John Hendry
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199268634
- eISBN:
- 9780191708381
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199268634.003.0005
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy
This chapter explores the weakening of moral constraints that accompanied the rise of self-interest, and the growth in business power described in Chapters 3 and 4. It is argued that moral standards ...
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This chapter explores the weakening of moral constraints that accompanied the rise of self-interest, and the growth in business power described in Chapters 3 and 4. It is argued that moral standards have not themselves declined, but that traditional moral authority — the authority of religion and the church, the state, the family — has all but collapsed. This development is rooted in the Enlightenment but has accelerated sharply, due in part to the erosion of cultural boundaries associated with globalization and its technologies of transport and communication, and to the suburbanization of society.Less
This chapter explores the weakening of moral constraints that accompanied the rise of self-interest, and the growth in business power described in Chapters 3 and 4. It is argued that moral standards have not themselves declined, but that traditional moral authority — the authority of religion and the church, the state, the family — has all but collapsed. This development is rooted in the Enlightenment but has accelerated sharply, due in part to the erosion of cultural boundaries associated with globalization and its technologies of transport and communication, and to the suburbanization of society.
Zain Abdullah
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- September 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780195314250
- eISBN:
- 9780199871797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314250.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
All cities change, and New York is no exception. While scholars continue to debate the impact of gentrification on places like Harlem, few are discussing its suburbanization or the process by which ...
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All cities change, and New York is no exception. While scholars continue to debate the impact of gentrification on places like Harlem, few are discussing its suburbanization or the process by which the city is losing its heterogeneity and becoming one big shopping mall. African Muslims and other community members appear to be under siege, as thousands of poor and working-class residents are forced to leave Harlem for more affordable neighborhoods. With the area’s increased commercialization, where sex sells the most mundane products, African Muslims are engaged in a jihad, or struggle, to maintain their Islamic values and ethics. This chapter explores how the average street merchant and his patrons, debating a series of conspiracy theories, struggle against professed racism and how African Muslims grapple with the meaning of freedom and democracy in America.Less
All cities change, and New York is no exception. While scholars continue to debate the impact of gentrification on places like Harlem, few are discussing its suburbanization or the process by which the city is losing its heterogeneity and becoming one big shopping mall. African Muslims and other community members appear to be under siege, as thousands of poor and working-class residents are forced to leave Harlem for more affordable neighborhoods. With the area’s increased commercialization, where sex sells the most mundane products, African Muslims are engaged in a jihad, or struggle, to maintain their Islamic values and ethics. This chapter explores how the average street merchant and his patrons, debating a series of conspiracy theories, struggle against professed racism and how African Muslims grapple with the meaning of freedom and democracy in America.
Lily Geismer
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691157238
- eISBN:
- 9781400852420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691157238.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Democratization
This chapter looks at how the issues of open space and environmental protection revealed the tension between the structural processes of growth that had produced Route 128 and its suburbs and the ...
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This chapter looks at how the issues of open space and environmental protection revealed the tension between the structural processes of growth that had produced Route 128 and its suburbs and the ideology of historical and liberal distinctiveness of many of the residents along its ring. The area was considered “unique and special”—an outlook which propelled a genuine concern about the environmental degradation advanced by postwar suburbanization. Yet the localist measures that residents took to protect their communities elevated both a sense of their own distinctiveness and a focus on their own individual standard of living and quality of life, further obscuring an acknowledgment of their role in perpetuating many of the problems of environmental and social inequality.Less
This chapter looks at how the issues of open space and environmental protection revealed the tension between the structural processes of growth that had produced Route 128 and its suburbs and the ideology of historical and liberal distinctiveness of many of the residents along its ring. The area was considered “unique and special”—an outlook which propelled a genuine concern about the environmental degradation advanced by postwar suburbanization. Yet the localist measures that residents took to protect their communities elevated both a sense of their own distinctiveness and a focus on their own individual standard of living and quality of life, further obscuring an acknowledgment of their role in perpetuating many of the problems of environmental and social inequality.
Derek Schilling and Philippe Met (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781526106858
- eISBN:
- 9781526135995
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Manchester University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7228/manchester/9781526106858.001.0001
- Subject:
- Film, Television and Radio, Film
Long before the emergence in the 1990s of a ‘cinéma de banlieue’ on the heels of Mathieu Kassovitz’s La Haine (1995), French filmmakers looked beyond the gates of the French capital for inspiration ...
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Long before the emergence in the 1990s of a ‘cinéma de banlieue’ on the heels of Mathieu Kassovitz’s La Haine (1995), French filmmakers looked beyond the gates of the French capital for inspiration and content. In the Paris suburbs, they found a vast reservoir of architectural forms, landscapes and contemporary social types in which to anchor their fictions. From the villas and vacant lots of silent serials of the 1910s and the bucolic riverside guinguettes of 1930s poetic realism, to the housing estates and motorways of the second post-war, the suburban landscape came to form a privileged site in the French cinematographic imaginary. In keeping with directorial vision, the prerogatives of the film industry or the internal demands of genre, the suburb could be made to impart a strong impression of reality or unreality, novelty or ordinariness, danger or enjoyment. The contributors to this volume argue collectively for a long history of the suburban imaginary by contrasting diverse ‘structures of feeling’ (Raymond Williams) that correlate to divergent aesthetic and ideological programmes. Commenting on narrative, documentary and essay films, they address such themes as class conflict, leisure, boredom, violence and anti-authoritarianism, underscoring the broader function of the suburb as a site of intense cultural productivity.Less
Long before the emergence in the 1990s of a ‘cinéma de banlieue’ on the heels of Mathieu Kassovitz’s La Haine (1995), French filmmakers looked beyond the gates of the French capital for inspiration and content. In the Paris suburbs, they found a vast reservoir of architectural forms, landscapes and contemporary social types in which to anchor their fictions. From the villas and vacant lots of silent serials of the 1910s and the bucolic riverside guinguettes of 1930s poetic realism, to the housing estates and motorways of the second post-war, the suburban landscape came to form a privileged site in the French cinematographic imaginary. In keeping with directorial vision, the prerogatives of the film industry or the internal demands of genre, the suburb could be made to impart a strong impression of reality or unreality, novelty or ordinariness, danger or enjoyment. The contributors to this volume argue collectively for a long history of the suburban imaginary by contrasting diverse ‘structures of feeling’ (Raymond Williams) that correlate to divergent aesthetic and ideological programmes. Commenting on narrative, documentary and essay films, they address such themes as class conflict, leisure, boredom, violence and anti-authoritarianism, underscoring the broader function of the suburb as a site of intense cultural productivity.
Thad Williamson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195369434
- eISBN:
- 9780199852826
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369434.003.0005
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
Rawls theory of liberal egalitarianism is used as a basis in determining the fairness of spatial configuration as it relates to the nature and purpose for which it was built and whether it undermines ...
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Rawls theory of liberal egalitarianism is used as a basis in determining the fairness of spatial configuration as it relates to the nature and purpose for which it was built and whether it undermines the ideas of a fair society, tackling evidences implicating patterns of socioeconomic and racial segregation in suburban areas in the United States. The investigation explores the question of whether sprawl is actually linked with the violation of fairness norms and the promotion of inequality. But alas, the extent of spatial elements of sprawl within socio-spatial patterns and economic opportunity and class privilege relationships still remains obscure.Less
Rawls theory of liberal egalitarianism is used as a basis in determining the fairness of spatial configuration as it relates to the nature and purpose for which it was built and whether it undermines the ideas of a fair society, tackling evidences implicating patterns of socioeconomic and racial segregation in suburban areas in the United States. The investigation explores the question of whether sprawl is actually linked with the violation of fairness norms and the promotion of inequality. But alas, the extent of spatial elements of sprawl within socio-spatial patterns and economic opportunity and class privilege relationships still remains obscure.
Thad Williamson
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195369434
- eISBN:
- 9780199852826
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369434.003.0009
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
It may be obvious to state that environment and climate can have serious effects on suburbanization. These effects are potentially harmful. Thus, there must be good trade-offs between damage to local ...
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It may be obvious to state that environment and climate can have serious effects on suburbanization. These effects are potentially harmful. Thus, there must be good trade-offs between damage to local ecosystems and new development, not to mention qualitative judgements and cost-benefit analysis regarding particular ecological goods and the integrity of the local environment. This chapter provides a general discussion of the environmental effects of sprawl, including the loss of agricultural land, species loss, wetlands destruction, runoff water pollution, and auto-generated air pollution, business precautions and good judgment, and opinions of the green civic republicans.Less
It may be obvious to state that environment and climate can have serious effects on suburbanization. These effects are potentially harmful. Thus, there must be good trade-offs between damage to local ecosystems and new development, not to mention qualitative judgements and cost-benefit analysis regarding particular ecological goods and the integrity of the local environment. This chapter provides a general discussion of the environmental effects of sprawl, including the loss of agricultural land, species loss, wetlands destruction, runoff water pollution, and auto-generated air pollution, business precautions and good judgment, and opinions of the green civic republicans.
Jordan Stanger-Ross
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780226770741
- eISBN:
- 9780226770765
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226770765.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Despite their twin positions as two of North America's most iconic Italian neighborhoods, South Philly and Toronto's Little Italy have functioned in dramatically different ways since World War II. ...
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Despite their twin positions as two of North America's most iconic Italian neighborhoods, South Philly and Toronto's Little Italy have functioned in dramatically different ways since World War II. Inviting readers into the churches, homes, and businesses at the heart of these communities, this book reveals that daily experience in each enclave created two distinct, yet still Italian, ethnicities. As Philadelphia struggled with deindustrialization, the book shows, Italian ethnicity in South Philly remained closely linked with preserving turf and marking boundaries. Toronto's thriving Little Italy, on the other hand, drew Italians together from across the wider region. These distinctive ethnic enclaves, the book argues, were shaped by each city's response to suburbanization, segregation, and economic restructuring. By situating malleable ethnic bonds in the context of political economy and racial dynamics, it offers a fresh perspective on the potential of local environments to shape individual identities and social experience.Less
Despite their twin positions as two of North America's most iconic Italian neighborhoods, South Philly and Toronto's Little Italy have functioned in dramatically different ways since World War II. Inviting readers into the churches, homes, and businesses at the heart of these communities, this book reveals that daily experience in each enclave created two distinct, yet still Italian, ethnicities. As Philadelphia struggled with deindustrialization, the book shows, Italian ethnicity in South Philly remained closely linked with preserving turf and marking boundaries. Toronto's thriving Little Italy, on the other hand, drew Italians together from across the wider region. These distinctive ethnic enclaves, the book argues, were shaped by each city's response to suburbanization, segregation, and economic restructuring. By situating malleable ethnic bonds in the context of political economy and racial dynamics, it offers a fresh perspective on the potential of local environments to shape individual identities and social experience.
Thomas A. McCabe
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- March 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780823233106
- eISBN:
- 9780823234950
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Fordham University Press
- DOI:
- 10.5422/fso/9780823233106.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Social History
Just outside downtown Newark, New Jersey, sits an abbey and school. For more than 150 years Benedictine monks have lived, worked, and prayed on High Street, a once-grand thoroughfare ...
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Just outside downtown Newark, New Jersey, sits an abbey and school. For more than 150 years Benedictine monks have lived, worked, and prayed on High Street, a once-grand thoroughfare that became Newark's Skid Row and a focal point of the 1967 riots. St. Benedict's today has become a model of a successful inner-city school, with 95% of its graduates—mainly African American and Latino boys—going on to college. This book tells how the monks of St. Benedict's transformed their venerable yet outdated school to become a thriving part of the community that helped save a faltering city. In the 1960s, after a trinity of woes—massive deindustrialization, high-speed suburbanization, and racial violence—caused an exodus from Newark, St. Benedict's struggled to remain open. Enrollment in general dwindled, and fewer students enrolled from the surrounding community. The monks watched the violence of the 1967 riots from the school's rooftop along High Street. In the riot's aftermath more families fled what some called “the worst city in America.” The school closed in 1972, in what seemed to be just another funeral for an urban Catholic school. A few monks, inspired by the Benedictine virtues of stability and adaptability, reopened St. Benedict's only one year later with a bare-bones staff. Their new mission was to bring to young African American and Latino males the same opportunities that German and Irish immigrants had had 150 years before. More than thirty years later, St. Benedict's is one of the most unusual schools in the country. Its remarkable success shows that American education can bridge the achievement gap between white and black, as well as that between rich and poor.Less
Just outside downtown Newark, New Jersey, sits an abbey and school. For more than 150 years Benedictine monks have lived, worked, and prayed on High Street, a once-grand thoroughfare that became Newark's Skid Row and a focal point of the 1967 riots. St. Benedict's today has become a model of a successful inner-city school, with 95% of its graduates—mainly African American and Latino boys—going on to college. This book tells how the monks of St. Benedict's transformed their venerable yet outdated school to become a thriving part of the community that helped save a faltering city. In the 1960s, after a trinity of woes—massive deindustrialization, high-speed suburbanization, and racial violence—caused an exodus from Newark, St. Benedict's struggled to remain open. Enrollment in general dwindled, and fewer students enrolled from the surrounding community. The monks watched the violence of the 1967 riots from the school's rooftop along High Street. In the riot's aftermath more families fled what some called “the worst city in America.” The school closed in 1972, in what seemed to be just another funeral for an urban Catholic school. A few monks, inspired by the Benedictine virtues of stability and adaptability, reopened St. Benedict's only one year later with a bare-bones staff. Their new mission was to bring to young African American and Latino males the same opportunities that German and Irish immigrants had had 150 years before. More than thirty years later, St. Benedict's is one of the most unusual schools in the country. Its remarkable success shows that American education can bridge the achievement gap between white and black, as well as that between rich and poor.
Kacper Pobłocki
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- January 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199827657
- eISBN:
- 9780199950461
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199827657.003.0003
- Subject:
- History, European Modern History, Cultural History
This chapter focuses on urban change, and the social tensions it triggered, in the Polish city of Łódź. Kacper Pobłocki embeds the discussion in the feature film, Knife in Water, by Roman Polanski, ...
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This chapter focuses on urban change, and the social tensions it triggered, in the Polish city of Łódź. Kacper Pobłocki embeds the discussion in the feature film, Knife in Water, by Roman Polanski, casting it against the urban realities of 1960s socialist Łódź. Urban collective consumption lay at the very heart of an emergent postwar Eastern Europe, and in the case of Łódź, Poland’s famous textile center, water was central to social conflict. Pobłocki links public grievances over social mobility with concurrent displays of conspicuous consumption (particularly centered on private leisure) as well as the overconsumption of urban (and “public”) amenities such as water. In Poland, he argues, the struggles over urban space and collective consumption led to the dramatic events of 1968, and left an indelible mark on contemporary Polish society. Poland’s trajectory, in fact, should be understood as a different version of the same “urban Keynesianism” emerging on the other side of the Iron Curtain. Ultimately, Pobłocki concludes, there are reasons to see the events of 1968 East and West as related: in both cases, the “urban crisis” of the 1960s was a clash between conflicting visions of what constituted meaningful urban life.Less
This chapter focuses on urban change, and the social tensions it triggered, in the Polish city of Łódź. Kacper Pobłocki embeds the discussion in the feature film, Knife in Water, by Roman Polanski, casting it against the urban realities of 1960s socialist Łódź. Urban collective consumption lay at the very heart of an emergent postwar Eastern Europe, and in the case of Łódź, Poland’s famous textile center, water was central to social conflict. Pobłocki links public grievances over social mobility with concurrent displays of conspicuous consumption (particularly centered on private leisure) as well as the overconsumption of urban (and “public”) amenities such as water. In Poland, he argues, the struggles over urban space and collective consumption led to the dramatic events of 1968, and left an indelible mark on contemporary Polish society. Poland’s trajectory, in fact, should be understood as a different version of the same “urban Keynesianism” emerging on the other side of the Iron Curtain. Ultimately, Pobłocki concludes, there are reasons to see the events of 1968 East and West as related: in both cases, the “urban crisis” of the 1960s was a clash between conflicting visions of what constituted meaningful urban life.
Frederick H. Abernathy and Anthony P. Volpe
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- May 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199590179
- eISBN:
- 9780191724893
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590179.003.0003
- Subject:
- Business and Management, International Business
In this chapter, Frederick Abernathy and Anthony Volpe demonstrate the dual impact that technological innovations have had on retailing. Some innovations enable retailing by indirectly providing ...
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In this chapter, Frederick Abernathy and Anthony Volpe demonstrate the dual impact that technological innovations have had on retailing. Some innovations enable retailing by indirectly providing services—for instance, the effect of containerized shipping on global sourcing. Other innovations directly transform retailing by changing standardized practices—for instance, the effect of information technology in the development of lean retailing techniques. Both types of technological innovations have had profound effects on many dimensions of retailing, including merchandising (that is, product mix and variety), retail formats, services offered (including payment), and supply-chain management and sourcing strategies. Most of these major technological innovations first occurred in other sectors of the economy, but retailers have been able to utilize them for their own advantage, either directly or indirectly, in selling products. Some examples include the development of railroads and improved ocean transportation, which allowed retailers to expand the geography of their supply base efficiently. The shopping mall and “big-box” retailers were dependent on the automobile and the interstate highway system, to bring them both their customers and their products. Innovations such as bar codes and checkout scanning, plus payment by credit or debit cards, would be impossible without the revolutionary changes in computer hardware and software.Less
In this chapter, Frederick Abernathy and Anthony Volpe demonstrate the dual impact that technological innovations have had on retailing. Some innovations enable retailing by indirectly providing services—for instance, the effect of containerized shipping on global sourcing. Other innovations directly transform retailing by changing standardized practices—for instance, the effect of information technology in the development of lean retailing techniques. Both types of technological innovations have had profound effects on many dimensions of retailing, including merchandising (that is, product mix and variety), retail formats, services offered (including payment), and supply-chain management and sourcing strategies. Most of these major technological innovations first occurred in other sectors of the economy, but retailers have been able to utilize them for their own advantage, either directly or indirectly, in selling products. Some examples include the development of railroads and improved ocean transportation, which allowed retailers to expand the geography of their supply base efficiently. The shopping mall and “big-box” retailers were dependent on the automobile and the interstate highway system, to bring them both their customers and their products. Innovations such as bar codes and checkout scanning, plus payment by credit or debit cards, would be impossible without the revolutionary changes in computer hardware and software.
Mark Wild
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226605234
- eISBN:
- 9780226605371
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226605371.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
This book examines a movement of liberal Protestant clergy and laypeople in the United States who after World War II developed new forms of ministry adapted to the changing environment of urban ...
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This book examines a movement of liberal Protestant clergy and laypeople in the United States who after World War II developed new forms of ministry adapted to the changing environment of urban America. Cities during this period were enduring the effects of deindustrialization and suburbanization. Responding to these conditions, which were encapsulated under the term urban crisis, they developed a broad, multifaceted ecclesiology that reconceived the church as a central institution in a multiethnic urban society. They hoped this renewed church would reconcile social divisions, alleviate injustice, and improve race relations. Their approach to ministry drew on the Protestant principle, closely related to neoorthodoxy, which stated that no human institution, including the church, could achieve perfection. The Protestant principle encouraged renewalists to revise their ministries continuously. The result was a dramatic escalation of activity, funded by denominational supporters during an optimistic period in the church’s history. Internal tensions over political strategies and race relations, however, soon fractured the movement. More renewalists began to venture beyond church organizations in their ministries, and black renewalists mounted a spirited campaign for racial equality in the church. Ultimately the renewal movement foundered on these internal contradictions and external pressures. The renewal movement illustrates the dynamics that drove both secular political liberalism and liberal Protestantism. It helps us to see how the relationship between religion and urbanization affected the evolution of liberal political traditions. The ideology and ecclesiology underlying these quests for social reform were both productive and destabilizing.Less
This book examines a movement of liberal Protestant clergy and laypeople in the United States who after World War II developed new forms of ministry adapted to the changing environment of urban America. Cities during this period were enduring the effects of deindustrialization and suburbanization. Responding to these conditions, which were encapsulated under the term urban crisis, they developed a broad, multifaceted ecclesiology that reconceived the church as a central institution in a multiethnic urban society. They hoped this renewed church would reconcile social divisions, alleviate injustice, and improve race relations. Their approach to ministry drew on the Protestant principle, closely related to neoorthodoxy, which stated that no human institution, including the church, could achieve perfection. The Protestant principle encouraged renewalists to revise their ministries continuously. The result was a dramatic escalation of activity, funded by denominational supporters during an optimistic period in the church’s history. Internal tensions over political strategies and race relations, however, soon fractured the movement. More renewalists began to venture beyond church organizations in their ministries, and black renewalists mounted a spirited campaign for racial equality in the church. Ultimately the renewal movement foundered on these internal contradictions and external pressures. The renewal movement illustrates the dynamics that drove both secular political liberalism and liberal Protestantism. It helps us to see how the relationship between religion and urbanization affected the evolution of liberal political traditions. The ideology and ecclesiology underlying these quests for social reform were both productive and destabilizing.
Kara Murphy Schlichting
- Published in print:
- 2019
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780226613024
- eISBN:
- 9780226613161
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226613161.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
This book offers a new model for understanding the invention of metropolitan New York during the city’s unprecedented expansion between 1840 and 1940. By broadening the definition of planning and ...
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This book offers a new model for understanding the invention of metropolitan New York during the city’s unprecedented expansion between 1840 and 1940. By broadening the definition of planning and playing close attention to the levels of governance on which it occurred, this book tells a regional history, not just a history of the city’s influence on the periphery. This book demonstrates how regional actors directed much of greater New York’s formation through work on the urban edge. It’s broad definition of city planning recognizes the work of diverse local actors—amusement park entrepreneurs, politicians, and urbanites who sought contact with the natural world—in conjunction with the work of well-known power brokers such as Robert Moses. While powerful professional planners and government officials employed planning theory and design to shape greater New York, focus on this work alone obscures the diversity of actors and the varied regional development work of nonprofessionals. The lasting contributions of locals provide a counterweight to designed-focused histories of the early twentieth-century city. It also identifies the struggle to define the spatial, governmental, and cultural relationship between localism and regionalism as central to suburbanization and the shaping of metropolitan form in concert.A focus on the coastal landscape of the East River and Long Island Sound reveals how the characteristics of the coastal environment shaped urbanization and, in turn, the environmental change wrought by regional growth.Less
This book offers a new model for understanding the invention of metropolitan New York during the city’s unprecedented expansion between 1840 and 1940. By broadening the definition of planning and playing close attention to the levels of governance on which it occurred, this book tells a regional history, not just a history of the city’s influence on the periphery. This book demonstrates how regional actors directed much of greater New York’s formation through work on the urban edge. It’s broad definition of city planning recognizes the work of diverse local actors—amusement park entrepreneurs, politicians, and urbanites who sought contact with the natural world—in conjunction with the work of well-known power brokers such as Robert Moses. While powerful professional planners and government officials employed planning theory and design to shape greater New York, focus on this work alone obscures the diversity of actors and the varied regional development work of nonprofessionals. The lasting contributions of locals provide a counterweight to designed-focused histories of the early twentieth-century city. It also identifies the struggle to define the spatial, governmental, and cultural relationship between localism and regionalism as central to suburbanization and the shaping of metropolitan form in concert.A focus on the coastal landscape of the East River and Long Island Sound reveals how the characteristics of the coastal environment shaped urbanization and, in turn, the environmental change wrought by regional growth.
Nancy H. Kwak
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780226282350
- eISBN:
- 9780226282497
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Chicago Press
- DOI:
- 10.7208/chicago/9780226282497.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
In Latin America, US private interests played a large role in moving housing aid away from support for improved low-income housing, to an emphasis on low-cost housing from the 1960s to the 1990s. By ...
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In Latin America, US private interests played a large role in moving housing aid away from support for improved low-income housing, to an emphasis on low-cost housing from the 1960s to the 1990s. By looking at issues of production and finance instead of distribution, American builders and bankers successfully refocused foreign aid programs on homeownership support for small middle classes in countries like Peru, Bolivia, and Mexico. In so doing, investors—with the sanction of host governments and the praise of prospective homeowners—helped construct a global middle-class pattern of housing that divided those who could afford to live in formal housing from those who had to make do in the informal sector.Less
In Latin America, US private interests played a large role in moving housing aid away from support for improved low-income housing, to an emphasis on low-cost housing from the 1960s to the 1990s. By looking at issues of production and finance instead of distribution, American builders and bankers successfully refocused foreign aid programs on homeownership support for small middle classes in countries like Peru, Bolivia, and Mexico. In so doing, investors—with the sanction of host governments and the praise of prospective homeowners—helped construct a global middle-class pattern of housing that divided those who could afford to live in formal housing from those who had to make do in the informal sector.
Holly M. Karibo
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9781469625201
- eISBN:
- 9781469625225
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469625201.003.0005
- Subject:
- History, American History: 19th Century
In response to the visibility of vice, communities groups, activists, city residents, and government officials came together to fight what they saw as immoral industries destroying their cities. ...
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In response to the visibility of vice, communities groups, activists, city residents, and government officials came together to fight what they saw as immoral industries destroying their cities. Their efforts produced a complex process of moral regulation in which they sought to define the parameters of proper conduct and to provide solutions to illicit industries in the border cities. This took place through the deployment of three main themes, including urban renewal programs as distinctly anti-vice projects; a fear of transients; and juvenile delinquency. On both sides of the border these themes were formulated through particular class and racial perspectives, which tended to frame urban issues in terms of decay and decline while simultaneously promoting the growth of suburban living, middle-class consumption patterns, good health, and social order. In doing so, anti-vice activism worked to define productive citizenship and community belonging in the border cities.Less
In response to the visibility of vice, communities groups, activists, city residents, and government officials came together to fight what they saw as immoral industries destroying their cities. Their efforts produced a complex process of moral regulation in which they sought to define the parameters of proper conduct and to provide solutions to illicit industries in the border cities. This took place through the deployment of three main themes, including urban renewal programs as distinctly anti-vice projects; a fear of transients; and juvenile delinquency. On both sides of the border these themes were formulated through particular class and racial perspectives, which tended to frame urban issues in terms of decay and decline while simultaneously promoting the growth of suburban living, middle-class consumption patterns, good health, and social order. In doing so, anti-vice activism worked to define productive citizenship and community belonging in the border cities.
Llana Barber
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469631349
- eISBN:
- 9781469631363
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631349.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, American History: 20th Century
Latino City explores the transformation of Lawrence, Massachusetts, into New England’s first Latino-majority city. Like many industrial cities, Lawrence entered a downward economic spiral in the ...
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Latino City explores the transformation of Lawrence, Massachusetts, into New England’s first Latino-majority city. Like many industrial cities, Lawrence entered a downward economic spiral in the decades after World War II due to deindustrialization and suburbanization. The arrival of tens of thousands of Puerto Ricans and Dominicans in the late twentieth century brought new life to the struggling city, but settling in Lawrence was fraught with challenges. Facing hostility from their neighbors, exclusion from local governance, inadequate city services, and limited job prospects, Latinos fought and organized for the right to make a home in the city.
In this book, Llana Barber interweaves the histories of urban crisis in U.S. cities and imperial migration from Latin America. Pushed to migrate by political and economic circumstances shaped by the long history of U.S. intervention in Latin America, poor and working-class Latinos then had to reckon with the segregation, joblessness, disinvestment, and profound stigma that plagued U.S. cities during the crisis era, particularly in the Rust Belt. For many Puerto Ricans and Dominicans, there was no “American Dream” awaiting them in Lawrence; instead, Latinos struggled to build lives for themselves in the ruins of industrial America.Less
Latino City explores the transformation of Lawrence, Massachusetts, into New England’s first Latino-majority city. Like many industrial cities, Lawrence entered a downward economic spiral in the decades after World War II due to deindustrialization and suburbanization. The arrival of tens of thousands of Puerto Ricans and Dominicans in the late twentieth century brought new life to the struggling city, but settling in Lawrence was fraught with challenges. Facing hostility from their neighbors, exclusion from local governance, inadequate city services, and limited job prospects, Latinos fought and organized for the right to make a home in the city.
In this book, Llana Barber interweaves the histories of urban crisis in U.S. cities and imperial migration from Latin America. Pushed to migrate by political and economic circumstances shaped by the long history of U.S. intervention in Latin America, poor and working-class Latinos then had to reckon with the segregation, joblessness, disinvestment, and profound stigma that plagued U.S. cities during the crisis era, particularly in the Rust Belt. For many Puerto Ricans and Dominicans, there was no “American Dream” awaiting them in Lawrence; instead, Latinos struggled to build lives for themselves in the ruins of industrial America.
Wim Naudé
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199590148
- eISBN:
- 9780191595493
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590148.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental, Public and Welfare
Population density gradients for South Africa's cities are quite small in absolute value, indicating a relatively flat population distribution across the cities. In contrast employment is less flatly ...
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Population density gradients for South Africa's cities are quite small in absolute value, indicating a relatively flat population distribution across the cities. In contrast employment is less flatly distributed than the population. The relationship between employment densities and distance across South African cities has remained constant between 1996 and 2001 whilst there has been on average a slight increase in population density further away from the city centres. As per capita income of the population rises, density in the central city areas decreases. Employment growth has no significant impact on suburbanization indicating that population settlement does not necessarily follow jobs. Finally, it is found that there have been decreases in segregation in South Africa's metropolitan cities since 1996 especially in the former white group areas, which could suggest that the formerly spatially excluded black population is slowly moving into former white areas, which are also closer to where economic activities are located.Less
Population density gradients for South Africa's cities are quite small in absolute value, indicating a relatively flat population distribution across the cities. In contrast employment is less flatly distributed than the population. The relationship between employment densities and distance across South African cities has remained constant between 1996 and 2001 whilst there has been on average a slight increase in population density further away from the city centres. As per capita income of the population rises, density in the central city areas decreases. Employment growth has no significant impact on suburbanization indicating that population settlement does not necessarily follow jobs. Finally, it is found that there have been decreases in segregation in South Africa's metropolitan cities since 1996 especially in the former white group areas, which could suggest that the formerly spatially excluded black population is slowly moving into former white areas, which are also closer to where economic activities are located.
Todd M. Michney
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- September 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781469631943
- eISBN:
- 9781469631967
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- University of North Carolina Press
- DOI:
- 10.5149/northcarolina/9781469631943.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, African-American History
The story of white flight and the neglect of black urban neighbourhoods has been well told by urban historians in recent decades. Yet much of this scholarship has downplayed black agency and tended ...
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The story of white flight and the neglect of black urban neighbourhoods has been well told by urban historians in recent decades. Yet much of this scholarship has downplayed black agency and tended to portray African Americans as victims of structural forces beyond their control. In this history of Cleveland's black middle class, Todd Michney uncovers the creative ways that members of this nascent community established footholds in areas outside the overcrowded, inner-city neighbourhoods to which most African Americans were consigned. In asserting their right to these outer-city spaces, African Americans appealed to city officials, allied with politically progressive whites (notably Jewish activists), and relied upon both black and white developers and real estate agents to expand these "surrogate suburbs" and maintain their liveability until the bona fide suburbs became more accessible. By tracking the trajectories of those who, in spite of racism, were able to succeed, Michney offers a valuable counterweight to histories that have focused on racial conflict and black poverty and tells the neglected story of the black middle class in America's cities prior to the 1960s.Less
The story of white flight and the neglect of black urban neighbourhoods has been well told by urban historians in recent decades. Yet much of this scholarship has downplayed black agency and tended to portray African Americans as victims of structural forces beyond their control. In this history of Cleveland's black middle class, Todd Michney uncovers the creative ways that members of this nascent community established footholds in areas outside the overcrowded, inner-city neighbourhoods to which most African Americans were consigned. In asserting their right to these outer-city spaces, African Americans appealed to city officials, allied with politically progressive whites (notably Jewish activists), and relied upon both black and white developers and real estate agents to expand these "surrogate suburbs" and maintain their liveability until the bona fide suburbs became more accessible. By tracking the trajectories of those who, in spite of racism, were able to succeed, Michney offers a valuable counterweight to histories that have focused on racial conflict and black poverty and tells the neglected story of the black middle class in America's cities prior to the 1960s.
Alice Johnson
- Published in print:
- 2020
- Published Online:
- September 2020
- ISBN:
- 9781789620313
- eISBN:
- 9781789629910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Liverpool University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3828/liverpool/9781789620313.003.0002
- Subject:
- History, British and Irish Modern History
This chapter sketches a group portrait of Belfast’s middle-class elite, taking in geographical, religious and class origins, education, wealth, and standards of living. A key focus of this chapter is ...
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This chapter sketches a group portrait of Belfast’s middle-class elite, taking in geographical, religious and class origins, education, wealth, and standards of living. A key focus of this chapter is the mid-century civic elite: that is, those people who dominated municipal life in Belfast in the middle decades of the century. The chapter does, however, go beyond this group, using various case-studies to branch into a much broader discussion of middle-class wealth, standards of living and social mobility. It provides an overview of the Victorian middle-class community as a whole. A fresh look is cast on suburbanisation and how it affected Belfast’s middle-class community. Suburbanisation is a phenomenon related to social mobility and demographic and economic changes, and as such is highly relevant when studying a dynamic community over a period of time.Less
This chapter sketches a group portrait of Belfast’s middle-class elite, taking in geographical, religious and class origins, education, wealth, and standards of living. A key focus of this chapter is the mid-century civic elite: that is, those people who dominated municipal life in Belfast in the middle decades of the century. The chapter does, however, go beyond this group, using various case-studies to branch into a much broader discussion of middle-class wealth, standards of living and social mobility. It provides an overview of the Victorian middle-class community as a whole. A fresh look is cast on suburbanisation and how it affected Belfast’s middle-class community. Suburbanisation is a phenomenon related to social mobility and demographic and economic changes, and as such is highly relevant when studying a dynamic community over a period of time.
Campbell F. Scribner
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- January 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501700804
- eISBN:
- 9781501704116
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501700804.003.0002
- Subject:
- Education, Educational Policy and Politics
This chapter explains local control in the context of suburbanization, conservative politics, and school reform, and demonstrates how the confluence of these issues changed practices of municipal ...
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This chapter explains local control in the context of suburbanization, conservative politics, and school reform, and demonstrates how the confluence of these issues changed practices of municipal government. Local autonomy had almost no legal basis before the 1890s, when a handful of states added home rule amendments to their constitutions, and even then it was primarily used to empower cities at the expense of suburban and rural areas. It was the rise of mass suburbanization between the 1910s and the 1950s that prompted calls to protect small-town government, with attendant rights of zoning, tax collection, and geographical integrity. Conceived in opposition to political machines and profligate spending, the notion of local control became popular with a variety of interest groups, especially rural and suburban conservatives, for whom localism preserved existing systems of political power and smoothed over potential areas of division.Less
This chapter explains local control in the context of suburbanization, conservative politics, and school reform, and demonstrates how the confluence of these issues changed practices of municipal government. Local autonomy had almost no legal basis before the 1890s, when a handful of states added home rule amendments to their constitutions, and even then it was primarily used to empower cities at the expense of suburban and rural areas. It was the rise of mass suburbanization between the 1910s and the 1950s that prompted calls to protect small-town government, with attendant rights of zoning, tax collection, and geographical integrity. Conceived in opposition to political machines and profligate spending, the notion of local control became popular with a variety of interest groups, especially rural and suburban conservatives, for whom localism preserved existing systems of political power and smoothed over potential areas of division.
Peter Hopkins
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- May 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781474427234
- eISBN:
- 9781474438407
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427234.003.0001
- Subject:
- Religion, Islam
The chapters in this collection explore the everyday lives, experiences, practices and attitudes of Muslims in Scotland. In order to set the context for these chapters, in this introduction I explore ...
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The chapters in this collection explore the everyday lives, experiences, practices and attitudes of Muslims in Scotland. In order to set the context for these chapters, in this introduction I explore the early settlement of Muslims in Scotland and discuss some of the initial research projects that charted the settlement of Asians and Pakistanis in Scotland’s main cities. I then discuss the current situation for Muslims in Scotland through data from the 2011 Scottish Census. Following a short note about the significance of the Scottish context, in the final section, the main themes and issues that have been explored in research about Muslims in Scotland.Less
The chapters in this collection explore the everyday lives, experiences, practices and attitudes of Muslims in Scotland. In order to set the context for these chapters, in this introduction I explore the early settlement of Muslims in Scotland and discuss some of the initial research projects that charted the settlement of Asians and Pakistanis in Scotland’s main cities. I then discuss the current situation for Muslims in Scotland through data from the 2011 Scottish Census. Following a short note about the significance of the Scottish context, in the final section, the main themes and issues that have been explored in research about Muslims in Scotland.
