Ira Katznelson
- Published in print:
- 1993
- Published Online:
- January 2005
- ISBN:
- 9780198279242
- eISBN:
- 9780191601910
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/0198279248.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Political Theory
For Marxism, the main issues of social theory within the industrial phase of capitalism focus on the formation of working classes, and this subject is best treated, in significant measure, as an ...
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For Marxism, the main issues of social theory within the industrial phase of capitalism focus on the formation of working classes, and this subject is best treated, in significant measure, as an urban one. The spatial requirements of industrial capitalism shaped nineteenth‐century cities – their patterns of growth, interconnections, built environments, and social geographies – and, in turn, the experience of such cities, and attempts to make sense of their properties, were decisive elements in the early histories of Western working classes. The cost to Marxism of its neglect of cities is especially pronounced with regard to these issues, and the new urban Marxism of the 1970s and 1980s has been important precisely because of its attempts to put an end to the tradition's urban and spatial elisions – what Marxist social theory badly requires but has never secured is the systematic inculcation of an urban–geographical imagination into the analysis of working‐class formation. This chapter sketches an example of such an effort, which entails three related steps: a specification of the structural determinants of city growth and development; a presentation of the spatial configurations characteristic of these new spaces; and a systematic, contingent, and comparative account of how the new working classes made sense of these spaces in the different Western countries. It does so by comparing and contrasting the cases of working‐class formation in nineteenth‐century England and the United States, although most of the discussion of spatial reorganization focuses on English cities.Less
For Marxism, the main issues of social theory within the industrial phase of capitalism focus on the formation of working classes, and this subject is best treated, in significant measure, as an urban one. The spatial requirements of industrial capitalism shaped nineteenth‐century cities – their patterns of growth, interconnections, built environments, and social geographies – and, in turn, the experience of such cities, and attempts to make sense of their properties, were decisive elements in the early histories of Western working classes. The cost to Marxism of its neglect of cities is especially pronounced with regard to these issues, and the new urban Marxism of the 1970s and 1980s has been important precisely because of its attempts to put an end to the tradition's urban and spatial elisions – what Marxist social theory badly requires but has never secured is the systematic inculcation of an urban–geographical imagination into the analysis of working‐class formation. This chapter sketches an example of such an effort, which entails three related steps: a specification of the structural determinants of city growth and development; a presentation of the spatial configurations characteristic of these new spaces; and a systematic, contingent, and comparative account of how the new working classes made sense of these spaces in the different Western countries. It does so by comparing and contrasting the cases of working‐class formation in nineteenth‐century England and the United States, although most of the discussion of spatial reorganization focuses on English cities.
Deepak Nayyar
- Published in print:
- 2002
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780199254033
- eISBN:
- 9780191698187
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199254033.003.0006
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
This chapter examines cross-border movements of people so as to outline the contours, examine the underlying factors, analyse the implications of globalisation, explore future prospects, and consider ...
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This chapter examines cross-border movements of people so as to outline the contours, examine the underlying factors, analyse the implications of globalisation, explore future prospects, and consider issues and problems of governance. It sketches a profile of international labour migration over the past fifty years and situates it in an historical perspective to highlight the contrast between the old and the new. It also draws a distinction between different categories of labour flows in the contemporary world economy. It then examines the underlying factors with an emphasis on structural determinants at the macrolevel. It also attempts to explain why the gathering momentum of globalisation has coincided with a discernible slowdown in migration during the last quarter of the 20th century, to analyse how globalisation might influence emigration pressures on the supply side and immigration needs on the demand side.Less
This chapter examines cross-border movements of people so as to outline the contours, examine the underlying factors, analyse the implications of globalisation, explore future prospects, and consider issues and problems of governance. It sketches a profile of international labour migration over the past fifty years and situates it in an historical perspective to highlight the contrast between the old and the new. It also draws a distinction between different categories of labour flows in the contemporary world economy. It then examines the underlying factors with an emphasis on structural determinants at the macrolevel. It also attempts to explain why the gathering momentum of globalisation has coincided with a discernible slowdown in migration during the last quarter of the 20th century, to analyse how globalisation might influence emigration pressures on the supply side and immigration needs on the demand side.
Jordi Canals
- Published in print:
- 1994
- Published Online:
- October 2011
- ISBN:
- 9780198773504
- eISBN:
- 9780191695322
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198773504.003.0009
- Subject:
- Business and Management, Strategy, Finance, Accounting, and Banking
This chapter uses an analytical framework to show some important structural determinants in any industry, such as entry barriers to potential competitors, negotiating power in relation to suppliers ...
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This chapter uses an analytical framework to show some important structural determinants in any industry, such as entry barriers to potential competitors, negotiating power in relation to suppliers and buyers, and the intensity of rivalry, in order to evaluate the relative weight of environmental and regulatory changes that have occurred throughout the past years. It describes the entry barriers that identify those conditions which impede firms outside the sector from gaining access to an industry and, as a result, restrict the number of competitors offering the same product. The chapter further describes the relationships between a firm and its suppliers and buyers, which can have a significant bearing on the structure and competitive characteristics of any industry. It examines the function of a product and the need it fulfils for the consumer in order to find out whether or not a product is being threatened by substitutes.Less
This chapter uses an analytical framework to show some important structural determinants in any industry, such as entry barriers to potential competitors, negotiating power in relation to suppliers and buyers, and the intensity of rivalry, in order to evaluate the relative weight of environmental and regulatory changes that have occurred throughout the past years. It describes the entry barriers that identify those conditions which impede firms outside the sector from gaining access to an industry and, as a result, restrict the number of competitors offering the same product. The chapter further describes the relationships between a firm and its suppliers and buyers, which can have a significant bearing on the structure and competitive characteristics of any industry. It examines the function of a product and the need it fulfils for the consumer in order to find out whether or not a product is being threatened by substitutes.
