saw social benefits in sunlight. Nudism sold a new mode of living, rejecting modern as artificial and hoping followers would turn themselves over to a more natural way of life. Sunshine had become an expensive commodity, just the sort of inequity that tenement reformers had argued against.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226262819
- eISBN:
- 9780226262833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226262833.003.0006
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
This chapter describes the long-term solution of climate tourism. By the middle of the 1930s, most people had concluded that time in the sun brought health and happiness, and the tan was a marker of ...
More
This chapter describes the long-term solution of climate tourism. By the middle of the 1930s, most people had concluded that time in the sun brought health and happiness, and the tan was a marker of vitality. Climate tourism drew ailing easterners in search of health. The association of sun with energy was settled, and as long as that was the case, tans were good, and beaches were places to go for a vacation. Sunlight was important in childhood for preventing irritability and malformed bones, and had emerged as fully saleable, with businessmen advertising their products as sunshine-rich. Americans were aware about the fortification, thus companies that made dietary supplements redirected their advertising focus, relying on more scientifically sophisticated assessments of sunlight and vitamin D.Less
This chapter describes the long-term solution of climate tourism. By the middle of the 1930s, most people had concluded that time in the sun brought health and happiness, and the tan was a marker of vitality. Climate tourism drew ailing easterners in search of health. The association of sun with energy was settled, and as long as that was the case, tans were good, and beaches were places to go for a vacation. Sunlight was important in childhood for preventing irritability and malformed bones, and had emerged as fully saleable, with businessmen advertising their products as sunshine-rich. Americans were aware about the fortification, thus companies that made dietary supplements redirected their advertising focus, relying on more scientifically sophisticated assessments of sunlight and vitamin D.
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226262819
- eISBN:
- 9780226262833
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226262833.003.0007
- Subject:
- History, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine
Sunshine requirements took a new sense of urgency by the 1920s, and expert scientists and doctors asserted a role in light therapy. By 1930, the tan was in, and not just as a result of changing ...
More
Sunshine requirements took a new sense of urgency by the 1920s, and expert scientists and doctors asserted a role in light therapy. By 1930, the tan was in, and not just as a result of changing tastes. By 1960, ultraviolet light began to be considered as more of a hazard than a help. It is shown that public education campaigns have been efficient at communicating the danger of sunlight and skin cancer. Ultraviolet radiation became far more of a health threat in the last quarter of the twentieth century than it had been in the first three. The story of American sunlight is one of powerful new fears, of remarkable technological mastery, of created commodities, and of hypernatural but limited solutions to environmental hazards. Briefly, it is the story of modernity's promise and its danger.Less
Sunshine requirements took a new sense of urgency by the 1920s, and expert scientists and doctors asserted a role in light therapy. By 1930, the tan was in, and not just as a result of changing tastes. By 1960, ultraviolet light began to be considered as more of a hazard than a help. It is shown that public education campaigns have been efficient at communicating the danger of sunlight and skin cancer. Ultraviolet radiation became far more of a health threat in the last quarter of the twentieth century than it had been in the first three. The story of American sunlight is one of powerful new fears, of remarkable technological mastery, of created commodities, and of hypernatural but limited solutions to environmental hazards. Briefly, it is the story of modernity's promise and its danger.
Adèle C. Green and David C. Whiteman
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- December 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780190238667
- eISBN:
- 9780190238698
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0014
- Subject:
- Public Health and Epidemiology, Epidemiology, Public Health
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the principal cause of over 95% of keratinocyte cancers (basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin), the most common cancers in white populations ...
More
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the principal cause of over 95% of keratinocyte cancers (basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin), the most common cancers in white populations worldwide. UV radiation also causes an estimated 60%–90% of cutaneous melanoma, the cancer affecting the skin’s pigment-producing cells. In addition, UV radiation is the major cause of many eye diseases, including ocular cancers and cataract, the commonest cause of blindness, and is responsible for the underlying changes in skin aging, on which billions of dollars are spent annually in efforts to repair the damage. The sun is the principal source of human exposure to UV radiation. However, artificial sources are encountered in a wide range of industrial and medical settings, and increasingly from commercial tanning facilities. By the late twentieth century, nearly epidemic increases in skin cancer incidence had occurred in white populations, especially in Australia and New Zealand.Less
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the principal cause of over 95% of keratinocyte cancers (basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin), the most common cancers in white populations worldwide. UV radiation also causes an estimated 60%–90% of cutaneous melanoma, the cancer affecting the skin’s pigment-producing cells. In addition, UV radiation is the major cause of many eye diseases, including ocular cancers and cataract, the commonest cause of blindness, and is responsible for the underlying changes in skin aging, on which billions of dollars are spent annually in efforts to repair the damage. The sun is the principal source of human exposure to UV radiation. However, artificial sources are encountered in a wide range of industrial and medical settings, and increasingly from commercial tanning facilities. By the late twentieth century, nearly epidemic increases in skin cancer incidence had occurred in white populations, especially in Australia and New Zealand.
