Jennifer M. Saul
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199219155
- eISBN:
- 9780191711848
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219155.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
It has traditionally been thought that the substitution of co-referential terms succeeds in all but a few special linguistic contexts, such as belief reports. Philosophers have devoted considerable ...
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It has traditionally been thought that the substitution of co-referential terms succeeds in all but a few special linguistic contexts, such as belief reports. Philosophers have devoted considerable energy to attempting to understand these special contexts. This book discusses apparent cases of substitution failure in simple sentences: those that do not involve any such special contexts. It shows that existing theories — whether semantic or pragmatic — cannot accommodate these cases, and that certain central assumptions regarding the role of intuitions must be abandoned in order to deal with them. The book offers a new explanation of anti-substitution intuitions that builds on empirical data from psychology, and explores the methodological implications of this form of explanation.Less
It has traditionally been thought that the substitution of co-referential terms succeeds in all but a few special linguistic contexts, such as belief reports. Philosophers have devoted considerable energy to attempting to understand these special contexts. This book discusses apparent cases of substitution failure in simple sentences: those that do not involve any such special contexts. It shows that existing theories — whether semantic or pragmatic — cannot accommodate these cases, and that certain central assumptions regarding the role of intuitions must be abandoned in order to deal with them. The book offers a new explanation of anti-substitution intuitions that builds on empirical data from psychology, and explores the methodological implications of this form of explanation.
David A Liberles (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780199299188
- eISBN:
- 9780191714979
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299188.001.0001
- Subject:
- Biology, Evolutionary Biology / Genetics
Ancestral sequence reconstruction is a technique of growing importance in molecular evolutionary biology and comparative genomics. As a powerful tool for testing evolutionary and ecological ...
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Ancestral sequence reconstruction is a technique of growing importance in molecular evolutionary biology and comparative genomics. As a powerful tool for testing evolutionary and ecological hypotheses, as well as uncovering the link between sequence and molecular phenotype, there are potential applications in almost all fields of applied molecular biology. This book starts with a historical overview of the field, before discussing the potential applications in drug discovery and the pharmaceutical industry. This is followed by a section on computational methodology, which provides a detailed discussion of the available methods for reconstructing ancestral sequences (including their advantages, disadvantages, and potential pitfalls). Purely computational applications of the technique are then covered, including whole proteome reconstruction. Further chapters provide a detailed discussion on taking computationally reconstructed sequences and synthesizing them in the laboratory. The book concludes with a description of the scientific questions where experimental ancestral sequence reconstruction has been utilized to provide insights and inform future research.Less
Ancestral sequence reconstruction is a technique of growing importance in molecular evolutionary biology and comparative genomics. As a powerful tool for testing evolutionary and ecological hypotheses, as well as uncovering the link between sequence and molecular phenotype, there are potential applications in almost all fields of applied molecular biology. This book starts with a historical overview of the field, before discussing the potential applications in drug discovery and the pharmaceutical industry. This is followed by a section on computational methodology, which provides a detailed discussion of the available methods for reconstructing ancestral sequences (including their advantages, disadvantages, and potential pitfalls). Purely computational applications of the technique are then covered, including whole proteome reconstruction. Further chapters provide a detailed discussion on taking computationally reconstructed sequences and synthesizing them in the laboratory. The book concludes with a description of the scientific questions where experimental ancestral sequence reconstruction has been utilized to provide insights and inform future research.
Maximilian de Gaynesford
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- May 2006
- ISBN:
- 9780199287826
- eISBN:
- 9780191603570
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199287821.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
The logical character of I is obligatorily deictic. Some variant devices have obligatory anaphoric reference, some are free, and some again have obligatory deictic reference. It is by singling out ...
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The logical character of I is obligatorily deictic. Some variant devices have obligatory anaphoric reference, some are free, and some again have obligatory deictic reference. It is by singling out individuals made salient in the extra-sentential context that uses of this third sort refer. Substitution instances reveal and matching constraints confirm that each use of I (together with singular You) must fall into this third category.Less
The logical character of I is obligatorily deictic. Some variant devices have obligatory anaphoric reference, some are free, and some again have obligatory deictic reference. It is by singling out individuals made salient in the extra-sentential context that uses of this third sort refer. Substitution instances reveal and matching constraints confirm that each use of I (together with singular You) must fall into this third category.
Gerald SJ O'Collins
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199203130
- eISBN:
- 9780191707742
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199203130.003.0008
- Subject:
- Religion, Theology
This chapter discusses what it means to talk about Christ as priest and victim expiating or atoning for human guilt through a unique, once‐and‐for‐all sacrifice. By repairing a world damaged and ...
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This chapter discusses what it means to talk about Christ as priest and victim expiating or atoning for human guilt through a unique, once‐and‐for‐all sacrifice. By repairing a world damaged and polluted by sin, he made possible human beings' new communion with God. If understood correctly, ‘sacrifice’ remains a necessary part of this explanation.Less
This chapter discusses what it means to talk about Christ as priest and victim expiating or atoning for human guilt through a unique, once‐and‐for‐all sacrifice. By repairing a world damaged and polluted by sin, he made possible human beings' new communion with God. If understood correctly, ‘sacrifice’ remains a necessary part of this explanation.
Herman Schwartz
- Published in print:
- 2000
- Published Online:
- November 2003
- ISBN:
- 9780199240920
- eISBN:
- 9780191600180
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199240922.003.0003
- Subject:
- Political Science, Comparative Politics
While the formal welfare states of Australia and New Zealand resembled the British model in the post‐war period, economic policies and industrial‐relations systems differed. As highly competitive ...
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While the formal welfare states of Australia and New Zealand resembled the British model in the post‐war period, economic policies and industrial‐relations systems differed. As highly competitive exporters of agricultural products and raw materials, both countries had developed highly protected import‐substituting manufacturing industries to ensure full employment as a complement to the minimal protection provided by the ‘liberal’ welfare state. When this configuration ceased to be economically viable in the 1970s, both countries chose to liberalize their industrial sectors, attempting to achieve price competitiveness through government‐controlled wage‐setting procedures. In New Zealand, these efforts failed and its Westminster‐type government opted for radical neo‐liberal reforms in the 1980s that reduced welfare‐state protection and caused a steep rise of unemployment. In Australia, by contrast, unions were better able to cooperate with the government in defending international competitiveness, and federal and bicameral institutions did favour policy compromises that combined liberalization with the maintenance and even expansion of welfare‐state protection.Less
While the formal welfare states of Australia and New Zealand resembled the British model in the post‐war period, economic policies and industrial‐relations systems differed. As highly competitive exporters of agricultural products and raw materials, both countries had developed highly protected import‐substituting manufacturing industries to ensure full employment as a complement to the minimal protection provided by the ‘liberal’ welfare state. When this configuration ceased to be economically viable in the 1970s, both countries chose to liberalize their industrial sectors, attempting to achieve price competitiveness through government‐controlled wage‐setting procedures. In New Zealand, these efforts failed and its Westminster‐type government opted for radical neo‐liberal reforms in the 1980s that reduced welfare‐state protection and caused a steep rise of unemployment. In Australia, by contrast, unions were better able to cooperate with the government in defending international competitiveness, and federal and bicameral institutions did favour policy compromises that combined liberalization with the maintenance and even expansion of welfare‐state protection.
J. Kevin O’Regan
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199775224
- eISBN:
- 9780199919031
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199775224.003.0083
- Subject:
- Neuroscience, Behavioral Neuroscience, Sensory and Motor Systems
This chapter summarizes the discussions in the preceding chapters. It argues that the sensorimotor approach, by taking feel as an abstract quality of our interaction with the environment, helps ...
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This chapter summarizes the discussions in the preceding chapters. It argues that the sensorimotor approach, by taking feel as an abstract quality of our interaction with the environment, helps provide an explanation for consciousness in a biological or physical system. Far from being simply a philosophical stance, the sensorimotor approach makes empirically verifiable predictions and opens new research programs in topics such as visual attention, sensory substitution, color and tactile perception, and robotics.Less
This chapter summarizes the discussions in the preceding chapters. It argues that the sensorimotor approach, by taking feel as an abstract quality of our interaction with the environment, helps provide an explanation for consciousness in a biological or physical system. Far from being simply a philosophical stance, the sensorimotor approach makes empirically verifiable predictions and opens new research programs in topics such as visual attention, sensory substitution, color and tactile perception, and robotics.
Robert D. Cooter and Ariel Porat
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691151595
- eISBN:
- 9781400850396
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691151595.003.0005
- Subject:
- Law, Comparative Law
This chapter deals with lapses of attention, for example by a driver or a doctor, and explains how a negligence rule gives injurers an incentive to substitute activities with unavoidable accidents ...
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This chapter deals with lapses of attention, for example by a driver or a doctor, and explains how a negligence rule gives injurers an incentive to substitute activities with unavoidable accidents for activities with lapses. Under current tort law, a lapse of attention will always be considered negligence and trigger liability for the resulting harm. However, the chapter shows that it should not be the case. After providing an overview of lapse defenses in prevailing law, the chapter examines the openness of liability law to the lapse defense and some activities that substitute unavoidable harm for lapses. It also explains how a lapse defense is implemented and shows how the lapse defense dampens inefficient substitution and increases collection of supporting information.Less
This chapter deals with lapses of attention, for example by a driver or a doctor, and explains how a negligence rule gives injurers an incentive to substitute activities with unavoidable accidents for activities with lapses. Under current tort law, a lapse of attention will always be considered negligence and trigger liability for the resulting harm. However, the chapter shows that it should not be the case. After providing an overview of lapse defenses in prevailing law, the chapter examines the openness of liability law to the lapse defense and some activities that substitute unavoidable harm for lapses. It also explains how a lapse defense is implemented and shows how the lapse defense dampens inefficient substitution and increases collection of supporting information.
Edgar L. Feige and James W. Dean
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199271405
- eISBN:
- 9780191601200
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271402.003.0014
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
The chapter examines the extent, causes and consequences of transition countries’ use of foreign currency as a co-circulating medium of exchange and store of value. Using new estimates of foreign ...
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The chapter examines the extent, causes and consequences of transition countries’ use of foreign currency as a co-circulating medium of exchange and store of value. Using new estimates of foreign cash in circulation, we obtain unique measures of currency substitution, asset substitution, and dollarization, and examine the consequences of network externalities for hysteresis and irreversibility. Finally, we examine factors that could lead some transition countries -- most of which are joining the European Union in 2004 -- to euroize officially, joining existing members of EMU, and others to euroize unilaterally, i.e., without joining EMU.Less
The chapter examines the extent, causes and consequences of transition countries’ use of foreign currency as a co-circulating medium of exchange and store of value. Using new estimates of foreign cash in circulation, we obtain unique measures of currency substitution, asset substitution, and dollarization, and examine the consequences of network externalities for hysteresis and irreversibility. Finally, we examine factors that could lead some transition countries -- most of which are joining the European Union in 2004 -- to euroize officially, joining existing members of EMU, and others to euroize unilaterally, i.e., without joining EMU.
Nathan Salmon
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199284726
- eISBN:
- 9780191713774
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199284726.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter argues that in sharp contrast to established opinion, the linguistic evidence arising out of propositional-attitude attributions strongly supports Millianism (the doctrine that the ...
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This chapter argues that in sharp contrast to established opinion, the linguistic evidence arising out of propositional-attitude attributions strongly supports Millianism (the doctrine that the entire contribution to the proposition content of a sentence made by a proper name is simply the name's referent) without providing the slightest counter-evidence. This claim is supported through a semantic analysis of such de re attributions as ‘Jones believes of Venus that it is a star’. The apparent failure of subtitutivity of co-referential proper names in propositional-attitude attributions is shown to be evidentially irrelevant through consideration of analogous phenomena involving straightforward synonyms.Less
This chapter argues that in sharp contrast to established opinion, the linguistic evidence arising out of propositional-attitude attributions strongly supports Millianism (the doctrine that the entire contribution to the proposition content of a sentence made by a proper name is simply the name's referent) without providing the slightest counter-evidence. This claim is supported through a semantic analysis of such de re attributions as ‘Jones believes of Venus that it is a star’. The apparent failure of subtitutivity of co-referential proper names in propositional-attitude attributions is shown to be evidentially irrelevant through consideration of analogous phenomena involving straightforward synonyms.
Jennifer Saul
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199219155
- eISBN:
- 9780191711848
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219155.003.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter provides a detailed look at the consequences of apparent substitution failures in simple sentences for standard debates on substitution. It begins with a look at traditional puzzle cases ...
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This chapter provides a detailed look at the consequences of apparent substitution failures in simple sentences for standard debates on substitution. It begins with a look at traditional puzzle cases involving belief reports and traditional approaches to these puzzles, both semantic accounts and those invoking conversational implicature. It argues that none of these traditional approaches can accommodate apparent substitution failures in simple sentences.Less
This chapter provides a detailed look at the consequences of apparent substitution failures in simple sentences for standard debates on substitution. It begins with a look at traditional puzzle cases involving belief reports and traditional approaches to these puzzles, both semantic accounts and those invoking conversational implicature. It argues that none of these traditional approaches can accommodate apparent substitution failures in simple sentences.
Jennifer Saul
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- May 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199219155
- eISBN:
- 9780191711848
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199219155.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Language
This chapter examines attempts to develop semantic theories on which anti-substitution intuitions about simple sentences are actually correct. It argues that all of these attempts fail due to two ...
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This chapter examines attempts to develop semantic theories on which anti-substitution intuitions about simple sentences are actually correct. It argues that all of these attempts fail due to two problems: The Enlightenment Problem (the need to make implausible claims about the states of mind of conversational participants) and The Aspect Problem (the use of theoretically problematic entities).Less
This chapter examines attempts to develop semantic theories on which anti-substitution intuitions about simple sentences are actually correct. It argues that all of these attempts fail due to two problems: The Enlightenment Problem (the need to make implausible claims about the states of mind of conversational participants) and The Aspect Problem (the use of theoretically problematic entities).
Young-Iob Chung
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195325454
- eISBN:
- 9780199783908
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325454.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This book examines South Korea's robust economic development and rapid capital formation, which has transformed the country from an agrarian/semi-industrial economy facing seemingly insurmountable ...
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This book examines South Korea's robust economic development and rapid capital formation, which has transformed the country from an agrarian/semi-industrial economy facing seemingly insurmountable obstacles and naysayers at the end of World War II into one of the twelve largest industrialized economies in the global market by the end of the 20th century. After evaluating economic development, this book assesses sectoral investments, both in the public and business sectors, focusing on their volume, nature, sources, and means of financing investment at home and abroad. The domestic sources for savings in the private sectors, which constituted four-fifths of savings, are traced to the business and personal/household sectors, while those in the public sector are tracked mostly to household and foreign sectors in the form of loans and aid, especially from the United States and Japan. The book also examines the sources and magnitude of high business savings that are traced to large profits, which are mainly attributable to generous government bounties, subsidies, and inflation windfalls. Investment in human capital by both the public and private sectors is also investigated. The role and the contribution of government in all aspects of South Korea's success in capital formation and economic development, especially in promoting the import-substitution and export industries, are considered. The book also discusses the sources of foreign savings, which played the crucial role in capital formation and economic development in the early years after the Korean War.Less
This book examines South Korea's robust economic development and rapid capital formation, which has transformed the country from an agrarian/semi-industrial economy facing seemingly insurmountable obstacles and naysayers at the end of World War II into one of the twelve largest industrialized economies in the global market by the end of the 20th century. After evaluating economic development, this book assesses sectoral investments, both in the public and business sectors, focusing on their volume, nature, sources, and means of financing investment at home and abroad. The domestic sources for savings in the private sectors, which constituted four-fifths of savings, are traced to the business and personal/household sectors, while those in the public sector are tracked mostly to household and foreign sectors in the form of loans and aid, especially from the United States and Japan. The book also examines the sources and magnitude of high business savings that are traced to large profits, which are mainly attributable to generous government bounties, subsidies, and inflation windfalls. Investment in human capital by both the public and private sectors is also investigated. The role and the contribution of government in all aspects of South Korea's success in capital formation and economic development, especially in promoting the import-substitution and export industries, are considered. The book also discusses the sources of foreign savings, which played the crucial role in capital formation and economic development in the early years after the Korean War.
Richard Viladesau
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- May 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780195335668
- eISBN:
- 9780199869015
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335668.003.0003
- Subject:
- Religion, History of Christianity
This chapter examines the context of the Protestant Reformation and explores the centrality of the cross in the theologies of the Reformers, especially Luther and Calvin. Both Reformers espoused a ...
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This chapter examines the context of the Protestant Reformation and explores the centrality of the cross in the theologies of the Reformers, especially Luther and Calvin. Both Reformers espoused a form of the theory of Christ's “penal substitution” for sinful humanity in his suffering on the cross. The emphasis on the Bible as the “word of God” resulted in iconoclasm on the part of some Reformers, and a devaluation of the pictorial arts for others. Albrecht Dürer is presented as a transitional figure, showing elements of both late medieval devotionalism and of the new humanist approach in his many portrayals of the Passion. Lukas Cranach exemplifies the direct influence of Luther on art, both thematically and in technique.Less
This chapter examines the context of the Protestant Reformation and explores the centrality of the cross in the theologies of the Reformers, especially Luther and Calvin. Both Reformers espoused a form of the theory of Christ's “penal substitution” for sinful humanity in his suffering on the cross. The emphasis on the Bible as the “word of God” resulted in iconoclasm on the part of some Reformers, and a devaluation of the pictorial arts for others. Albrecht Dürer is presented as a transitional figure, showing elements of both late medieval devotionalism and of the new humanist approach in his many portrayals of the Passion. Lukas Cranach exemplifies the direct influence of Luther on art, both thematically and in technique.
Fiona Macpherson (ed.)
- Published in print:
- 2018
- Published Online:
- September 2019
- ISBN:
- 9780197266441
- eISBN:
- 9780191884207
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- British Academy
- DOI:
- 10.5871/bacad/9780197266441.001.0001
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Philosophy of Mind
Sensory substitution and augmentation devices are built to try to replace or enhance one sense by using another sense. For example, in tactile–vision, stimulation of the skin driven by input to a ...
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Sensory substitution and augmentation devices are built to try to replace or enhance one sense by using another sense. For example, in tactile–vision, stimulation of the skin driven by input to a camera is used to replace the ordinary sense of vision that uses our eyes. The feelSpace belt aims to give people a magnetic sense of direction using vibrotactile stimulation driven by a digital compass. This volume brings together researchers—neuroscientists, psychologists and philosophers—who are developing these technologies, studying the minds and behaviour of subjects who use them. There is a particular focus on the nature of the perceptual experiences, the sensory interactions, and the changes that take place in the mind and brain over time that occur while using and training to use these technologies. Essays address the nature, limits and possibilities of sensory substitution and augmentation, how they might be used to help those with sensory impairments, and what they can tell us about perception and perceptual experience in general.Less
Sensory substitution and augmentation devices are built to try to replace or enhance one sense by using another sense. For example, in tactile–vision, stimulation of the skin driven by input to a camera is used to replace the ordinary sense of vision that uses our eyes. The feelSpace belt aims to give people a magnetic sense of direction using vibrotactile stimulation driven by a digital compass. This volume brings together researchers—neuroscientists, psychologists and philosophers—who are developing these technologies, studying the minds and behaviour of subjects who use them. There is a particular focus on the nature of the perceptual experiences, the sensory interactions, and the changes that take place in the mind and brain over time that occur while using and training to use these technologies. Essays address the nature, limits and possibilities of sensory substitution and augmentation, how they might be used to help those with sensory impairments, and what they can tell us about perception and perceptual experience in general.
J. G. Hayes
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198565932
- eISBN:
- 9780191714016
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565932.003.0011
- Subject:
- Mathematics, History of Mathematics
This chapter presents an overview of the programming process for the Pilot ACE. This programme was for the back-substitution phase of solving a set of linear algebraic equations, with multiple ...
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This chapter presents an overview of the programming process for the Pilot ACE. This programme was for the back-substitution phase of solving a set of linear algebraic equations, with multiple right-hand sides, up to order 32. Topics covered include storage, two stages of programming, programming back substitution, steps of the programme, and multiple right-hand sides.Less
This chapter presents an overview of the programming process for the Pilot ACE. This programme was for the back-substitution phase of solving a set of linear algebraic equations, with multiple right-hand sides, up to order 32. Topics covered include storage, two stages of programming, programming back substitution, steps of the programme, and multiple right-hand sides.
Christopher G. Small and Jinfang Wang
- Published in print:
- 2003
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198506881
- eISBN:
- 9780191709258
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198506881.003.0003
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Probability / Statistics
This chapter surveys a variety of root-finding and hill-climbing algorithms that are useful for solving estimating equations or maximizing artificial likelihoods, starting with a basic technique ...
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This chapter surveys a variety of root-finding and hill-climbing algorithms that are useful for solving estimating equations or maximizing artificial likelihoods, starting with a basic technique known as the iterative substitution. Methods such as the Newton-Raphson and the quasi-Newton algorithms are motivated as attempts to improve the rate of convergence of the iterative substitution. The contractive mapping theorem, which provides general conditions for the convergence of a multiparameter algorithm, is stated and proved. The EM-algorithm is described in generality and illustrated with examples. Aitken's method for accelerating linear convergence of algorithms is developed, along with a refinement known as Steffensen's method. Other methods discussed in this chapter include the method of false positions, Muller's method, methods particularly suitable for solving polynomial equations (such as the Bernoulli's method, the quotient-difference algorithm, Sturm's method and the QR-algorithm), the Nelder-Mead algorithm, and the method of Jacobi iteration for approximate inversion of matrices.Less
This chapter surveys a variety of root-finding and hill-climbing algorithms that are useful for solving estimating equations or maximizing artificial likelihoods, starting with a basic technique known as the iterative substitution. Methods such as the Newton-Raphson and the quasi-Newton algorithms are motivated as attempts to improve the rate of convergence of the iterative substitution. The contractive mapping theorem, which provides general conditions for the convergence of a multiparameter algorithm, is stated and proved. The EM-algorithm is described in generality and illustrated with examples. Aitken's method for accelerating linear convergence of algorithms is developed, along with a refinement known as Steffensen's method. Other methods discussed in this chapter include the method of false positions, Muller's method, methods particularly suitable for solving polynomial equations (such as the Bernoulli's method, the quotient-difference algorithm, Sturm's method and the QR-algorithm), the Nelder-Mead algorithm, and the method of Jacobi iteration for approximate inversion of matrices.
Young‐Iob Chung
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780195325454
- eISBN:
- 9780199783908
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195325454.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines the governance, approach, and the government's industrial and foreign exchange policies that promoted capital formation in the private sector. These offered financial incentives ...
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This chapter examines the governance, approach, and the government's industrial and foreign exchange policies that promoted capital formation in the private sector. These offered financial incentives to invest and produce import substitutes and export goods, in addition to the reconstruction of the old and the construction of new social overhead capital, and pioneering new industries with private enterprises. The chapter also analyzes the impact of government property divestiture programs for former Japanese assets, new public enterprises, and their foreign exchange policy which involved the sale of foreign exchange to importers in targeted industries using subsidies. In evaluating these policies, the divestiture bounties, inflation windfalls, and their impact on capital formation in the private sector, the cost of production, private investment, beneficiaries, and resource allocation can be determined.Less
This chapter examines the governance, approach, and the government's industrial and foreign exchange policies that promoted capital formation in the private sector. These offered financial incentives to invest and produce import substitutes and export goods, in addition to the reconstruction of the old and the construction of new social overhead capital, and pioneering new industries with private enterprises. The chapter also analyzes the impact of government property divestiture programs for former Japanese assets, new public enterprises, and their foreign exchange policy which involved the sale of foreign exchange to importers in targeted industries using subsidies. In evaluating these policies, the divestiture bounties, inflation windfalls, and their impact on capital formation in the private sector, the cost of production, private investment, beneficiaries, and resource allocation can be determined.
Bruce Heiden
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- January 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195341072
- eISBN:
- 9780199867066
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341072.003.0007
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Poetry and Poets: Classical, Early, and Medieval
This chapter turns the investigation of thematic trajectories to books 8 and 15, the last segments of the first and second cycles respectively. These are the books that narrate Zeus's critical ...
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This chapter turns the investigation of thematic trajectories to books 8 and 15, the last segments of the first and second cycles respectively. These are the books that narrate Zeus's critical choices in steering events, and whose position cues attention to Zeus's consequential agency. In these books the Olympians face off in conflict, as the heroes do in other books. But analysis of the thematic trajectories shows that the Olympians prove wiser than the heroes at transforming their differences into symbolic terms that facilitate compromise.Less
This chapter turns the investigation of thematic trajectories to books 8 and 15, the last segments of the first and second cycles respectively. These are the books that narrate Zeus's critical choices in steering events, and whose position cues attention to Zeus's consequential agency. In these books the Olympians face off in conflict, as the heroes do in other books. But analysis of the thematic trajectories shows that the Olympians prove wiser than the heroes at transforming their differences into symbolic terms that facilitate compromise.
Volbert Alexander, George M. von Furstenberg, and Jacques Mélitz (eds)
- Published in print:
- 2004
- Published Online:
- August 2004
- ISBN:
- 9780199271405
- eISBN:
- 9780191601200
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0199271402.001.0001
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Economic Systems
Financial services with global reach are a highly information-intensive business. In it, the ability to deliver reliable price formation, global liquidity, and network benefits is increasingly ...
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Financial services with global reach are a highly information-intensive business. In it, the ability to deliver reliable price formation, global liquidity, and network benefits is increasingly critical for the choice of currency denomination. Conversely, the exchange value and prospective usefulness of small currencies becomes less certain, and transaction costs for them may rise. Economic instability is invited as currency and portfolio substitution with the dominant international currency denomination increase the likelihood of currency mismatches and financial crises. In view of these failings of many of the financially small currencies, the number of currencies worldwide well may shrink greatly in the decades ahead.Drawing lessons mostly from contemporary developments, this book analyzes current approaches to overcoming excessive monetary division within integrating regions. It focuses on the effects of monetary or currency unions on trade among members and on their financial development and stability. In the process, contributors analyze the promise and subversion of hard pegs such as that attempted by the currency board of Argentina. They also examine unilateral dollarization -- adopted in a few countries formally, and in many more informally without giving up the local currency -- and multilateral monetary union in Europe. There the euro functions as an innovative, non-hegemonic form of internationally shared and co-managed fiat money that will also be adopted by the 2004 class of European-Union accession countries in coming years.Less
Financial services with global reach are a highly information-intensive business. In it, the ability to deliver reliable price formation, global liquidity, and network benefits is increasingly critical for the choice of currency denomination. Conversely, the exchange value and prospective usefulness of small currencies becomes less certain, and transaction costs for them may rise. Economic instability is invited as currency and portfolio substitution with the dominant international currency denomination increase the likelihood of currency mismatches and financial crises. In view of these failings of many of the financially small currencies, the number of currencies worldwide well may shrink greatly in the decades ahead.
Drawing lessons mostly from contemporary developments, this book analyzes current approaches to overcoming excessive monetary division within integrating regions. It focuses on the effects of monetary or currency unions on trade among members and on their financial development and stability. In the process, contributors analyze the promise and subversion of hard pegs such as that attempted by the currency board of Argentina. They also examine unilateral dollarization -- adopted in a few countries formally, and in many more informally without giving up the local currency -- and multilateral monetary union in Europe. There the euro functions as an innovative, non-hegemonic form of internationally shared and co-managed fiat money that will also be adopted by the 2004 class of European-Union accession countries in coming years.
Christian Gollier
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- October 2017
- ISBN:
- 9780691148762
- eISBN:
- 9781400845408
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Princeton University Press
- DOI:
- 10.23943/princeton/9780691148762.003.0004
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter illustrates that the shape of the term structure of discount rates is determined by the way the wealth effect and the precautionary effects evolve with the time horizon. When the growth ...
More
This chapter illustrates that the shape of the term structure of discount rates is determined by the way the wealth effect and the precautionary effects evolve with the time horizon. When the growth rate of consumption is constant, then consumption increases exponentially, and the intertemporal rate of substitution, which is the discount factor, decreases exponentially. This requires that the discount rate is constant. The simplest extension of this to uncertainty is to assume that the growth rate of the economy follows a random walk. In that case, the variance of log consumption increases linearly, which yields an exponentially increasing precautionary effect for the discount factor. This justifies a constant precautionary effect on the discount rate, yielding a crucial result for the theory of efficient discount rates.Less
This chapter illustrates that the shape of the term structure of discount rates is determined by the way the wealth effect and the precautionary effects evolve with the time horizon. When the growth rate of consumption is constant, then consumption increases exponentially, and the intertemporal rate of substitution, which is the discount factor, decreases exponentially. This requires that the discount rate is constant. The simplest extension of this to uncertainty is to assume that the growth rate of the economy follows a random walk. In that case, the variance of log consumption increases linearly, which yields an exponentially increasing precautionary effect for the discount factor. This justifies a constant precautionary effect on the discount rate, yielding a crucial result for the theory of efficient discount rates.
