John M. Anderson
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199608317
- eISBN:
- 9780191732034
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199608317.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Phonetics / Phonology
This chapter examines various constructions types and their relationship to finiteness. Certain constructions, such as ‘indirect questions’ and relatives, are demoted finites: the properties that ...
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This chapter examines various constructions types and their relationship to finiteness. Certain constructions, such as ‘indirect questions’ and relatives, are demoted finites: the properties that they display that are associated with finiteness do not save them from being necessarily subordinate. Indicatives, however, can typically be finite in subordinate clauses. Some other constructions are dedicated mood-markers: this is often the case with optative, hortative, and exclamative constructions, which are frequently highly idiomatic. Other constructions still, though often, even typically, occurring as subordinates, may be promoted to serve as less prototypical expressions of declarative or of more marked moods: this is characteristic of the basic non-finite construction that is usually called infinitive. Subjunctives, associated notionally with irrealis, and even counterfactuality, show properties often associated with the expression of declaratives, but are frequently demoted. Descriptions are offered for this range of construction types and their varying relationship with finiteness.Less
This chapter examines various constructions types and their relationship to finiteness. Certain constructions, such as ‘indirect questions’ and relatives, are demoted finites: the properties that they display that are associated with finiteness do not save them from being necessarily subordinate. Indicatives, however, can typically be finite in subordinate clauses. Some other constructions are dedicated mood-markers: this is often the case with optative, hortative, and exclamative constructions, which are frequently highly idiomatic. Other constructions still, though often, even typically, occurring as subordinates, may be promoted to serve as less prototypical expressions of declarative or of more marked moods: this is characteristic of the basic non-finite construction that is usually called infinitive. Subjunctives, associated notionally with irrealis, and even counterfactuality, show properties often associated with the expression of declaratives, but are frequently demoted. Descriptions are offered for this range of construction types and their varying relationship with finiteness.
Harm Pinkster
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- December 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199283613
- eISBN:
- 9780191816734
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283613.003.0008
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology, Historical Linguistics
A first distinction is made between semantic negation and pragmatic negation. Semantic negation is achieved by negators, by adverbs, by negative subordinators, by zero quantifiers, or by negative ...
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A first distinction is made between semantic negation and pragmatic negation. Semantic negation is achieved by negators, by adverbs, by negative subordinators, by zero quantifiers, or by negative verbs. A second distinction is that between clause negation and local negation (of individual words or phrases). Latin uses different negation adverbs for imperative and other sentence types. The individual negation adverbs and subordinators are discussed separately. Additional sections are devoted to coordination of negative clauses and to the occurrence of multiple negators in the same clause. The co-occurence of negators may either entail annihilation of the negation or lead to reinforced negation. The best example of pragmatic negation is rhetorical questions.Less
A first distinction is made between semantic negation and pragmatic negation. Semantic negation is achieved by negators, by adverbs, by negative subordinators, by zero quantifiers, or by negative verbs. A second distinction is that between clause negation and local negation (of individual words or phrases). Latin uses different negation adverbs for imperative and other sentence types. The individual negation adverbs and subordinators are discussed separately. Additional sections are devoted to coordination of negative clauses and to the occurrence of multiple negators in the same clause. The co-occurence of negators may either entail annihilation of the negation or lead to reinforced negation. The best example of pragmatic negation is rhetorical questions.
