John N. Collins
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780195396027
- eISBN:
- 9780199852383
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195396027.003.0004
- Subject:
- Religion, Biblical Studies
In the second book of the Republic, Plato writes a few paragraphs on the place of trade and merchandising in society. His use of “diakonia” and its cognate words there is examined here in itself and ...
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In the second book of the Republic, Plato writes a few paragraphs on the place of trade and merchandising in society. His use of “diakonia” and its cognate words there is examined here in itself and then in association with usage in two other passages from the Politicus and Gorgias. Although the three passages discuss social functions, they use our words in quite different ways. Thus, in the first the word group provides a colorless term in the definition of a non-political function, in the second it denotes a function that is highly compatible with political activity, and in the third a function that exemplifies political ineptitude. If despite the differences of meaning that these uses imply, an aspect of meaning is nonetheless observable that is common to all three, a valuable insight will have been gained. This chapter discusses the functions of the subordinate and the go-between, the Greek god Hermes, and Greek slaves.Less
In the second book of the Republic, Plato writes a few paragraphs on the place of trade and merchandising in society. His use of “diakonia” and its cognate words there is examined here in itself and then in association with usage in two other passages from the Politicus and Gorgias. Although the three passages discuss social functions, they use our words in quite different ways. Thus, in the first the word group provides a colorless term in the definition of a non-political function, in the second it denotes a function that is highly compatible with political activity, and in the third a function that exemplifies political ineptitude. If despite the differences of meaning that these uses imply, an aspect of meaning is nonetheless observable that is common to all three, a valuable insight will have been gained. This chapter discusses the functions of the subordinate and the go-between, the Greek god Hermes, and Greek slaves.
Juliet Hooker
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780195335361
- eISBN:
- 9780199868995
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195335361.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This introductory chapter presents the main arguments of the book: that the disparate ethical-historical perspectives developed by dominant and subordinated racialized groups have enormous ...
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This introductory chapter presents the main arguments of the book: that the disparate ethical-historical perspectives developed by dominant and subordinated racialized groups have enormous consequences for how remedies to racialized oppression are adjudicated in the public sphere, and that as a result theorists of multiculturalism must begin to grapple with the obstacle the racialized politics of solidarity poses to the long-term project of achieving racial justice. It explains the concept of racialized solidarity and shows its pervasive presence in most diverse democracies, despite assumptions to the contrary. Key terms are defined and an overview of the objectives and structure of the book is provided.Less
This introductory chapter presents the main arguments of the book: that the disparate ethical-historical perspectives developed by dominant and subordinated racialized groups have enormous consequences for how remedies to racialized oppression are adjudicated in the public sphere, and that as a result theorists of multiculturalism must begin to grapple with the obstacle the racialized politics of solidarity poses to the long-term project of achieving racial justice. It explains the concept of racialized solidarity and shows its pervasive presence in most diverse democracies, despite assumptions to the contrary. Key terms are defined and an overview of the objectives and structure of the book is provided.
Mike Savage
- Published in print:
- 2010
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199587650
- eISBN:
- 9780191740626
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587650.003.0007
- Subject:
- Sociology, Comparative and Historical Sociology
This chapter examines how a new breed of social scientists in Great Britain during the 1950s sought to define an ordinary, average, national society. It suggests that outside influences were to be ...
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This chapter examines how a new breed of social scientists in Great Britain during the 1950s sought to define an ordinary, average, national society. It suggests that outside influences were to be vital in allowing established and assumed national characteristics to be understood in a new, apparently social light, and argues that social anthropology was effective in developing a demoralised social science. The chapter also shows how the relations between sociology and social anthropology fractured in the early 1960s over the issue of change, as sociology seized the banner of the new as a means of justifying its distinctive expertise, thus consigning anthropology a subordinate role.Less
This chapter examines how a new breed of social scientists in Great Britain during the 1950s sought to define an ordinary, average, national society. It suggests that outside influences were to be vital in allowing established and assumed national characteristics to be understood in a new, apparently social light, and argues that social anthropology was effective in developing a demoralised social science. The chapter also shows how the relations between sociology and social anthropology fractured in the early 1960s over the issue of change, as sociology seized the banner of the new as a means of justifying its distinctive expertise, thus consigning anthropology a subordinate role.
Peter W. Culicover and Jackendoff Ray
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199271092
- eISBN:
- 9780191709418
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271092.003.0013
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter explores syntactic constructions in which the syntactic connection between clauses does not match their semantic connection. The construction of concern is coordination with a so-called ...
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This chapter explores syntactic constructions in which the syntactic connection between clauses does not match their semantic connection. The construction of concern is coordination with a so-called ‘left-subordinating’ and (LS-and or and LS). It is shown that there is at least one use of asymmetric conjunction which is coordinate in syntactic structure, just the way it looks, in conformance with the Simpler Syntax Hypothesis, but which corresponds explicitly to subordination at the level of CS.Less
This chapter explores syntactic constructions in which the syntactic connection between clauses does not match their semantic connection. The construction of concern is coordination with a so-called ‘left-subordinating’ and (LS-and or and LS). It is shown that there is at least one use of asymmetric conjunction which is coordinate in syntactic structure, just the way it looks, in conformance with the Simpler Syntax Hypothesis, but which corresponds explicitly to subordination at the level of CS.
Peter W. Culicover and Ray Jackendoff
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780199271092
- eISBN:
- 9780191709418
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199271092.003.0014
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
The two major themes of this study are the importance of ‘peripheral’ phenomena to linguistic theory and the pervasiveness of syntax-semantics mismatches, in violation of Interface Uniformity. This ...
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The two major themes of this study are the importance of ‘peripheral’ phenomena to linguistic theory and the pervasiveness of syntax-semantics mismatches, in violation of Interface Uniformity. This chapter illustrates both of these themes through an exploration of a construction of English called the Comparative Correlative (CC). Topics covered include CC construction, evidence for the left-subordinate hypothesis, evidence for the paratactic hypothesis, internal structure of CC clauses, binding, and extraction from CC.Less
The two major themes of this study are the importance of ‘peripheral’ phenomena to linguistic theory and the pervasiveness of syntax-semantics mismatches, in violation of Interface Uniformity. This chapter illustrates both of these themes through an exploration of a construction of English called the Comparative Correlative (CC). Topics covered include CC construction, evidence for the left-subordinate hypothesis, evidence for the paratactic hypothesis, internal structure of CC clauses, binding, and extraction from CC.
Dale F. Lott
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520233386
- eISBN:
- 9780520930742
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520233386.003.0002
- Subject:
- Biology, Natural History and Field Guides
This chapter describes the simpler, more durable, but equally important relationships cows develop with one another. The forebears of bison cows must have experienced both plenty and scarcity in ...
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This chapter describes the simpler, more durable, but equally important relationships cows develop with one another. The forebears of bison cows must have experienced both plenty and scarcity in their evolutionary history — times when dominance was worth fighting for and times when it wasn't. Changing circumstances select for changeable behavior, with different strategies for different times and places. The bison pay the costs of striving for dominance when the benefits are high, and don't when the benefits are low. Being a dominant member of a group has high potential payoff. In Yellowstone Park, subordinates searched more and harvested less than dominants. A dominant will eat everything it clears and some that it doesn't clear. A subordinate will eat only part of what it clears.Less
This chapter describes the simpler, more durable, but equally important relationships cows develop with one another. The forebears of bison cows must have experienced both plenty and scarcity in their evolutionary history — times when dominance was worth fighting for and times when it wasn't. Changing circumstances select for changeable behavior, with different strategies for different times and places. The bison pay the costs of striving for dominance when the benefits are high, and don't when the benefits are low. Being a dominant member of a group has high potential payoff. In Yellowstone Park, subordinates searched more and harvested less than dominants. A dominant will eat everything it clears and some that it doesn't clear. A subordinate will eat only part of what it clears.
Jerome Neu
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199862986
- eISBN:
- 9780199949762
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199862986.003.0011
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
This chapter argues that Plato's political theory does not derive from an analogy that makes the state a monster individual with interests superior to and independent of those of ordinary citizens; ...
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This chapter argues that Plato's political theory does not derive from an analogy that makes the state a monster individual with interests superior to and independent of those of ordinary citizens; it derives rather from a doctrine of objective interests discernible by those with special training and ability, interests which later thinkers have taken to be the object of a “real will,” unerring even where a person's mere empirical desires are shortsightedly misdirected. Plato identifies the interests of his ideal state with the objective interests of its citizens, and in his harmonious world, metaphysics, moral psychology, and political organization combine to ensure that those interests need never override individual mundane interests for they never conflict: they coincide. That the whole theory is dubious should not prevent us from seeing that just what the theory is may be clarified by examining the arguments which putatively lead to it, and that those arguments provide grounds for not confounding Plato's theory with others which may reach similar conclusions about political organization and obligation. The alleged beast grows in three stages: the state as analogous to the individual; the state as super-individual; and the individual as subordinate to the state.Less
This chapter argues that Plato's political theory does not derive from an analogy that makes the state a monster individual with interests superior to and independent of those of ordinary citizens; it derives rather from a doctrine of objective interests discernible by those with special training and ability, interests which later thinkers have taken to be the object of a “real will,” unerring even where a person's mere empirical desires are shortsightedly misdirected. Plato identifies the interests of his ideal state with the objective interests of its citizens, and in his harmonious world, metaphysics, moral psychology, and political organization combine to ensure that those interests need never override individual mundane interests for they never conflict: they coincide. That the whole theory is dubious should not prevent us from seeing that just what the theory is may be clarified by examining the arguments which putatively lead to it, and that those arguments provide grounds for not confounding Plato's theory with others which may reach similar conclusions about political organization and obligation. The alleged beast grows in three stages: the state as analogous to the individual; the state as super-individual; and the individual as subordinate to the state.
Guenael Mettraux
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199559329
- eISBN:
- 9780191705304
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199559329.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Criminal Law and Criminology, Public International Law
This chapter deals with the underlying crimes committed by subordinates of the accused and in relation to which he is being prosecuted or charged. It also deals with the question of whether a ...
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This chapter deals with the underlying crimes committed by subordinates of the accused and in relation to which he is being prosecuted or charged. It also deals with the question of whether a superior can be held criminally responsible in relation to crimes committed, not by his subordinates but by others, but in relation to which his subordinates took a criminal part.Less
This chapter deals with the underlying crimes committed by subordinates of the accused and in relation to which he is being prosecuted or charged. It also deals with the question of whether a superior can be held criminally responsible in relation to crimes committed, not by his subordinates but by others, but in relation to which his subordinates took a criminal part.
Daniel C. Russell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199565795
- eISBN:
- 9780191721311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565795.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
This chapter proposes resolving the enumeration problem (explained in Chapter 5) by sorting the virtues into a structure of “cardinal” and “subordinate” virtues, and it examines three main issues in ...
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This chapter proposes resolving the enumeration problem (explained in Chapter 5) by sorting the virtues into a structure of “cardinal” and “subordinate” virtues, and it examines three main issues in support of such an approach. First, the chapter considers various criteria for individuating virtues, and defends the view that virtues are individuated by the kinds of reasons to which the virtues are responsive. Second, since such a criterion relies on the idea that two superficially distinct virtues may actually be responsive to reasons of the same kind, the chapter examines the difficult idea that one reason can be “of the same kind” as another reason. And third, the chapter defines cardinality, and the relation between cardinal and subordinate virtues, such that subordinate virtues are responsive to reasons “of the same kind” as the cardinal virtues to which they are subordinate. The chapter concludes with several implications for the thesis that phronesis must be part of every virtue.Less
This chapter proposes resolving the enumeration problem (explained in Chapter 5) by sorting the virtues into a structure of “cardinal” and “subordinate” virtues, and it examines three main issues in support of such an approach. First, the chapter considers various criteria for individuating virtues, and defends the view that virtues are individuated by the kinds of reasons to which the virtues are responsive. Second, since such a criterion relies on the idea that two superficially distinct virtues may actually be responsive to reasons of the same kind, the chapter examines the difficult idea that one reason can be “of the same kind” as another reason. And third, the chapter defines cardinality, and the relation between cardinal and subordinate virtues, such that subordinate virtues are responsive to reasons “of the same kind” as the cardinal virtues to which they are subordinate. The chapter concludes with several implications for the thesis that phronesis must be part of every virtue.
Daniel C. Russell
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- May 2009
- ISBN:
- 9780199565795
- eISBN:
- 9780191721311
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565795.003.0007
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Moral Philosophy, Ancient Philosophy
Aristotle's introduction of “magnificence” — a virtue concerned with large-scale public spending — into his list of virtues raises a question pertinent to the enumeration problem: given the lack of ...
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Aristotle's introduction of “magnificence” — a virtue concerned with large-scale public spending — into his list of virtues raises a question pertinent to the enumeration problem: given the lack of cardinality in Aristotle's list, what principle if any could be given for recognizing magnificence as a primitive virtue, without also paving the way for infinitely many other primitive virtues? This chapter argues that, in light of the enumeration problem, a better way to handle a virtue like magnificence is to make it subordinate to a cardinal virtue, such as generosity. Magnificence therefore presents a ready opportunity to apply the account of cardinality developed in Chapter 6, viz. that virtues are to be individuated in terms of their respective forms of responsiveness to reasons, and that if one virtue is subordinate to another, then they are responsive to reasons of the same kind. The chapter argues that magnificence is a virtue, that reasons of magnificence are of the same kind as reasons of generosity, and that magnificence is subordinate to generosity in the sense of being a “specialization” of generosity.Less
Aristotle's introduction of “magnificence” — a virtue concerned with large-scale public spending — into his list of virtues raises a question pertinent to the enumeration problem: given the lack of cardinality in Aristotle's list, what principle if any could be given for recognizing magnificence as a primitive virtue, without also paving the way for infinitely many other primitive virtues? This chapter argues that, in light of the enumeration problem, a better way to handle a virtue like magnificence is to make it subordinate to a cardinal virtue, such as generosity. Magnificence therefore presents a ready opportunity to apply the account of cardinality developed in Chapter 6, viz. that virtues are to be individuated in terms of their respective forms of responsiveness to reasons, and that if one virtue is subordinate to another, then they are responsive to reasons of the same kind. The chapter argues that magnificence is a virtue, that reasons of magnificence are of the same kind as reasons of generosity, and that magnificence is subordinate to generosity in the sense of being a “specialization” of generosity.
Rae Langton
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199247066
- eISBN:
- 9780191594823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247066.003.0002
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
Courts declared that pornography is speech. MacKinnon declared pornography is a kind of act. Put these together and pornography is a kind of speech act. An Austinian perspective makes sense of two ...
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Courts declared that pornography is speech. MacKinnon declared pornography is a kind of act. Put these together and pornography is a kind of speech act. An Austinian perspective makes sense of two controversial feminist claims: pornography subordinates women, and silences women. These claims can be understood in a causal way, as describing pornography's perlocutionary effects; or in a constitutive way, as describing pornography's illocutionary force. The latter is crucial to feminist argument. Pornography can subordinate women if it is an illocutionary act that ranks women as inferior, legitimates discrimination, and deprives women of powers. It can silence women if it creates illocutionary disablement, undermining women's capacity to perform certain illocutionary speech acts, for example those of sexual refusal.Less
Courts declared that pornography is speech. MacKinnon declared pornography is a kind of act. Put these together and pornography is a kind of speech act. An Austinian perspective makes sense of two controversial feminist claims: pornography subordinates women, and silences women. These claims can be understood in a causal way, as describing pornography's perlocutionary effects; or in a constitutive way, as describing pornography's illocutionary force. The latter is crucial to feminist argument. Pornography can subordinate women if it is an illocutionary act that ranks women as inferior, legitimates discrimination, and deprives women of powers. It can silence women if it creates illocutionary disablement, undermining women's capacity to perform certain illocutionary speech acts, for example those of sexual refusal.
Rae Langton
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199247066
- eISBN:
- 9780191594823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247066.003.0005
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
Green's critique raises questions about social construction, and about the ‘jurisdiction’ of pornography's authority. Drawing on a comparison with speech that may subordinate gay men, he argues that ...
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Green's critique raises questions about social construction, and about the ‘jurisdiction’ of pornography's authority. Drawing on a comparison with speech that may subordinate gay men, he argues that pornography lacks the authority to subordinate, and even if had authority, it would not subordinate women: saying so would not make it so, and women would not be within the authority's jurisdiction. Authority depends on conditions of efficacy and legitimacy, absent for pornography. Green is mistaken. Pornography does have the relevant authority, and examination of its verdictive and exercitive dimensions sheds light on social construction: on how its saying so may, after all, make it so.Less
Green's critique raises questions about social construction, and about the ‘jurisdiction’ of pornography's authority. Drawing on a comparison with speech that may subordinate gay men, he argues that pornography lacks the authority to subordinate, and even if had authority, it would not subordinate women: saying so would not make it so, and women would not be within the authority's jurisdiction. Authority depends on conditions of efficacy and legitimacy, absent for pornography. Green is mistaken. Pornography does have the relevant authority, and examination of its verdictive and exercitive dimensions sheds light on social construction: on how its saying so may, after all, make it so.
Rae Langton
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- January 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199247066
- eISBN:
- 9780191594823
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199247066.003.0006
- Subject:
- Philosophy, Feminist Philosophy
According to Butler, the claim that pornography subordinates women rests on an implausible assumption about pornography's mysterious, quasi-divine authority. The claim that pornography silences women ...
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According to Butler, the claim that pornography subordinates women rests on an implausible assumption about pornography's mysterious, quasi-divine authority. The claim that pornography silences women rests on implausible assumptions about language and agency: that illocutionary disablement is undesirable (but it is ubiquitous!); that it undermines agency (a liberal illusion!). Butler is mistaken. There is nothing mysterious or God-like about the authority attributed to pornography. Speech act theory's account of verdictive and exercitive speech sheds light on its potential for social construction. The silencing claim does admittedly rest on assumptions about the value of agency, and disvalue of certain silencings. These are not implausible.Less
According to Butler, the claim that pornography subordinates women rests on an implausible assumption about pornography's mysterious, quasi-divine authority. The claim that pornography silences women rests on implausible assumptions about language and agency: that illocutionary disablement is undesirable (but it is ubiquitous!); that it undermines agency (a liberal illusion!). Butler is mistaken. There is nothing mysterious or God-like about the authority attributed to pornography. Speech act theory's account of verdictive and exercitive speech sheds light on its potential for social construction. The silencing claim does admittedly rest on assumptions about the value of agency, and disvalue of certain silencings. These are not implausible.
Edward C Page and Bill Jenkins
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199280414
- eISBN:
- 9780191700118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280414.003.0001
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
Policymaking is often seen as an appealing job, but such an image is limited to top officials, who are the ones involved in the larger scale and broader sense of creating policies. This book takes ...
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Policymaking is often seen as an appealing job, but such an image is limited to top officials, who are the ones involved in the larger scale and broader sense of creating policies. This book takes into account the grueling work of middle-ranking officials in Great Britain in crafting detailed elaboration of policies that came from a vague instruction by the politician. These subordinates taking the heavy carpentry of policymaking are subjected to a part of decision-making as the routines in shaping a policy may require scrutiny to the smallest detail where their expertise applies. Patterns of bureaucratic activities within an organisation forming a policy are observed, based on the degree of expertise required, and this chapter introduces how the organisation takes the differing approach of conflicting hierarchical system and the democracy of bureaucracy.Less
Policymaking is often seen as an appealing job, but such an image is limited to top officials, who are the ones involved in the larger scale and broader sense of creating policies. This book takes into account the grueling work of middle-ranking officials in Great Britain in crafting detailed elaboration of policies that came from a vague instruction by the politician. These subordinates taking the heavy carpentry of policymaking are subjected to a part of decision-making as the routines in shaping a policy may require scrutiny to the smallest detail where their expertise applies. Patterns of bureaucratic activities within an organisation forming a policy are observed, based on the degree of expertise required, and this chapter introduces how the organisation takes the differing approach of conflicting hierarchical system and the democracy of bureaucracy.
Edward C Page and Bill Jenkins
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199280414
- eISBN:
- 9780191700118
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199280414.003.0004
- Subject:
- Political Science, UK Politics
This chapter shows in four ways that processes within policy bureaucracies are not just mere subordinate acts. Instructions from superiors are rarely specific enough and this delegation issue is the ...
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This chapter shows in four ways that processes within policy bureaucracies are not just mere subordinate acts. Instructions from superiors are rarely specific enough and this delegation issue is the first subject tackled. Policy officials also have to deal with cross-cutting unforeseen issues that may arise. The third perspective examines their ‘detailing’ task which affects the whole shape of the policy. Last to be discussed is that the policy officials' work can emerge into significant strategic policy initiatives. The basis to the United Kingdom's angle on policymaking is shown in this chapter as well as implementations on human rights issues and Europe in general. However, the book does not claim that civil servants shape policy themselves, but instead that they exercise a sense of discretion without necessarily shaping things the way they personally want to.Less
This chapter shows in four ways that processes within policy bureaucracies are not just mere subordinate acts. Instructions from superiors are rarely specific enough and this delegation issue is the first subject tackled. Policy officials also have to deal with cross-cutting unforeseen issues that may arise. The third perspective examines their ‘detailing’ task which affects the whole shape of the policy. Last to be discussed is that the policy officials' work can emerge into significant strategic policy initiatives. The basis to the United Kingdom's angle on policymaking is shown in this chapter as well as implementations on human rights issues and Europe in general. However, the book does not claim that civil servants shape policy themselves, but instead that they exercise a sense of discretion without necessarily shaping things the way they personally want to.
JAN TERJE FAARLUND
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199235599
- eISBN:
- 9780191709401
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199235599.003.0010
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This chapter treats finite and non-finite subordinate clauses, the structure, word order, and other properties of each type. Types of finite clauses are nominal clauses, relative clauses, and ...
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This chapter treats finite and non-finite subordinate clauses, the structure, word order, and other properties of each type. Types of finite clauses are nominal clauses, relative clauses, and adverbial clauses. In connection with non-finite clauses, agreement, control, and raising are discussed.Less
This chapter treats finite and non-finite subordinate clauses, the structure, word order, and other properties of each type. Types of finite clauses are nominal clauses, relative clauses, and adverbial clauses. In connection with non-finite clauses, agreement, control, and raising are discussed.
Jessica Coon
- Published in print:
- 2013
- Published Online:
- September 2013
- ISBN:
- 9780199858743
- eISBN:
- 9780199367672
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199858743.001.0001
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
This book argues that aspect-based split ergativity does not mark a split in how Case is assigned, but rather, a split in sentence structure. The contexts in which we find the appearance of a ...
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This book argues that aspect-based split ergativity does not mark a split in how Case is assigned, but rather, a split in sentence structure. The contexts in which we find the appearance of a nonergative pattern in an otherwise ergative language—namely, the nonperfective aspects—involve an intransitive aspectual matrix verb and a subordinated lexical verb. The book begins with an analysis of split person marking patterns in Chol, a Mayan language of southern Mexico. It argues that the appearance of split ergativity in the language follows naturally from the fact that the progressive and the imperfective morphemes are verbs, while the perfective morpheme is not. Ergative-patterning perfective constructions are thus monoclausal, while progressives and imperfectives involve an aspectual matrix verb and a nominalized embedded clause. The fact that the nonperfective morphemes are verbs, combined with independent properties of Chol grammar, results in the appearance of a split. The book next surveys aspect splits in a variety of unrelated languages and offer an explanation for the following universal: in a language with an aspectual split, the perfective aspect will always retain an ergative pattern. It suggests that the cross-linguistic tendency for imperfective aspects to pattern with locative constructions is responsible for the biclausality which causes the appearance of a nonergative pattern. The book proposes that the perfective is never periphrastic (and thus never involves a split) because there is no preposition in natural language that correctly captures the relation of the assertion time to the event time denoted by the perfective aspect; instead, perfective is the default aspect.Less
This book argues that aspect-based split ergativity does not mark a split in how Case is assigned, but rather, a split in sentence structure. The contexts in which we find the appearance of a nonergative pattern in an otherwise ergative language—namely, the nonperfective aspects—involve an intransitive aspectual matrix verb and a subordinated lexical verb. The book begins with an analysis of split person marking patterns in Chol, a Mayan language of southern Mexico. It argues that the appearance of split ergativity in the language follows naturally from the fact that the progressive and the imperfective morphemes are verbs, while the perfective morpheme is not. Ergative-patterning perfective constructions are thus monoclausal, while progressives and imperfectives involve an aspectual matrix verb and a nominalized embedded clause. The fact that the nonperfective morphemes are verbs, combined with independent properties of Chol grammar, results in the appearance of a split. The book next surveys aspect splits in a variety of unrelated languages and offer an explanation for the following universal: in a language with an aspectual split, the perfective aspect will always retain an ergative pattern. It suggests that the cross-linguistic tendency for imperfective aspects to pattern with locative constructions is responsible for the biclausality which causes the appearance of a nonergative pattern. The book proposes that the perfective is never periphrastic (and thus never involves a split) because there is no preposition in natural language that correctly captures the relation of the assertion time to the event time denoted by the perfective aspect; instead, perfective is the default aspect.
Mark R. Freedland and Nicola Kountouris
- Published in print:
- 2011
- Published Online:
- January 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780199551750
- eISBN:
- 9780191731013
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199551750.003.0008
- Subject:
- Law, Employment Law
This chapter explores the category of personal work contracts which lie beyond the contract of employment — or, to be more precise, which lie at the margins of and beyond the contract of employment. ...
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This chapter explores the category of personal work contracts which lie beyond the contract of employment — or, to be more precise, which lie at the margins of and beyond the contract of employment. It begins by arguing that this category is, to a singular extent which is revealed by European comparative analysis, an evolving and mutating one. Having identified the category as an essentially elusive one, it proceeds to consider whether the contracts which fall within it can be regarded as being regulated in ways which are analogous to the modes of regulation of employment contracts that were considered in the preceding chapters. Thus, the chapter successively considers the regulation of the formation and structure of these contracts, their content and performance, and their termination and transformation.Less
This chapter explores the category of personal work contracts which lie beyond the contract of employment — or, to be more precise, which lie at the margins of and beyond the contract of employment. It begins by arguing that this category is, to a singular extent which is revealed by European comparative analysis, an evolving and mutating one. Having identified the category as an essentially elusive one, it proceeds to consider whether the contracts which fall within it can be regarded as being regulated in ways which are analogous to the modes of regulation of employment contracts that were considered in the preceding chapters. Thus, the chapter successively considers the regulation of the formation and structure of these contracts, their content and performance, and their termination and transformation.
Nandita Prasad Sahai
- Published in print:
- 2006
- Published Online:
- October 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780195678963
- eISBN:
- 9780199081660
- Item type:
- book
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195678963.001.0001
- Subject:
- History, Indian History
This book addresses the process of state formation in early modern Rajasthan from the prism of subordinate groups such as artisans. By highlighting the multidimensional interface of the Marwar ...
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This book addresses the process of state formation in early modern Rajasthan from the prism of subordinate groups such as artisans. By highlighting the multidimensional interface of the Marwar (Jodhpur) state with its resident artisans, the author discusses the imperatives of caste in the political culture of the period. The book focuses on the unclear boundaries between the binaries of superior and inferior castes, domination and subordination, coercion and concessions, great tradition and little tradition, and passivity and resistance. It also explores artisanal caste dialectics to unravel how caste structures animated artisanal life, both in rural and urban environments. While statecraft required the political mobilization of a popular base, the cultural contours of kingship and rule defined the social responsibilities of the state. These were mediated by the ‘moral calculus’ of wajabi: a continually evolving conception of customs and propriety exercised by both sides. How artisans negotiated these—and resisted when wajabi levels of patronage and exploitation were transgressed—are also discussed. The author’s findings are based on hitherto unexplored petitions (arzees) against the state as well as other documents related to inter-caste and intra-caste legal disputes, folklore, and collective memory.Less
This book addresses the process of state formation in early modern Rajasthan from the prism of subordinate groups such as artisans. By highlighting the multidimensional interface of the Marwar (Jodhpur) state with its resident artisans, the author discusses the imperatives of caste in the political culture of the period. The book focuses on the unclear boundaries between the binaries of superior and inferior castes, domination and subordination, coercion and concessions, great tradition and little tradition, and passivity and resistance. It also explores artisanal caste dialectics to unravel how caste structures animated artisanal life, both in rural and urban environments. While statecraft required the political mobilization of a popular base, the cultural contours of kingship and rule defined the social responsibilities of the state. These were mediated by the ‘moral calculus’ of wajabi: a continually evolving conception of customs and propriety exercised by both sides. How artisans negotiated these—and resisted when wajabi levels of patronage and exploitation were transgressed—are also discussed. The author’s findings are based on hitherto unexplored petitions (arzees) against the state as well as other documents related to inter-caste and intra-caste legal disputes, folklore, and collective memory.
WOLFGANG DAVID CIRILO DE MELO
- Published in print:
- 2007
- Published Online:
- January 2010
- ISBN:
- 9780199209026
- eISBN:
- 9780191706141
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199209026.003.0006
- Subject:
- Classical Studies, Literary Studies: Classical, Early, and Medieval
The sigmatic future has a remarkable pattern of distribution. In main clauses only the fossilized faxō occurs, while in subordinate clauses we find forms belonging to different verbs and persons. In ...
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The sigmatic future has a remarkable pattern of distribution. In main clauses only the fossilized faxō occurs, while in subordinate clauses we find forms belonging to different verbs and persons. In main clauses the meaning is that of a simple future (‘I shall do’), whereas in subordinate clauses the forms could be replaced by future perfects (‘I shall have done’). The perfective, but non-anterior meaning in main clauses is original. The anterior meaning in subordinate clauses is the result of reanalysis.Less
The sigmatic future has a remarkable pattern of distribution. In main clauses only the fossilized faxō occurs, while in subordinate clauses we find forms belonging to different verbs and persons. In main clauses the meaning is that of a simple future (‘I shall do’), whereas in subordinate clauses the forms could be replaced by future perfects (‘I shall have done’). The perfective, but non-anterior meaning in main clauses is original. The anterior meaning in subordinate clauses is the result of reanalysis.
