Jean-Philippe Platteau
- Published in print:
- 1991
- Published Online:
- January 2008
- ISBN:
- 9780198286363
- eISBN:
- 9780191718458
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198286363.003.0007
- Subject:
- Economics and Finance, Development, Growth, and Environmental
Policy errors have often been indicted as the major culprits for Africa's plight, while policy reversals have been identified as general tools for salvation. This chapter argues that this dominant ...
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Policy errors have often been indicted as the major culprits for Africa's plight, while policy reversals have been identified as general tools for salvation. This chapter argues that this dominant ‘price-focused’ view is erroneous and diverts attention from the critical issue for African agriculture: the generation and diffusion of technology at a substantial rate. The chapter's analysis brings forth the structural nature of growth-inhibiting factors. It investigates six ‘constraint areas’ and asserts that policy-design must not be limited to the technological sphere, but should include institutional changes and changes in cultural and political systems. Additionally, agricultural growth-promoting strategies should take into account the equity issues and distributive effects of policies. However, the exposition suggests that the policy prescription has country specificity.Less
Policy errors have often been indicted as the major culprits for Africa's plight, while policy reversals have been identified as general tools for salvation. This chapter argues that this dominant ‘price-focused’ view is erroneous and diverts attention from the critical issue for African agriculture: the generation and diffusion of technology at a substantial rate. The chapter's analysis brings forth the structural nature of growth-inhibiting factors. It investigates six ‘constraint areas’ and asserts that policy-design must not be limited to the technological sphere, but should include institutional changes and changes in cultural and political systems. Additionally, agricultural growth-promoting strategies should take into account the equity issues and distributive effects of policies. However, the exposition suggests that the policy prescription has country specificity.
Moody T. Chu and Gene H. Golub
- Published in print:
- 2005
- Published Online:
- September 2007
- ISBN:
- 9780198566649
- eISBN:
- 9780191718021
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566649.003.0001
- Subject:
- Mathematics, Applied Mathematics
This chapter introduces the underlying difference between a forward problem and an inverse problem. Fundamental issues such as solvability, computability, sensitivity, and feasibility are raised. ...
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This chapter introduces the underlying difference between a forward problem and an inverse problem. Fundamental issues such as solvability, computability, sensitivity, and feasibility are raised. Different formulations based on the prescribed spectral and structural constraints are classified via a nomenclative system and an inclusion diagram.Less
This chapter introduces the underlying difference between a forward problem and an inverse problem. Fundamental issues such as solvability, computability, sensitivity, and feasibility are raised. Different formulations based on the prescribed spectral and structural constraints are classified via a nomenclative system and an inclusion diagram.
Reem Bassiouney
- Published in print:
- 2009
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780748623730
- eISBN:
- 9780748671373
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Edinburgh University Press
- DOI:
- 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748623730.003.0003
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Sociolinguistics / Anthropological Linguistics
This chapter discusses code choice and code-switching, whether this code is a variety or a language. After an introduction and discussion of terminology, the chapter falls into two main parts. The ...
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This chapter discusses code choice and code-switching, whether this code is a variety or a language. After an introduction and discussion of terminology, the chapter falls into two main parts. The first part examines structural constraints on classic code-switching; switching between different languages, when one of the languages is a variety of Arabic, and diglossic switching as a subcategory of code-switching. It discusses structural constraints on code-switching by examining different theories that can be applied to Arabic. It then provides a case study from the author's work on structural constraints on diglossic switching as part of code-switching. The second part explains the social motivations and discourse functions of switching in relation to Arabic. It covers classic code-switching and diglossic switching. This is followed by a case study of motivations for diglossic switching from the author's own work.Less
This chapter discusses code choice and code-switching, whether this code is a variety or a language. After an introduction and discussion of terminology, the chapter falls into two main parts. The first part examines structural constraints on classic code-switching; switching between different languages, when one of the languages is a variety of Arabic, and diglossic switching as a subcategory of code-switching. It discusses structural constraints on code-switching by examining different theories that can be applied to Arabic. It then provides a case study from the author's work on structural constraints on diglossic switching as part of code-switching. The second part explains the social motivations and discourse functions of switching in relation to Arabic. It covers classic code-switching and diglossic switching. This is followed by a case study of motivations for diglossic switching from the author's own work.
O.P. Mishra
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- September 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780198075950
- eISBN:
- 9780199080892
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198075950.003.0005
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter discusses various infrastructure constraints in Delhi and its role in influencing criminal behaviour and deviance. It looks at the First Master Plan, which was conducted from 1962–81, in ...
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This chapter discusses various infrastructure constraints in Delhi and its role in influencing criminal behaviour and deviance. It looks at the First Master Plan, which was conducted from 1962–81, in an attempt to design and build the city to account for the infrastructural gaps. Another scheme used to solve these infrastructure constraints was the Squatter Resettlement Scheme during 1960. This specifically dealt with squatting on public land and the problem of the slums. It is noted that these squatters were a result of the onslaught of migration. The rest of the chapter dwells on examining the infrastructural gaps in Delhi—housing, electricity, and water, as well as the slowly increasing number of people in the city. The chapter concludes with a section on the structural constraints, including roads and parking spaces.Less
This chapter discusses various infrastructure constraints in Delhi and its role in influencing criminal behaviour and deviance. It looks at the First Master Plan, which was conducted from 1962–81, in an attempt to design and build the city to account for the infrastructural gaps. Another scheme used to solve these infrastructure constraints was the Squatter Resettlement Scheme during 1960. This specifically dealt with squatting on public land and the problem of the slums. It is noted that these squatters were a result of the onslaught of migration. The rest of the chapter dwells on examining the infrastructural gaps in Delhi—housing, electricity, and water, as well as the slowly increasing number of people in the city. The chapter concludes with a section on the structural constraints, including roads and parking spaces.
Jennifer L. Pierce
- Published in print:
- 1996
- Published Online:
- May 2012
- ISBN:
- 9780520201071
- eISBN:
- 9780520916401
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
- DOI:
- 10.1525/california/9780520201071.003.0005
- Subject:
- Anthropology, American and Canadian Cultural Anthropology
This chapter examines gender differences between men and women litigators. It argues that gender shapes the experiences of women in the legal profession at the structural level at the same time that ...
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This chapter examines gender differences between men and women litigators. It argues that gender shapes the experiences of women in the legal profession at the structural level at the same time that women and men as litigators reproduce gender at the micro-level of interactions and identity. The chapter discusses the gendered structural constraints women face in the law firm and introduces the concept of “doing gender” as the mediating link between the structural and individual levels of analysis.Less
This chapter examines gender differences between men and women litigators. It argues that gender shapes the experiences of women in the legal profession at the structural level at the same time that women and men as litigators reproduce gender at the micro-level of interactions and identity. The chapter discusses the gendered structural constraints women face in the law firm and introduces the concept of “doing gender” as the mediating link between the structural and individual levels of analysis.
Nicholas R. Seabrook
- Published in print:
- 2016
- Published Online:
- May 2017
- ISBN:
- 9781501705311
- eISBN:
- 9781501707797
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Cornell University Press
- DOI:
- 10.7591/cornell/9781501705311.003.0002
- Subject:
- Political Science, American Politics
This chapter discusses the theoretical argument that congressional redistricting, whether by a single party or by other means, is a fundamentally constrained activity, along with the implications of ...
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This chapter discusses the theoretical argument that congressional redistricting, whether by a single party or by other means, is a fundamentally constrained activity, along with the implications of these constraints for both partisan bias and electoral responsiveness. Four categories of constraints on the redistricting process are discussed: political constraints, legal constraints, structural constraints, and geographic constraints. The chapter considers a necessary condition for the implementation of partisan gerrymandering: one political party should control each of the political branches of state government (both legislative chambers and the governorship) at the time of reapportionment following the decennial census. It also examines the argument that the redrawing of electoral boundaries is also constrained by the fundamental tension between the competing interests of partisan advantage and incumbent protection; the impact of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and population migration on the redistricting process; and how partisan bias arises under a limited set of circumstances.Less
This chapter discusses the theoretical argument that congressional redistricting, whether by a single party or by other means, is a fundamentally constrained activity, along with the implications of these constraints for both partisan bias and electoral responsiveness. Four categories of constraints on the redistricting process are discussed: political constraints, legal constraints, structural constraints, and geographic constraints. The chapter considers a necessary condition for the implementation of partisan gerrymandering: one political party should control each of the political branches of state government (both legislative chambers and the governorship) at the time of reapportionment following the decennial census. It also examines the argument that the redrawing of electoral boundaries is also constrained by the fundamental tension between the competing interests of partisan advantage and incumbent protection; the impact of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and population migration on the redistricting process; and how partisan bias arises under a limited set of circumstances.
Marjorie Mayo
- Published in print:
- 2017
- Published Online:
- January 2018
- ISBN:
- 9781447329312
- eISBN:
- 9781447329466
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781447329312.003.0006
- Subject:
- Political Science, Public Policy
This chapter focuses upon the extent to which people – and communities - have agency. How far can people make choices freely and/ or how far are people affected by wider structural constraints, when ...
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This chapter focuses upon the extent to which people – and communities - have agency. How far can people make choices freely and/ or how far are people affected by wider structural constraints, when it comes to deciding to move, whether to flee from unbearable situations at home and/ or in search of better, more sustainable livelihoods elsewhere. And how can people and communities respond to being ‘kept in their place’, by the fear of violence outside, for instance. Strategies to tackle violence against women in India provide illustrations, for example. The chapter concludes by focussing upon some of the ways in which people and communities can be supported to enable them to exercise their agency to maximum effect, including via community-based popular education.Less
This chapter focuses upon the extent to which people – and communities - have agency. How far can people make choices freely and/ or how far are people affected by wider structural constraints, when it comes to deciding to move, whether to flee from unbearable situations at home and/ or in search of better, more sustainable livelihoods elsewhere. And how can people and communities respond to being ‘kept in their place’, by the fear of violence outside, for instance. Strategies to tackle violence against women in India provide illustrations, for example. The chapter concludes by focussing upon some of the ways in which people and communities can be supported to enable them to exercise their agency to maximum effect, including via community-based popular education.
Hwa-Jen Liu
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- May 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780816689514
- eISBN:
- 9781452952420
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- University of Minnesota Press
- DOI:
- 10.5749/minnesota/9780816689514.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change
Chapter 3 explains the discrepancy of movement emergence. A movement emerges as the early riser because it takes advantage of a relative lack of structural constraint in the location that corresponds ...
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Chapter 3 explains the discrepancy of movement emergence. A movement emerges as the early riser because it takes advantage of a relative lack of structural constraint in the location that corresponds to its specific forms of movement power.Less
Chapter 3 explains the discrepancy of movement emergence. A movement emerges as the early riser because it takes advantage of a relative lack of structural constraint in the location that corresponds to its specific forms of movement power.
Ian Cole and Ed Ferrari
- Published in print:
- 2008
- Published Online:
- March 2012
- ISBN:
- 9781847420244
- eISBN:
- 9781447301912
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Policy Press
- DOI:
- 10.1332/policypress/9781847420244.003.0004
- Subject:
- Sociology, Urban and Rural Studies
This chapter emphasises the need to explore the connectivity of neighbourhoods within housing-market systems. It shows how varying structural constraints in local housing markets affect residential ...
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This chapter emphasises the need to explore the connectivity of neighbourhoods within housing-market systems. It shows how varying structural constraints in local housing markets affect residential outcomes for particular ethnic groups. The chapter also presents an analysis of ‘context-free’ theories that connect the trajectories and demographic profiles of neighbourhoods to cultural preferences.Less
This chapter emphasises the need to explore the connectivity of neighbourhoods within housing-market systems. It shows how varying structural constraints in local housing markets affect residential outcomes for particular ethnic groups. The chapter also presents an analysis of ‘context-free’ theories that connect the trajectories and demographic profiles of neighbourhoods to cultural preferences.
Roland Hinterhölzl
- Published in print:
- 2015
- Published Online:
- April 2015
- ISBN:
- 9780199687923
- eISBN:
- 9780191767319
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199687923.003.0018
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Historical Linguistics, Syntax and Morphology
The chapter addresses the issue of whether word-order properties can be reduced to interface properties. First, the factors that determine word-order variation in older Germanic are discussed. Then ...
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The chapter addresses the issue of whether word-order properties can be reduced to interface properties. First, the factors that determine word-order variation in older Germanic are discussed. Then the particular restrictions on word order in OHG are evaluated against the background of an elaborate theory of the interaction between syntax, prosody, and information structure (IS). It is argued that word-order variation reduces to spell-out options which are taken to be fixed by prosodic and IS-constraints. In particular, given constituents must be spelled out in positions corresponding~to weak positions, and focused and heavy constituents in positions corresponding to strong positions in prosodic structure.Less
The chapter addresses the issue of whether word-order properties can be reduced to interface properties. First, the factors that determine word-order variation in older Germanic are discussed. Then the particular restrictions on word order in OHG are evaluated against the background of an elaborate theory of the interaction between syntax, prosody, and information structure (IS). It is argued that word-order variation reduces to spell-out options which are taken to be fixed by prosodic and IS-constraints. In particular, given constituents must be spelled out in positions corresponding~to weak positions, and focused and heavy constituents in positions corresponding to strong positions in prosodic structure.
Richard N. Pitt
- Published in print:
- 2012
- Published Online:
- March 2016
- ISBN:
- 9780814768235
- eISBN:
- 9780814768259
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- NYU Press
- DOI:
- 10.18574/nyu/9780814768235.003.0006
- Subject:
- Religion, Religion and Society
This chapter explains why most men and women are unlikely to find full-time paid positions in their local Church of God in Christ (COGIC) churches and how this situation handicaps opportunities to ...
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This chapter explains why most men and women are unlikely to find full-time paid positions in their local Church of God in Christ (COGIC) churches and how this situation handicaps opportunities to serve in the kinds of positions, even as unpaid laborers, where their peers in other denominations might be found. It shows how they construct a new framework for understanding religious labor in order to legitimate their continued secular employment, arguing that the rhetorics these ministers deploy in talking about their secular work and their calls to ministry help them overcome the structural constraints that might otherwise hinder a coherent sense of themselves as religious laborers.Less
This chapter explains why most men and women are unlikely to find full-time paid positions in their local Church of God in Christ (COGIC) churches and how this situation handicaps opportunities to serve in the kinds of positions, even as unpaid laborers, where their peers in other denominations might be found. It shows how they construct a new framework for understanding religious labor in order to legitimate their continued secular employment, arguing that the rhetorics these ministers deploy in talking about their secular work and their calls to ministry help them overcome the structural constraints that might otherwise hinder a coherent sense of themselves as religious laborers.
David Adger
- Published in print:
- 2014
- Published Online:
- September 2014
- ISBN:
- 9780198702894
- eISBN:
- 9780191772382
- Item type:
- chapter
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- DOI:
- 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198702894.003.0009
- Subject:
- Linguistics, Theoretical Linguistics, Psycholinguistics / Neurolinguistics / Cognitive Linguistics
This chapter articulates a model of intra‐personal linguistic variation that builds on a core idea from the Minimalist Program, that the range of syntactic operations is severely restricted, and its ...
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This chapter articulates a model of intra‐personal linguistic variation that builds on a core idea from the Minimalist Program, that the range of syntactic operations is severely restricted, and its consequence, that variation therefore reduces to the properties of stored collocations of morpho‐syntactic and morphophonological features. It shows how further reducing the set of grammatical constraints, by eschewing blocking as a principle of grammar and allowing underspecification in the mapping from syntax to morphophonology, immediately provides a theory of intra‐personal variation. It explores issues of frequency and the structural conditions on choices of variable within the empirical domains of intra‐personal variation, the emergence of parametric change, and the emergence of new structural constraints on variability.Less
This chapter articulates a model of intra‐personal linguistic variation that builds on a core idea from the Minimalist Program, that the range of syntactic operations is severely restricted, and its consequence, that variation therefore reduces to the properties of stored collocations of morpho‐syntactic and morphophonological features. It shows how further reducing the set of grammatical constraints, by eschewing blocking as a principle of grammar and allowing underspecification in the mapping from syntax to morphophonology, immediately provides a theory of intra‐personal variation. It explores issues of frequency and the structural conditions on choices of variable within the empirical domains of intra‐personal variation, the emergence of parametric change, and the emergence of new structural constraints on variability.
